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Control Structures

Control structures are used to specify program flow and logic. There are three basic types: sequence, selection, and iteration. Selection logic uses if/else statements to control program flow based on conditions. If statements check a single condition, while if/else checks one condition and executes alternative code if false. If/else if/else allows checking multiple conditions and executing different code blocks accordingly.

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13 views

Control Structures

Control structures are used to specify program flow and logic. There are three basic types: sequence, selection, and iteration. Selection logic uses if/else statements to control program flow based on conditions. If statements check a single condition, while if/else checks one condition and executes alternative code if false. If/else if/else allows checking multiple conditions and executing different code blocks accordingly.

Uploaded by

eyoab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Structures in Programming Languages

 Control Structures are just a way to specify flow of control


in programs.
 Any algorithm or program can be more clear and
understood if they use self-contained modules called as
logic or control structures.
 It basically analyzes and chooses in which direction a
program flows based on certain parameters or conditions.
 There are three basic types of logic, or flow of control,
known as:

1. Sequence logic, or sequential flow


2. Selection logic, or conditional flow
3. Iteration logic, or repetitive flow

1, if statements in C++ Programming

 If statement is a conditional statement which is used to make decision.


 It is used when a single condition is to be checked.
 A condition is enclosed in if statement which decides the sequence of
execution of instruction.
 If the condition is true, the statements inside if statement are executed,
otherwise they are skipped.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
// Statements to execute if
// condition is true
}

Flowchart for if statement


Examples of if statement in C++

// C++ program to illustrate If statement

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int i = 10;

if (i < 15) {

cout << "10 is less than 15 \n";

cout << "I am Not in if";

Explanation:
 Program starts.
 i is initialized to 10.
 If-condition is checked. 10 < 15, yields true.
 “10 is less than 15” gets printed.
 if condition yields false. “I am Not in if” is printed.
2, if … else statement

 if … else statement is a two way branching statement.


 It is similar to if statement but the only difference is if the condition is
false then a different block of statements are executed which is inside
else statement.

Syntax
if (condition)
{
// Executes this block if
// condition is true
}
else
{
// Executes this block if
// condition is false
}
Flowchart for if … else statement

Examples of if else statement in C++

// C++ program to illustrate if-else statement

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int i = 20;

// Check if i is 10

if (i == 10)

cout << "i is 10";


// Since is not 10

// Then execute the else statement

else

cout << "i is 20\n";

cout << "Outside if-else block";

return 0;

Explanation:
 Program starts.
 i is initialized to 20.
 if-condition is checked. i == 10, yields false.
 flow enters the else block.
 “i is 20” is printed
 “Outside if-else block” is printed.

Example 2:

// C++ program to illustrate if-else statement

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{
int i = 25;

if (i > 15)

cout << "i is greater than 15";

else

cout << "i is smaller than 15";

return 0;

3, if … else if … else statement

 if … else if … else statement is used for multiple branching.

 When there are two or more conditions that needs to be checked to


decide which block of statement is to be executed, it is used.

 The number of else if statements depend upon the number of


conditions to be checked.

Syntax
if (condition)
statement 1;
else if (condition)
statement 2;
.
.
else
statement;
// C++ program to illustrate if-else-if ladder
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int i = 20;

// Check if i is 10
if (i == 10)
cout << "i is 10";

// Since i is not 10
// Check if i is 15
else if (i == 15)
cout << "i is 15";

// Since i is not 15
// Check if i is 20
else if (i == 20)
cout << "i is 20";

// If none of the above conditions is true


// Then execute the else statement
else
cout << "i is not present";

return 0;
}
Flowchart for if … else if … else statement
Examples of if else if the ladder

// C++ program to illustrate if-else-if ladder

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int i = 20;

// Check if i is 10

if (i == 10)

cout << "i is 10";

// Since i is not 10

// Check if i is 15

else if (i == 15)

cout << "i is 15";

// Since i is not 15

// Check if i is 20

else if (i == 20)

cout << "i is 20";

// If none of the above conditions is true

// Then execute the else statement

else

cout << "i is not present";

return 0;

}
Explanation:
 Program starts.
 i is initialized to 20.
 condition 1 is checked. 20 == 10, yields false.
 condition 2 is checked. 20 == 15, yields false.
 condition 3 is checked. 20 == 20, yields true. “i is 20” gets printed.
 “Outside if-else-if” gets printed.
 Program ends.

Example 2:
Another example to illustrate the use of if else if ladder in C++.

// C++ program to illustrate if-else-if ladder

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int i = 25;

// Check if i is between 0 and 10

if (i >= 0 && i <= 10)

cout << "i is between 0 and 10" << endl;

// Since i is not between 0 and 10

// Check if i is between 11 and 15


else if (i >= 11 && i <= 15)

cout << "i is between 11 and 15" << endl;

// Since i is not between 11 and 15

// Check if i is between 16 and 20

else if (i >= 16 && i <= 20)

cout << "i is between 16 and 20" << endl;

// Since i is not between 0 and 20

// It means i is greater than 20

else

cout << "i is greater than 20" << endl;

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