dimensional Euclidean space (i.e.

, 3D
Solid geometry).

Mensuration Stereometry deals with

the measurements of volumes of various solid
figures (three-dimensional figures),
including pyramids, prisms and
Solid Geometry other polyhedrons; cylinders; cones; truncate
Solid Geometry (also known as Solid d cones; and balls bounded by spheres.
Mensuration) is the study of various solids. It
is the study of the measure of volume, area,
height, length, and many more. This subject is Plane Surface
used extensively in the practice of
engineering. The knowledge of this subject is A plane surface (or plane) is a surface of
a necessity to engineers and other unlimited extent such that whatever two of its
construction professionals in any project points are taken, a straight line joining them
construction. will lie wholly in the surface.

Solid geometry is the geometry of three- A curved surface is a surface no portion of

dimensional Euclidean space. It includes which is plane.
the measurements of volumes of various solid
figures (three-dimensional figures). A plane figure is a geometric figure all of
whose points lie in one plane. Plane Geometry
1. Pyramids treats of plane figures.
2. Cylinder
3. Cones
A rectilinear figure is a plane figure all the
4. Spheres
lines of which are straight lines.
5. Prisms

The Pythagoreans dealt with the regular

solids, like the cube and the sphere. The
pyramid, prism, cone, and cylinder were not Area
studied until the Platonists. In geometry, the area can be defined as the
space occupied by a flat shape or the surface
Eudoxus proved the pyramid and cone have of an object. The area of a figure is the
one-third the volume of a prism and cylinder number of unit squares that cover the surface
on the same base and of the same height. of a closed figure. Area is measured in square
units such as square centimeters, square feet,
The equations for areas and volumes in two square inches, etc.
and
three dimensions was proved by Archimedes. Surface Area - the total area of the surface of
One of Archimedes' works was called On the a three-dimensional object.
sphere and the cylinder.
Lateral surface- all of the sides of the object,
People use solid geometry for many purposes excluding its base and top (when they exist).
including engineering and the calculation The lateral surface area is the area of the
of perspective. lateral surface. This is to be distinguished
from the total surface area, which is the
In mathematics, solid geometry is the lateral surface area together with the areas of
traditional name for the geometry of three- the base and top.
 For a cube, the lateral surface area
would be the area of the four sides. If
the edge of the cube has length a, the
area of one square face Aface = a ⋅ a = a2.
Thus the lateral surface of a cube will
be the area of four faces: 4a2.
Perimeter is the distance around a two-
dimensional shape.

Volume - is the measure of how much space

an object takes up of a solid. It is measured by Adjacent angles- angles having a common
the number of unit cubes it takes to fill up vertex and a common side.
the solid.
Perpendicular- Two lines are equal if it was
formed by adjacent angles.

Kinds of Angles

A point has position only, and has no length, 1. A right angle is an angle formed by two
width or thickness. A point is represented by a perpendicular lines. A right angle is
dot equal to 900
2. A straight angle is an angle whose
A line has indefinite length but no width or sides lie in opposite directions on
thickness. A line may be denoted by any of straight line.
two points or by a small letter. A straight angle is equal to 1800

A ray is any portion of a line extending 3. A zero angle is formed by two coincident
indefinitely to one side and bounded by one rays. A zero angle is equal to 00
point. 4. An acute angle is an angle greater than zero
An angle is a figure by two rays with common angle and less than a right angle
endpoint. The rays are called sides and the
common point is the vertex of the angle. 5. An obtuse angle is an angle greater than a
right angle and less than a straight angle.
Two angles are said to be equal if they can
6. A reflex angle is an angle greater than
made to coincide and have the same angular
straight angle and less than two straight
measure. angles.
Units of Angular Measure
A broken line is a succession of straight line
• Degree segment which do not lie on a straight line,
• Radian such as shown belowangle and less than two
• Revolution straight angles. A triangles is a polygon of
three sides. A triangle has 6 principal parts: 3
sides and 3 interior angles. The vertices of the
angles the vertices of the triangle.

Parallel Lines - These are two or more line

that will never intersect each other because
they have the same inclination or steepness.

Transversal Line – It is line cuts two or more

line.
 Again, these completely depend on
which line you call the base line.

• Vertex - A vertex typically means a

corner or point where two lines meet.
In a polygon the number of vertices
•
Polygon is a plane figure enclosed by a depend on the number of sides your
number of line segment that are polygon has. (Vertices is the plural for
connected by points called the vertices. vertex.)
Polygon is a two-dimensional figure
with length on its side but no thickness. • Apex - Once you have selected the
The etymology of the term polygon is base line of your polygon, the
derived from the Greek words “poly” vertex opposite that base line is called
and “gonia”. Poly means many while the apex.
gonia means angles and corner
• Internal Angle - The internal angle of
a polygon is found by joining two
vertices to the center of the polygon.
It is key that these two vertices are
next to each other. The angle that
these two lines form at the Center of
the polygon is called the internal
angle.

• Exterior Angles - An exterior angle is

formed by extending one side through
its vertex. The exterior angle will
always be the same as the interior
angle.
Parts of Polygon
Types of Polygons - types of regular polygon
• Side/Edge – These are Line Segments according to the number of sides and
connected by common point forming measurement of angles.
an enclosed figure.

Sides of a polygon serves as the boundary

making up the polygon.

• Base - For any given polygon, one of

the sides can be distinguished as
being the base. It is not particularly
important which one is chosen. The
usual practice is that when you draw a
polygon, the side that is
horizontal or closest to
horizontal is the base.

• Base Angles - The base angles are the

two angles created at the base line. Triangles
Triangles- a polygon of three sides.

Triangle 6 Principal Parts

3 sides

3 angles

Kinds of Triangle according to sides

❖ A triangle is scalene, if no sides are

equal.
❖ A triangle is isosceles, if two sides
are equal.
❖ A triangle is equilateral , if three
sides are equal. Law of Lines
❖ A triangle is obtuse, if one angle is
obtuse.
❖ A triangle is right, if one angel is Law of Lines
right.
A triangle is acute ,if all angels are
acute.
❖ A triangle is equiangular ,if all
angles are equal.
❖ median of a triangle is a line
segment joining a vertex with the
midpoint of the opposite side.

An altitude of a triangle is a line segment from

a vertex perpendicular to and terminated by
the opposite side or its prolongation.

An angle bisector of a triangle is a line

segment bisecting an angle and terminated by
the opposite side.

The perimeter of a triangle is the sum of the

lengths of its sides.

Quadrilateral
Trigonometric Ratio
Quadrilateral- polygon of 4 sides

SOH CAH TOA Trapezium- no two sides are parallel

Perimeter- the sum of median

Pythagorean Theorem Trapezoid- the line of segments joining the

midpoints of non-parallel side.
The square of the hypotenuse of a triangle is
equal to the sum of the square of its legs.
The median of the trapezoid is equal to the
sum of the bases P= 2a+2b or
m= ½(a+b) P=2L+2W
Square- Rectangle with equal adjacent sides.
Altitude- A line of segment perpendicular to

A=𝑠 2
and between the bases.

The are of the trapezoid is equal to the

product of the altitude and median of
trapezoid. P=4s
ℎ(𝑎+𝑏)
A= d= √2s
2
Parallelogram- quadrilateral whose opposite
side are parallel. Its opposite side are parallel.
Two side are parallel and equal. Its diagonal
bisect each other and its opposite angle are
equal.

Rhombus- a parallelogram with equal

adjacent sides

Rectangle- a parallelogram with a right angle.

-the dimension of a rectangle are

the length and altitude height or width of the
rectangle.

-the base of the area is the product

of its dimensions

A=ab or A=LW