Strength of Materials - I: Chapter - IV
Strength of Materials - I: Chapter - IV
Strength of Materials - I: Chapter - IV
Chapter – IV
Introduction to
Mechanical Properties of Solids
by
©2009 (3)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Erciyes University
http://me.erciyes.edu.tr/mkapalak/
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
INTRODUCTION
TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOLIDS
chapter 4
4.1 INTRODUCT/ON
67
1
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
relates to atomic and molecular structure. You will learn more about these theories in
your courses in materials science.t
1. Acıua/ stress (-r::)A«· Computed as F/AAcı• where AAcı is the cross-sectional area
of the cylinder found by employing the actual diameter D given by gauge 2.
2. Engineering stress (-r:z)Ens· Computed as F/A 0 , where A 0 is the initial unstrained
cross-sectional area of the cylinder.
3. Sırain ezz · Computed by the ratio lıL/L 0 , where lıL is found using gauge 1 and
L 0 is the unstrained length.
2
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
The values of stress and strain from the aforestated measurements are actually
average values. However, if the test specimen is carefully tlesigned and ma<le, the
stresses and strains away from the ends of the specimen are close to being one-
dimensional as well as uniform. And so these stress and strain values may be
considered as the correct values at any point away from the ends.
It is customary to plot the engineering stress (rz::ıJEng versus the strain ezz for such
a test. Because the volume of the specimen will change only slightly, there will take
place a contraction of the cross-sectional area A as the tensile load is increasedt so
that the engineering stress will be less than the actual stress at all times. For small
loads, AAcı will not be appreciably smaller than A 0 so that little difficulty is
encountered by using the simpler engineering stress. However, for large loads there
will be a significant difference between AAct and A 0 with the result that the curve
('t';::z)Eng versus ezz will diverge markedly from that of(rzz)Act versus ezz• Because (rzz)Eng
is related simply by a direct proportionality to F through the constant 1/ A0 and
because the lateral contractions are not easily measured accurately, engineers are
often motivated to use thc cnginccring stress, (-rzz)Eng• rather than the actual stress,
(rzz)Act·
We show a stress-strain diagram for a simple tensile test in Fig. 4.2. This is a
typical curve for a low-carbon steel specimen. Although stress-strain curves may be
quite ditferent for other materials, we shall consider this curve in some detail so as to
set forth most easily certain general definitions.t Notice that the curve is a straight !ine
at the early stages of the loading; that is, the stress is proportional to strain and we
may then state that
(4. l)
where the proportionality constant E is called Young 's modulus, having dimensions
F/ L2 , as you may easily verify yourself. Essentially, this result was reached about 300
years ago by Robert Hooke, who as a result of his experiments with metallic rods
Failure/breaking stress
Ultimate stress Proportional limit is the point at which the
(/) u
(/)
--------------~-------~ proportion between axial stress and axial strain is
~ ended
tn Failure/breaking point
Ol y Elastic limit is the point at which the elastic
.;:::c I deformation is ended; thus, when the applied load is
Q)
Q)
I removed the member can not return its own original
c I
.Ö\ I Plastic geometry. We can observe some permanent
w
c I deformation in member
I
Elastic
I ductile material
I
'-.-' .002 Strain Figure 4.2 Typical stress-strain curve for
Residual strain mild steel. Yielding (yield) point/stress : the point at which the
Failure/breaking strain plastic (permanent) deformations occur
tThis is the Poisson etfect, which we shall d.iscuss later. For ductile metals this point is assumed that a
residual strain of 0.002 occurs
jThe compression test is very similar to the tensile test. The mechanical properties which we shall
discuss appear in compression tests, in the same way for many materials as they do in tensile tests. Thus a
ploı of compressive stress versus compressive strain in those cases would be sirnilar to the ploı of tensile
stress versus tensile strain.
3
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
under axially applied tensile loads concluded that ut tensio sic vis or roughly "the
extension is proportional to the force," a relation known by every high school student
as Hooke's law. The stress at which the linear relationship between stress and strain
ceases is called the proportional limit. lts value, however, is not easily measured.
Not ali materials have a finite straight-line portion at the outset of the stress-
strain diagram. For instance, rubber is a material that generally does not, anda stress-
strain curve fora particular specimen of this material is shown in Fig. 4.3. Despite the
apparent difference in appearance between the curves for steel and rubber in Figs. 4.2
and 4.3, there is an important similarity to be pointed out. That is, if that particular
rubber specimen is unloaded to zero load, it will return to its original geometry along
the loading curve, as will the steel specimen, provided that the load on the latter
develops a stress <zz below the proportional limit. For these reasons both materials are
said to be elastic.
if loading and unloading paths are
coinciding and the member returns its original geometry
this is called elastic behaviour
if loading and unloading paths are coinciding and linear
paths this is called linear elastic behaviour
tlf the specimen returns to the original geometry but along an unloading curve differenı than the
loading curve (see Fig. 4.4), the material is called ane/astic. Since the work put into the material is
proportional to the area under the stress-strain curve, it is clear that a net amount of work is done on the
material during a loading and unloading eyde. This work goes into the material as thermal energy and is
eventually dissipated to the surroundings. Rubber materials having such stress-strain diagrams as shown in
Fig. 4.4 are very useful for damping vibrations and are used to support motors and the like.
4
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
unloading stage
tests that the lateral strain is proportional to the longitudinal strain and may be
expressed as follows:
Bıat = - VBıong (4.2)
where the constant of proportionality v is called Poisson's ratio and ranges for
engineering materials from .2 to .5. in Chapter 6 we shall see that Poisson's ratio along
with E can be considered as two of the fundamental constants characterizing the
general mechanical behavior of linear, elastic, homogeneous, isotropic materials.t
Meanwhile, it is clear that simple tensile tests permit the evaluation of this constant.
Returning to the stress-strain diagram for steel, it is to be pointed out that the
elastic limit, like the proportional limit, is difficult to measure accurately. Hence
engineers employ as a more useful definition of the beginning of inelastic behavior
the yield stress or the yield point, which is the value of stress resulting in a small
specified residual strain (usually, .002) upon unloading. The point Y on the stress-
strain diagram in Fig. 4.2 corresponds to the yield point.
Our discussion of the stress-strain diagram has taken us thus far only to the
yield point. in the domain up to the yield point, the actual cross-sectional area and the
original area of the specimen differ by a very small amount and so it does not matter
which area one uses for computations. We have been using A 0 for reasons set forth
earlier. However, as pointed out, at ali times during the tensile test, a continual
decrease in the cross-sectional area of the specimen takes place as the Ioad is appiied.
(in the case of a compression test, there is clearly a corresponding increase in the
cross-sectional area as the load is applied.) After the yield point, there may be a rapid
increase in the strain Bzz• and simultaneously there will then be a rapid change in the
cross-sectional area owing to the Poisson effect. This will cause the values of
engineering stress and actual stress to diverge appreciably from each other. To
illustrate this, Fig. 4.5 shows sample stress-strain curves using both the actual stress
and the engineering stress fora tensile test. (Also shown dashed is the corresponding
compression test using engineering stress.) You will notice that the actual stress
continually increases until the specimen breaks.
As pointed out earlier, the engineering stress is proportional to the force F and
so the maximum load carrying capability of the specimen is developed at the
t As we shall more carefully delineate la ter, isotropic materials ha ve the same properties in ali
directions, while homogeneous materials are composed of the same maıerial throughouı.
5
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Actuol
tension and compression
u Engirıeering
!Terısion;
original (undeformed) cross-sectional area
tension compression
maximum elevation of the engineering stress-strain curve (see Fig. 4.2). The engineer-
ing stress at this point, denoted as U İn the diagram, is termed the ultimate stress. To
better understand the ultimate stress Jet us follow the tensile test after passing the yield
point. The strain increases rapidly now for small increases in Joad. The cross-sectional
area accordingly decreases measurably in contrast to the very small changes during
the elastic range of loading. The actual stress then increases because of both the effects
of increasing Joad and decreasing cross-sectional area. The load-carrying capacity of
the specimen (and thus the engineering stress) meanwhile increases with the increasing
actual stressin the member but is adversely ajfected by the decreasing cross-sectional
area. At the ultimate (engineering) stress the effect of decrease in cross-sectional area
begins to dominate, and, even though the actual stress continues to rise as the test
continues, the cross-sectional area decreases at an ever faster pace so that the load-
carrying capacity of the specimen falls off after the ultimate stress has been reached.
The test specimen then goes rapidly to destruction. That is, the machine destroys the
specimen.
The loss in load-carrying capacity beyond the ultimate-stress point just
described does not occur as a result of rapid area decrease of the entire specimen.
Rather it occurs as a result ofa rapid area decrease at some localized portion of the
specimen. We cali this action "necking" of the specimen. The position in the specimen
where necking takes place depends primarily on loca! imperfections of the material.
We have shown a diagram ofa specimen loaded to destruction in Fig. 4.6. The necking
action can be easily seen by observing the broken portion ofthe specimen. When large
inelastic deformation occurs rapidly in a small domain, as in the necked region of the
tensile specimen, we say there is plastic flow in this domain.
This brings us through the tensile test of a steel specimen. We thus have
examined one of the most important of structural materials. What about other
materials? We have already considered some rubber materials in this section, and we
6
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
necking state
see that there can be great departures from the case exemplified by mild steel.
However, we can use mild steel as a basis of comparison in our discussion of other
material so as to make our communication more meaningful. Furthermore, the
definitions that we set up while discussing the mild steel case hold for general
discussions. Figure 4.7 shows stress-strain diagrams for various steel and aluminum
alloys. in Table 4.1 we have listed some of the parameters we have been discussing in
this section for certain important materials. (For more precise, detailed information of
this type, you are urged to consult structural or materials handbooks.)
160
Alloy steel
140
120
strength
,;ı
100
Q
"in
80 Al olloy 70-5 - 76 ----
2- -----------------~
,,..,,.- bol\ sıeel - - - - -----
... 1-\iqt'ı~---
60 ----- Al olloy 2017-79
40
Pure iron
20
_P~~~mi~~-------·
--------- ______
.Ol 02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10
7
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Aluminum 10 60 45 4
Brass (cast) 13 45 20 5
Copper (hard drawn) 17 55 40 6
Cast iron 14 20 5.6
Magnesium 6.5 35 23 2.4
Structural sıeel 29 60 35 12
Stainless steel 28 120 80 10
• Modulus of elasticity is about the same in tension and compression for ali materials listed except cast
iron, where only the tensile modulus has been given.
Pekleşme
in materials such as mild steel, aluminum, and copper, it is observed that ever-
increasing actual stress is required for continued deformation beyond the yield point.
This is the case for the stress-strain diagram shown in Fig. 4.8. We cali this strain
hardening.
There is another important phenomenon in the plastic range that is also referred
to as strain hardening. it has to do with the unloading from the plastic range of a
specimen having a linear, elastic range. You will recall that in the preceding section we
discussed the unloading ofa linear, elastic material when the load was in the elastic
range as well as the unloading ofa nonlinear, elastic material. in those cases, complete
removal of load results in restoration of the original geometry (i.e., no permanent set).
Furthermore, the unloading path must retrace the loading path in the stress-strain
diagram. In unloading a material with a linear, e/astic range from a load in the plastic
range, we do not retrace the loading path but instead move along a new path which is
I
I
-... I
~b
!/!
o.ı!::l
.s /o.
-g,§
S2 /o
§ı o
l ....J
the 1st stage until point A
the 2nd stage the load is removed whereas the deformation stage remains ELASTIC from point A to B
the 3rd stage the load is applied whereas the deformation stage remains ELASTIC from point B to A
At the end of the 3rd stage we observe an increase in the yielding point of material
Lets's continue to increase load until point C, and repeat the same processes in the 2nd and 3rd stages
8
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
essentially parallel to the linear-elastic portion of the original loading path. This is
shown in Fig. 4.8, where the initial loading has been stopped at A and the first
unloading is shown to take place along a straight Jine to point B on the abscissa. Thus,
we have introduced a permanent set given by OB on the abscissa. The elastic recovery,
on the other hand, is clearly BE. Now on the second loading we move along the path
BA. A second unloading from a stress below that corresponding to point A will
essentially move along path BA back to B and so we have for practical purposes a
linear-elastic range from B to A. An inspection of the diagram will indicate that the
yield point has been raised for the second loading as a result of the first Joading into
the plastic range. The raising of the yield point by this action is the second
phenomenon referred to as strain hardening. Beyond the new yield point, the second
loading proceeds along AC, which you will notice is along the stress curve that would
be followed by an uninterrupted first loading. At C, a second unloading is shown, and
the same process is repeated.
it is to be pointed out that unloading and reloading curves do not exactly
overlap. Instead they form a small hysteresis loop, as shown in Fig. 4.9 in an
exaggerated manner. There is an energy Joss during a cycle represented by the area of
the hysteresis loop. This energy, however, is very small.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the change in yield point by strain
hardening is observable only in the direction of initial loading. That is, there is no
increase in yield stress in the material at right angles to the direction of the initial
loading.
On the hasis of the simple test described earlier and the simple compression test,
which is essentially the same except for direction, we can make additional useful
classifications which are meaningful in describing mechanical behavior of materials.
First we can form two classes of materials on the hasis of the behavior of a
specimen in a tensile test carried out to the point where the specimen fractures.
Materials exhibiting little or no plastic deformation up to fracture, such as glass, are
called brittle materials. Materials exhibiting substantial piastic deformation up to the
point ofbreaking, such as mild steel, are called ductile materials. Fora brittle material,
a stress-strain curve carried out in a tensile test will differ from the corresponding
curve carried out as a compression test. Furthermore, brittle materials exhibit a
considerable scatter in breaking points, found by a series of many tests. Ductile
materials, on the other hand, give essentially the same stress-strain curve for a tensile
9
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
or compression test and have yield points, breaking points, ete., which are consider-
ably more reproducible in a series of tests.
1 2 3
T (stress) T
loading
loading unloading
unloading
strain
Figure 4.10 Rigid-body Figure 4.11 Perfectly
behavior. clastic behavior.
Tbere are situations where there may be plastic deformations involved which far
exceed the elastic deformations present, and it may be profitable to formulate the
idealization ofa stress-strain diagram shown in Fig. 4.12, which embodies rigid-body
behavior up to a certain stress and then exhibits what we shall cali perfectly plastic
behavior. During perfectly plastic behavior there is no change in stress possible and
the material "Aows" at constant stress. This action simulates the action of certain
materials such as steel (see Fig. 4.2) fora range of deformation directly following the
yield stress. If next we include strain hardening in the plastic range, our model
becomes more accurate albeit more complex. We show in Fig. 4.13 the idealization
rigid, plasıic behavior wiıh strain hardening to illustrate this case.
t We shall also generalize the criterion for yielding in a general state of stress in Chapter 9.
10
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
: stress
constant stress
0
: yield stress
strain-hardening parameter
: strain
There may be times when the elastic deformation cannot be deleted from
considerations and where there is little strain hardening. For such cases, one may be
able to employ the idealization shown in Fig. 4.14, called the elastic, perfectly p/astic
stress-strain curve. Finally, allowing for strain hardening, we get the curve shown in
Fig. 4.15, which is reasonably close to certain actual stress-strain diagrams.
constant stress
yield strain
Figure 4.14 Elastic, Figure 4.15 Elastic,
perfectly plastic behavior. plastic behavior with
strain hardening.
Up to this time we have assumed that the relations between stress and strain presented
were not dependent on time. There are, however, many materials where strain
developed for a given stress varies with time. We then may sometimes relate strain
rates (i.e., de,,/ dt for the one-dimensional stress case) with stresses to form useful
constitutive relations.
As a first case consider a material for which the strain rate is a function only of
the stresses. Thus, for a one-dimensional case we have
de,, .
dt = e,, = f(t,,)
where f is a function of t,,. Such a material is called a viscous solid, and if the function
f( t,,) is simply t,,/rı, where rı is a constant, the material is called a Newtonian material
with rı known as the coefficient of viscosity. You will learn in your study of fluid
mechanics that many fluids can be considered as Newtonian.
11
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Chap. 4 Problems 91
4.2. 14.21 In Fig. P4.2 is shown a hypothetical stress-strain curve. What is the proportional
limit? The ultimate stress? The modulus of elasticity for this material?
60
50 I/ --- .....
...,
o 40 J
/
)(
"iii
a. 30
(/)
(/)
~ ) l
iİi 20
10
/
/ 1
2 4 5 6 7 8 9
Strain ( x ıo- ı
2
Figure P4.2
4.3. 14.21 A rope of length 3 m extends 25 mm when a force of 2250 N of tension is exerted on
it. If the diameter when loaded is 25 mm, what is the spring constant for the rope and the
modulus of elasticity assuming linear elastic behavior?
*4.4. 14.21 Consider a nylon cord with a diameter of! in. and a length of 5 ft. If this material has
a modulus of elasticity of 3 x 105 psi and a Poisson ratio of .4, what is the stress and the
diameter when pulled by a force of 500 lb? (Hint: Since the strain is large, the diameter
varies appreciably with stress and a trial-and-error calculation will be needed.) Compute
the average spring constant for the range of load from O to 500 lb.
4.5. 14.31 If in the tensile test corresponding to the graph in Fig. P4.2, the material is unloaded
from a stress of 55,000 psi, what is the elastic recovery of strain? The permanent set? The
proportional limit of the material when it is reloaded?
4.6. 14.41 Shown in Fig. P4.6 are ( 1) rigid, perfectly plastic, (2) elastic, perfectly plastic, and (3)
elastic, perfectly plastic with strain hardening stress-strain idealizations. What stress is
needed in each case to have a strain of .001? What is the stressin each case needed fora
stra in of .004?
T ~ = ı ·4 x 1010 Po
de
Figure P4.6
4.7. 14.41 In Problem 4.6, what is the permanent set in each case if the specimen is unloaded
from a strain of .004?
12
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
'l VJ
u-::et.::: ~\o ll ')(l0ı0-01 -..;/o:::
,('-
?.la JQ,Elastic-perfect plastic
yield strain
~ t::::: fJ .oı9y
() = 4/ l ~ 1o 8 fo_, f/
13
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
4.8. 14.41 Cylinder A in Fig. P4.8 may be considered an elastic, perfectly plastic material with a
yield stress of 50,000 psi and an elastic modulus of 20 x 106 psi. Cylinder B, welded to
cylinder A, is also to be considered elastic, perfectly plastic with a yield stress of 100,000
psi and an elastic modulus of 30 x 106 psi. What is the maximum force that can be
imposed without causing permanent set? What is the maximum movement of end D
without permanent set? What force is needed to double this deftection? Neglect the weight
of the members.
4.9. 14.41 If a force of 3.6 x 10 5 N is applied to the cylinder shown in Fig. P4.9(a) having a
cross-sectional area of 6.25 x ıo - 4 m 2 , what is the defiection ofthe end Basa result ofthis
loading? The stress-strain diagram for the material is shown in Fig. P4.9(b).
~ = 2 .1 x 10 ıo Pa
r de \
A = 6.25 x ıo- 4 m2
4.2 x ıo 8 Pa
B
p
(o) (b) Figure P4.9
4.10. 14.41 A cylinder having a cross-sectional area of 1 in. 2 is welded to a shaft which rotates
with an angular speed w of 10,000 rpm (see Fig. 4.10). If the cylinder hasa stress-strain law
0=2"
. .. &w
5" A= 1 in.2
14
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
are internal forces in cylinders A and B
S~a.MeS~ ft"~,8Jff<iZ..
C~lGvıde..<-A ~ 0~ G&l/\St~ CL11t~hc
~o
I
feet rer}c.-c t-~ f ı u.s t-r c.. n:ıevt-w l ol VJ ,-+-~, (L ')ft.cl~ /
stre-ss D f- ~-'.) Oeu f X.. Ovvtd ~ .eJM Çı (. wwdu~
® o 5- ıo ı< ıobp~. c~ lz'Vldu'-vj ı ~l~ to c~llrıciu--
A) 1s cJ ~<\) to loe w~15 [W~ eiJ?vJtı-c.. J f erf-ec+J:ı
f
in
1o rlust1c vJ11-h ~ ~ı'e.ld stre,ÇÇ oj- ıoo 0-0~ f~
(}.,(/\ol d-Nl eAa .)t l C YVıoclultıJ oj- ~ D X (O~ f ~ •uJk;Ll
1$ ek VV\- 0'ıl / W\ uM ~-ruı- tıwvt- c.D...cl\, b~ { rV\(JO xd
w1tVı.ouT CC.dl~j r.er~ 0? W~,-~t~
kalıcı deformasyon
Both cylinders are in tension Mu,'}l/rvtu.rvı vYl 0 W41A!lhı,t of ~'ld t w1tkout ~enna
V\VA-\:, >ek w l wJ- ? fe> 1 u.... t 5 ~ t o el 10 uh le., t k.L s dQ. f (,u)-,'cı rt 7
L tJ~lu.t; tLu.. ~3~ c0 .j--tVut. ~~.s. .
Comment : In order not to cause permanent set the bar should be in elastic region (until elastic limit/yield stress)
o.)lk uo vs -~t-'Wl vvJ. ~ <9 J- t-ko. r"u dvS it- ~'- cLls, Y'€flf~-t.:h~
Af.; ~ ıc () )'L :: 1- g.ı 1- C c_, . CM_ J.. ~ -== TL Cf, s ]'1.. =- 1. [) G:ı ~ ı Vı 'L
V\.
®
16
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
t'k VlOV'Mwl stv-~' S Ô=. [_ _ 3. 6f1° ')- = '::> f-6 /o(, f o._
A - r,. zr"' ı()-4
Corresponding axial stress is larger than yield stress; consequently,
f~ toicJ eAô~~-;'OV'--
fi t ~ M e T M. r ""' 0 1o- ~ f o. o -ıı ı <ts s
~t-= ı().oı~zgqı 'fV\ 4 Comment : in case of the unloading of applied load P the elastic deformation of 0.006 m is recovered and
a deformation of 0.0222858 m remains permanent.
17
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
18
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
-:ft ~ JtZ f r-
14+o hQ_ .d~ .'"-er"' .a.J-1· D-tA- f>-v' r :;. tJ '' \ıV ~ ~ ll1 f =11 ~:nv\ ')( 3 z. ı s}f;-
'Z-
A~ <r) = wır 5 3
\Lt(L-r)-1.. (L -v ) D.Md.1sl~=;z.z.!ı...wı
· ıG l °5
"t _
p 111\Wıc -
c1.'.)t./f:ıJı. (t/b 0/ıı. ı) -ı.c ) ;1 ( _ 3 '3) (j_ )2
J ) -1 - - ? -1 1e..
1 ~ '?JO ,~ı;::r [o x 11..1..
6
J
(DM~ t : -f-rv-
4
r- ::::: ,,j'
19
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Chap. 4 Problems 93
as given by Fig. P4.9(b) and ifit hasa density of 460 lbm/ft 3 , what is the total elongation of
the cylinder caused by the centrifugal force developed by the rotation?
4.11. 14.41 An aluminum rod A and a steel tube B support a load P (see Fig. P4.l 1). The
following data apply to A and B:
A B
11
E= 1.5 x 10 Pa E= 2 x 10 11 Pa
Yield stress Y= 4 x 108 Pa Y= 6 x 108 Pa Yield stress
strain-hardening
parameter ( dedı) plas
= 1.5 x 10 10 Pa
( dedı) plas
= 1.9 x 10 10 Pa strain-hardening
parameter
T A
+ 100 mm
T
(comp)
-j f--110 mm
This stress-strain diagram should be evaluated for
compressive stress and strains.
Both tube and solid shaft undergo compression
Figure P4.11
4.12. 14.41 A rod of diameter .02 m rotates (see Fig. P4.12) about Bata speed w rpm. it hasa
mass per un it length of 5 kg/m. it has a yield stress of 4 x 108 Pa. At the end is a 1O-kg
rigid mass A. What is the maximum angular speed for elastic elongation ofthe rod? What
is this elongation? Take E = 2 x 10 11 Pa. The system rotates ona horizontal plane sliding
on a frictionless surface. Approximate action of A as that of a particle at the mass
center of A.
4.13. 14.41 in Problem 4.12 the rod has a stress-strain behavior which is elastic with strain
hardening beyond the yield stress so that (dr}de)pıas = 1.6 x 10 10 Pa. The maximum speed
w for elastic behavior is 64.6 rad/sec. What is the maximum stress ifthe speed w is brought
up to 70 rad/sec? At what position does yielding start? What is the maximum strain?
4.14. 14.51 lf a force F is suddenly applied at time ı 1 held constant and then released suddenly at
time ı 2 , sketch the deformation versus time curve for a Maxwell model.
20
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
/
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _ 1 _ 3 O _ 4
An aluminum rod A and a steel tube BE~~;~~~{~~~~~ Stress Analysis both solid shaft and tube are made of
P as shown in Figure 4. The following data apply to P
materials which are elastic and plastic with
A and. B , (a) what ıs the rnaximum Joad for elastic
strain hardening
behavıor throughout, (b) what is the total deflection ~~
due to a load whıch
is 1.5 tinıes
that of the load fronı 1 ı
part (a). A B +
C6rn .A
~170 mm
(~;) = 1.5 x lüıo pa ( dCY ) = 1.9xlüıo pa Figure 4
0-J A d& B
( 1( ' '2. ?...
AA=Cf '/- ·ıoo -=7-851 . ~mm
s, = ~it + ~ \~ = ( ll_ )
Af" ft
+(_El_ \
AE l!)
For this maximum load both tube and solid shaft
remain elastic.
J
~
~.b +~o s 'f. 5 olS.9oo
Sr:: 1-g 5 '3 .5 y. 1.5 \o5 Soıb. S 'I' 2. ıo
5
sr= ~.o)b ı~->l}'V\ c-) Maximum elastic contraction of assembly which is recoverable.
P·=- ~,<) frvıo.-x -= ~.~(~o15CJoo) = l.()2- ) J 5& D rJ
(b)In order to decide whether the plastic deformations occur in both solid shaft and tube
Pıt= 'Wt 15 (,0 tJ L. p= 4')Z1 H.:> D N "'""'ol
f ıı, = ~o15'l W N L f-::- 4s1'!.'t Suo N 5 \; l,.e,ve f,,-re..
~.9{l -tk- 1 ovl ft ~J. +k tt-ck-e.., @> ~e;lcl.
Both maximu elastic load is smaller than the applied compressive external load; therefore, plasitc deformations occur in
both tube and solid shaft
21
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - 1 - 30 - 4
Elasto- plastic Stress Analysis
<Str"e.s-~es due to P = 4523850 N
u6 = L .=:: 9) l 3 j 5o - 3e o M y? C\ ( - )
Ar> s-oıc s
Considering the strain hardening behaviours of both materials
Page : 2 - 2
22
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
t: ~ 7: 1-
23
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
24
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Figure P4.22
the right end B 1000 sec after the application of the load? What is the strain rate? Use the
Maxwell model.
4.23. 14.51 in Problem 4.22, remove the 10,000-lb force and suspend the body from A. If y is 400
lb/ ft 3 , what is the movement of end B after 1000 sec as a resul! of the weight and
viscoelastic action? What is the rate of movement of end B?
4.24. 14.6) What is the fatigue life of a material subject to an alternating stress with an
amplitude of 20,000 psi? [Use Fig. 4.25(a).] What is the fatigue strength for this material
when it is subject to 40 million cycles of stress?
4.25. 14.6) in Fig. 4.23, we have the following data:
w = 1000 rad/sec
r= 50mm
M= .5 kg
The diameter of the test specimen is 12 mm. If we do not consider the inertial effects of the
nonrotating part of the apparatus, how long would you expect it to take for a fatigue
failure, assuming the material behaves according to Fig. 4.25(a)?
4.26. 14.61 In Problem 4.25, assume that there is superposed a constant tensile force of 7798 N.
If the test specimen behaves according to Fig. 4.26, what is the fatigue life for a fatigue
failure? For Problem 4.25, S = 32,058 psi.
4.27. 14.7) A brittle one-dimensional member of diameter 50 mm hasa notch of radius r = 2.27
mm giving an inner diameter of 45.45 mm. What is the maximum normal stress if the
material behaves as shown in Fig. 4.28? The axial force on the specimen is 2250 N.
4.28. 14.81 Two materials A and B are welded together as shown in Fig. P4.28. Initially, the
temperature is uniform at 60°F. If the temperature is then raised to 100°, what are the
strains in the members and what is the new length of the system? lf now an axial tensile
/.
12'
A
3•• ~
8 ıo'
2" ~
Figure P4.28
25
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Homework
~ e. ~ 1 oa..el P
f QQ0~ . ~S
------=- 4l'1-IS=1- IO
TC'f..~'l't- .~D ıo'
~- = z 1L2D1 ıö 4
4
çJ-=- ( L) =
tte r> 1SY-2~ "- \~ lob
Lt
+~ t-c -1-J- str a-u:vs (0 -<c <--.-'.J, r- DJ,
ç_ f'.. = f r -t ~ ı ~
t -= 'l. b ö + 4, i- t ıı ı
1o- S ::- "'.J •o T ) + 1ö 7
'C r, .:: t.ıi" -t si ~ ~.o lÖ lı + ;). .1ı fo ".). ı,; '-ı-= (,' 1z.z o '1- 1_,,- 7
26
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
27
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
Chap. 4 Problems 97
force of 10,000 lb is added to the system, what is the strain in each member and the change
in length? Take the following dala:
3m
1
_!
z Figure P4.29
4.30. (4.8( Shown in Fig. P4.30(a) is a split pulley held together by four rivets [see Fig.
P4.30(b)]. These rivets are heated to a high temperature and then installed in the slots.
Finally a "head" is pounded at the end so that in the expanded condition the rivets just fit
snug in the slots as shown. They are then allowed to cool to room temperature. lf we
Originol rivet
before instollotion
dt----1~
Slot
Rivet of ter
instollotion
Split
pul ley
(o) (b)
Figure P4.30
28
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
l
({).,) f k_ {- (',v-f <-f?:c,,ı,,,,,,_,
cı.,: J !;v-; (, ~ ~ r ( t ı .: O\. l- 'L + 6
0vt 1:. -=- ~ y:: ~o J 6o= /o
~ ·s l. -t b ~ _;")
(_ QL-</\
Cl °'\ = I_Q
V eı)- t -:: ·; İV\ l -=:. z Q' \_,, (,V\. ~
l -::::.
.:3
(C:l):::::: 1_Q_ ı2. t &O temperature variation along z-axis
~
tk ~Llr~~~ ctı·t-~<-L along z-axis
fı.flt]::= {C't/- ')O-= L~ =t 'Lt-60 _p
10 '2 {"
() 1 (1 1::=:- j ::c + ~ the variation of temperature difference along z-axis
~~
t
()
-::-ILflD
- b[ ,~
')_T
\'.)
::C 'J -f- 1!) 1; Jr '- '::
o
j
1lj 1O ( J ~ Ô 3 ~ + {D
L21
'/ JJ
i
ı~\ E
t
-:. 1- to- 1 iV\ .
29
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
f
(i\L. .fu..,f f-ıc:Ju,,,~ lZ ~v-eV\..LL- b 'I ::- 6 V - 5o O -= - tl{ o 0
(-
\.. _,. t h.L.- +~\DX MQ..Q_ S trc~'- (o., 'f. ı 'o_Q_ ) 1,'-~ +l"L r ,-~
thermal strain
z t :: ol._ 6I :: tı xio- ' ( - z_ L1 o ) --== -1 . ~ lr I-o- s 6J
-t{\L);~tn--e_ - fLIJ.... vhı~ G.o ~"-f-vc:u._f-s; lJt-J f u._QJL;!r dDeA M t"_a.flow
1
CU'l J C?-,A,'\. C'l..)•,C ı. cJ.._ f ILL 0 C C. U v.) i, ~ t l ~ r ~( v--Lf-_ jt'3.- ~y l C ..l t.
the tensile axial force acting over the cross-section of the rivet
30
Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Apalak Strength of Materials – I Course Notes (Chapter - 4)
assume that the pulley is rigid, what force holds the pulley together for the following da ta?
A 8 Figure P4.31
31