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    1.2-Ultrastructure of Cells

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    luavalal07
    The document discusses the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the key differences between their structures, including that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have a compartmentalized structure. The document also explains how electron microscopes have helped reveal intracellular structures too small to be seen with light microscopes, providing high resolution views of organelles.

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    1.2-Ultrastructure of Cells

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    luavalal07
    11 views8 pages
    The document discusses the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the key differences between their structures, including that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have a compartmentalized structure. The document also explains how electron microscopes have helped reveal intracellular structures too small to be seen with light microscopes, providing high resolution views of organelles.

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    1.2-Ultrastructure of cells

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    The document discusses the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the key differences between their structures, including that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have a compartmentalized structure. The document also explains how electron microscopes have helped reveal intracellular structures too small to be seen with light microscopes, providing high resolution views of organelles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    11 views8 pages

    1.2-Ultrastructure of Cells

    Uploaded by

    luavalal07
    The document discusses the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the key differences between their structures, including that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have a compartmentalized structure. The document also explains how electron microscopes have helped reveal intracellular structures too small to be seen with light microscopes, providing high resolution views of organelles.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Ultrastructure of cells(p

    ● The detailed structure of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell, including the structures
    inside these cells
    ● How electron microscopes differ from light microscopes and how they have helped in our
    understanding of cell structure
    ● How to draw a cell from a microscope image

    Understandings：
    ● Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalisation
    ○ Outline the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    ○ Prokaryotic cells:
    ■ Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus ('pro' = before ;
    'karyon' = nucleus)
    ■ They belong to the kingdom Monera and have been further classified into
    two distinct domains:
    ● Archaebacteria – found in extreme environments like high
    temperatures, salt concentrations or pH (i.e. extremophiles)
    ● Eubacteria – traditional bacteria including most known pathogenic
    forms (e.g. E.coli, S. aureus, etc.)
    ○ Eukaryotic cells:
    ■ Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus (‘eu’ = good /
    true ; ‘karyon’ = nucleus)
    ■ They have a more complex structure and are believed to have evolved
    from prokaryotic cells (via endosymbiosis)
    ■ Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalised by membrane-bound structures
    (organelles) that perform specific roles
    ■ Eukaryotes can be divided into four distinct kingdoms:
    ● Protista – unicellular organisms; or multicellular organisms without
    specialised tissue
    ● Fungi – have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via
    heterotrophic absorption
    ● Plantae – have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition
    autotrophically (via photosynthesis)
    ● Animalia – no cell wall and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic
    ingestion

    ○ List the functions of the following structures of a prokaryotic cell: cell membrane,
    nucleoid, plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosome, cell wall, pili, capsule and flagella
    ■ Cell membrane:Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell
    ■ Cytoplasm:Internal fluid component of cell
    ■ Nucleoid:Region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located
    ■ Plasmids:Autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred
    between bacteria
    ■ Ribosomes:Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for
    polypeptide synthesis (prokaryote ribosome= 70s)
    ■ Cell wall:Rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan; maintains shape
    and prevents bursting
    ■ Slime capsule :A thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against
    dessication(drying out) and phagocytosis
    ■ Flagella: Long, slender projections containing a motor protein that
    enables movement
    ■ pili:Hair like extensions that enable adherence of surface(attachment pili)
    or mediate bacterial conjugation(sex pili)

    ○ Definition- extracellular:situated or taking place outside a cell or cells.


    ○ Contrast the size of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes
    ■ Prokaryote-70s
    ■ Eukaryote-80s

    ● Eukaryotes have a compartmentalised cell structure


    ○ State the meaning and advantages of eukaryotic cells being ‘compartmentalised
    ■ Presence of membrane bound organelles, which allow for specialization
    for specific functions (i.e. lysosomes can have digestive enzymes without
    being harmful to rest of cell) and molecules needed for a function can
    reach a higher concentration

    ● Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes


    ○ Definition- resolution: the shortest distance between two points on a
    specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer or camera system
    as separate entities.
    ○ Compare the maximum resolutions of a light microscope with those of an
    electron microscope
    ■ Light microscope: 1500x to 2000x
    ■ Electron microscope:200000x to 500000x
    ○ List three example structures that are visible with electron microscopes but not
    with a light microscope

    Applications:
    ● Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas
    State the function of an exocrine gland cell
    ■ Synthesize molecules (often protein enzymes) for secretion from the cell
    into an external space (for example, a salivary gland)
    Describe the function of the following structures in an exocrine gland cell: plasma
    membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and endoplasmic
    reticulum
    Organelle Structure Function

    Plasma membrane Phospholipid bilayer embedded with Semi permeable and


    proteins(not an organelle) selective barrier surrounding
    the cell

    Mitochondria Double membrane structure, inner Site of aerobic


    membrane highly folded into internal respiration(ATP production)
    cristae

    Golgi apparatus An assembly of vesicles and folded Involved in the sorting,


    membranes located near the cell storing , modification and
    membrane export of secretory products

    Lysosomes(animal cells Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic Breakdown/hydrolysis of


    only) enzymes macromolecules

    Vesicles cellular organelles that are cellular envelopes that are


    composed of a lipid bilayer used to transport materials
    from one place to another.
    Vesicles also function in
    metabolism and enzyme
    storage as well.

    Endoplasmic reticulum A membrane network that may be Transports materials between


    bare(smooth ER) or studded with organells (smooth ER=lipids;
    ribosomes(Rough ER) rough ER=proteins）

    Diagram:
    ● Structure and function of organelles within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf
    State the function of a palisade mesophyll cell
    Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: cell wall,
    plasma, membrane, chloroplasts, vacuole, nucleus and mitochondria

    Organelle Structure Function

    Cell Wall(Plant cell only) External outer covering Provides support and
    made of cellulose(not an mechanical strength;
    organelle) prevents excess water
    uptake

    Plasma

    Membrane

    Chloroplasts(Plant cell Double membrane Site of photosynthesis-


    only) structure with internal manufactured organic
    stacks of membranous molecules are stored in
    discs(thylakoids) various plastids

    Vacuole(Plant cell only) Fluid-filled internal cavity Maintains hydrostatic


    surrounded by a pressure
    membrane(tonoplast)

    Nucleus Double membrane Stores genetic


    structure with pores; material(DNA) as
    contains an inner region chromatin; nucleolus is site
    called a nucleolus of ribosome assembly

    Mitochondria Double membrane Site of aerobic


    structure, inner membrane respiration(ATP
    highly folded into internal production)
    cristae

    ● Prokaryotes divide by binary fission


    ○ Definition-Binary fission: a form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic
    cells
    ○ Definition-asexual reproduction:occurs when an organism makes more of
    itself without exchanging genetic information with another organism through sex.
    ○ Outline the four steps of binary fission
    ■ The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal
    ■ The two DNA loops attach to the membrane
    ■ The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis), forming two cells

    ● Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs


    ○ Electron microscopes use electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify
    and resolve microscopic specimens
    ■ Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) generate high resolution
    cross-sections of objects
    ■ Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) display enhanced depth to map
    the surface of objects in 3D

    ○ Explain why the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells must be based on electron


    micrographs
    ■ Electron microscopes have two key advantages when compared to light
    microscopes:
    ● They have a much higher range of magnification (can detect
    smaller structures)
    ● They have a much higher resolution (can provide clearer and
    more detailed images)
    ○ Draw the ultrastructure of E.coli, including the cell wall, pili, flagella, plasma
    membrane, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, and nucleoid with naked DNA

    ● Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs


    ○ Recognise features and identify structures in micrographs of eukaryotic cells
    (inclusive of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, free 80S ribosomes, nucleus,
    rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria,
    chloroplast, vacuoles, centrioles, microtubules, cilia, flagella and cell wall

    ○ Given a micrograph, draw and label the ultrastructure of a eukaryotic cell


    ● Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of
    specialised cells
    ○ Explain why cell with different functions will have a different structures. Identify
    ultrastructures visible in a micrograph of a eukaryotic cell
    ○ Given a micrograph of a cell, deduce the function of the cell based on the
    structures present
    ○ Animal cell
    ○ Plant cell:

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