COMP-111

Practical No. 1 Introduction of Computer & Identification of Input & Output Devices
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or "data." It has the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and browse the internet.
You can also use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management, presentations, games, and
more
CPU
A central processing unit (CPU) (formerly also referred to as a central processor unit[1]) is the hardware
within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system
Mouse
A mouse is an input device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is
typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical
user interface.
Keyboard
A keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical
levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via
teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.
Joy Stick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to
the device it is controlling.
Light pen
A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a
computer's CRT display. It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar
way to a touchscreen but with greater positional accuracy.
Monitor
A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display
device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor
liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as
deep as the screen size.
LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses
the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.
Printer
a printer is a peripheral which makes a representation of an electronic document on physical media.
Individual printers are designed to support local and network users at the same time
Plotter
The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were used in applications
such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional
printers. A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It draws pictures on paper using a pen.

Practical No. 2 Introduction of Computer Hardware & Identification of Compter Hardware Parts
Mother Board
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic
board is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds
many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and
memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains
significant sub-systems such as the processor and other components.
Processor
The processor (called CPU, for Central Processing Unit) is an electronic circuit that operates at the speed
of an internal clock thanks to a quartz crystal that, when subjected to an electrical currant, send pulses,
called "peaks". The clock speed (also called cycle), corresponds to the number of pulses per second, written
in Hertz (Hz). Thus, a 200 MHz computer has a clock that sends 200,000,000 pulses per second.
Hard Disk
A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using
rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. [2] An HDD retains its data even when
powered off
CD Rom
A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for
"Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write on the CD-ROM's
which are not writable or erasable.
Floppy Disk
A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic
storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy
disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).
SDR
Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) is dynamic random access memory (DRAM)
that is synchronized with the system bus. Classic DRAM has an asynchronous interface, which means that it
responds as quickly as possible to changes in control inputs
DDR
Double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM) is a class of memory
integrated circuits used in computers. DDR SDRAM, also called DDR1 SDRAM, has been superseded by
DDR2 SDRAM and DDR3 SDRAM, neither of which is either forward or backward compatible with DDR1
SDRAM -meaning that DDR2 or DDR3 memory modules will not work in DDR1-equipped motherboards,
and vice versa
VGA Card
A video card (also called a video adapter, display card, graphics card, graphics board, display adapter
or graphics adapter
Power Supply
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal
components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use a switched-mode power supply.
Some power supplies have a manual selector for input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the
supply voltage.
LAN Card
A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN
adapter, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer
network
Sound Card
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates the
input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. The term
sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces that use software to generate sound, as opposed to
using hardware inside the PC.

Practical No 3 Computer start, shutdown & restart

Start a computer
A desktop computer has a power button on the front. By pushing in on the button and then releasing it, you
turn the computer on
Shutdown a Computer
Use the mouse to click on the Start Button at the lower left hand side of the desktop. When the menu
appears, click on Turn Off Computer. Finally, click on Shutdown.
Restart a Computer
Use the mouse to click on the Start Button at the lower left hand side of the desktop. When the menu
appears, click on Turn Off Computer. Finally, click on Shutdown.
Practical No. 4 Introduction of MS Word
Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. We can use it to type letters, reports, and other
documents.
The Title Bar
Title bar, which is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title bar, Microsoft Word displays the name
of the document on which you are currently working.
The Menu Bar
The Menu bar is generally found directly below the Title bar. The Menu bar displays the menu. The Menu
bar begins with the word File and continues with Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window, and
Help.
The Standard & Formatting Toolbar s
Toolbars provide shortcuts to menu commands. Toolbars are generally located just below the Menu bar
The Ruler
The ruler is generally found below the main toolbars. The ruler is used to change the format of your
document quickly
Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars
The Horizontal and Vertical scroll bars, if turned on, enable you to move up and down or across the window
simply by pressing the icons located on the scroll bars.

Practical No5 Open New Documents

When you create a new blank document, Word bases the document on a template called Normal which
provides you with your default page, paragraph and font formatting settings.
 Click the New button on the Standard toolbar
Or
 Press Ctrl + N
Every time a new blank document is created it is named document1, document2, document3 and so on until
saved under a more appropriate name.

Practical No 6 Open the Saved file in MS word

To continue working on a file you previously saved, you must open the file.
1. Choose File > Open from the menu.
2. Make sure the folder you noted during the previous practical displays in the Look In field.
3. The file is named "adnan.doc." Typeadnan.doc in the File Name field.
4. Click Open. The file you created during the previous practical appears.

Practical No 7 File Saving in MS Word

1. Click the File tab.
2. Click Save button.
3. Type a name for the document, and then click Save.
Word saves the document in a default location.
To save the document in a different location, click another folder in the Save in list in the Save dialog box.

Practical No 8 Page Setup in Ms Word

1. On the Menu Bar, click File, then Page Setup.
Make sure the Margins tab is on top.
1. Then enter 0.75" for the Top, Bottom, Left and Right margins
2. Click the button.
Change orientation
1. On the Menu Bar, click File, then Page Setup.
2. When the Page Setup window appears, click Landscape.
This changes the page orientation to horizontal.
Click Portrait.
1. This will change the page orientation back to vertical.
Set paper size
1. At the top of the Page Setup window, click the Paper tab.
2. Click the drop-down arrow under Paper size, then click Legal.
3. Save the document.

Practical No 9 Print command in MS Word

To use the options described in this document, you must access the Print dialog box.
1. From the File menu, select Print... The Print dialog box appears.
Specifying the Pages to Print
The following table lists options for printing and the selection or specifications that you must make in the
Page range section of the Print dialog box to achieve the desired results.
Printing only selected text
1. Under Page range, select Selection
Printing all pages of your document
1. Under Page range, select All
Printing the current page
1. Under Page range, select Current page
Printing a range of contiguous pages
1. Under Page range, select Pages
2. Type the beginning and end page numbers separated by a hyphen

Practical No 10 Paragraph setting in MS Word

Space Before
Highlight the title of the sample text: "Sample Paragraphs."
1. Choose Format > Paragraph from the menu.
2. Choose the Indents and Spacing tab.
3. Enter 18 pt in the Before field.
4. Click OK. You now have 18 points before "Sample Paragraph."
Space After
1. Highlight all of the text you typed (the title and both paragraphs):
2. Choose Format > Paragraph from the menu.
3. Choose the Indents and Spacing tab.
4. Enter 12 pt in the After field.
5. Click OK. You now have 12 points after each paragraph.
Line Spacing
1. Highlight the first paragraph you typed, starting with "We will use" and ending with "within a
paragraph."
2. Choose Format > Paragraph from the menu.
3. Choose the Indents and Spacing tab.
4. Click to open the drop-down menu on the Line Spacing field.
5. Click 1.5 Lines.
6. Click OK. Your line spacing for the paragraph is now 1.5.
First-Line Indent
1. Highlight the second paragraph you typed, beginning with "We will use" and ending with "of your
document."
2. Choose Format > Paragraph from the menu.
3. Choose the Indents and Spacing tab.
4. Click to open the drop-down menu on the Special field.
5. Click First Line.
6. Enter 0.25" in the By field.
7. Click OK.
The first line of your paragraph is now indented .25 inches.
Practical No 11 Word Arts gallery in MS Word
To insert a WordArt object, follow these steps:
1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then Click WordArt.
o Or click the WordArt button on the Drawing toolbar.
o Or click Insert WordArt on the WordArt toolbar.

Note If the WordArt toolbar or the Drawing toolbar are not displayed, point to Toolbars on theView
menu, and then click Drawing or WordArt
2. In the WordArt Gallery dialog box, double-click the style that you want.
3. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, type your text and select the font and size that you want.
4. Click Bold or Italic to make all the text bold or italic.

Note You cannot apply bold or italic to only a selected part of the text.
5. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, click OK.
Your text is inserted into the document.

Practical No 12 Introduction to MS Excel

Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are
lettered A to IV; the rows are numbered 1 to 65536. The combination of a column coordinate and a row
coordinate make up a cell address. For example, the cell located in the upper left corner of the worksheet is
cell A1, meaning column A, row 1. Cell E10 is located under column E on row 10. You enter your data into
the cells on the worksheet.
Formula Bar
If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address displays in the Name box on the left side of the Formula bar.
Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula bar. Before proceeding, make sure the Formula bar is
turned on.
Name Box
You can also use the Name box to go to a specific cell.
1. Type B10 in the Name box
2. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell D10.

Practical No. 13 Font style, font color, Cell formatting

Choosing a Default Font
1. Choose Format > Cells from the menu.
2. Choose the Font tab.
3. In the Font box, choose Arial.
4. In the Font Style box, choose Regular.
5. In the Size box, choose 10.
6. If there is no check mark in the Normal Font box, click to place a check mark there. Your selections
are now the default.
7. Click OK.
Column Format
8. Choose Format > Column > Standard Width from the menu. The Standard Width dialog box opens.
9. Type 25 in the Standard Column Width field. Click OK. The width of every cell on the worksheet
should now be set to 25.
10. Move to cell A1.
11. Type Cathy.
12. Press Enter.
Changing the Font Size
1. Place the cursor in cell A5.
2. Choose Format > Cells from the menu. The Format Cells dialog box opens.
3. Choose the Font tab.
4. Click 16 in the Size box.
5. Click OK. The font size changes to 16.
Changing the Font Color
1. Place the cursor in cell A5.
2. Choose Format > Cells from the menu. The Format Cells dialog box opens.
3. Choose the Font tab.
4. Click to open the drop-down menu associated with the color field.
5. Click Blue.
6. Click OK. The font color changes to blue.

Practical No. 14 Performing Mathematical Calculations in MS Excel

The following exercises demonstrate how to perform mathematical calculations.
Addition
1. Move your cursor to cell A1.
2. Type 1.
3. Press Enter.
4. Type 1 in cell A2.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type =A1+A2 in cell A3.
7. Press Enter. Cell A1 has been added to cell A2, and the result is shown in cell A3.
Subtraction
1. Press F5. The Go To dialog box opens.
2. Type B1 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. The cursor should move to cell B1.
4. Type 5 in cell B1.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 3 in cell B2.
7. Press Enter.
8. Type =+B1- B2 in cell B3.
9. Press Enter. Cell B1 has been subtracted from B2, and the result is shown in cell B3.
Multiplication
1. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "g" (Ctrl-g). The Go To dialog box opens.
2. Type C1 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. You should now be in cell C1.
4. Type 2 in cell C1.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 3 in cell C2.
7. Press Enter.
8. Type =C1*C2 in cell C3.
9. Press Enter. Cell C1 is multiplied by cell C2 and the result is displayed in cell C3.
Division
1. Press F5.
2. Type D1 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. You should now be in cell D1.
4. Type 6 in cell D1.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 3 in cell D2.
7. Press Enter.
8. Type =D1/D2 in cell D3.
9. Press Enter. Cell D1 is divided by cell D2 and the result is displayed in cell D3.

Practical No. 15 Creating a Column Chart in MS Excel

To create the column chart shown above, start by creating the spreadsheet below exactly as shown.
After you have created the spreadsheet, you are ready to create your chart.
1. Highlight cells A3 to D6. You must highlight all the cells containing the data you want in your chart.
You should also include the data labels.
2. Choose Insert > Chart from the menu.
 3. Click Column to select the type of chart you want to create.
4. In the Chart Sub-type box, choose the Clustered Column icon to select the chart sub-type.
5. Click Next.
6. To place the product names on the x-axis, select the Columns radio button.
7. Click Next.
8. Type Toy Sales in the Chart Title field. Toy Sales will appear as the title of your chart.
9. Type Products in the Category (X) Axis field. Products will appear as your x-axis title.
10. Type Units Sold in the Value (Y) Axis field. Units Sold will appear as your y-axis title.
11. Choose the Data Labels tab.
12. Select Value in the Labels Contain Frame to display the data labels as values.
13. Choose the Data Table tab.
14. Select Show Data Table. The data table will appear below your chart.
15. Click Next.
16. Choose As Object In Sheet1 to make your chart an embedded object and part of the worksheet.
17. Click Finish
18. Your chart will appear on the spreadsheet.

Practical no.16 Cell Alignment, Merging & Wrapping in MS Excel

To center the name Cathy, follow these steps:
1. Move the cursor to cell A1.
2. Choose Format > Cells from the menu. The Format Cells dialog box opens.
3. Choose the Alignment tab.
4. Click to open the drop-down box associated with the Horizontal field. After the drop-down box is
opened, click Center.
5. Click OK to close the dialog box. The name "Cathy" is centered.
Merging and Centering Text: Menu Option
1. Type the desired text in the first cell of the group to be merged
2. Select the text and a cell from each column you want merged
EXAMPLE: To center across columns A through D in row 2 of the worksheet, select cells A2, B2,
C2, and D2
3. From the Format menu, select Cells…
The Format Cells dialog box appears.
4. Select the Alignment tab
5. From the Horizontal pull-down list, select Center Across Selection
6.  Under Text control, select Merge cells
7.  Click OK
Wrapping Text: Menu Option
1. Select the cells to which Wrap text will be applied
2. From the Format menu, select Cells…
The Format Cells dialog box appears.
3. Select the Alignment tab
4. Under Text control, select Wrap text
5. Click OK
The text is wrapped.
  Minimum System Requirements for Windows XP
o 300 MHz Intel or AMD CPU
o 128 megabytes (MB) of system RAM
o 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available drive space
o Super VGA (800x600) or higher display adapter
o CD or DVD-ROM
o Keyboard and mouse, or other pointing devices
o Network Interface Adapter required for Internet and Network Connectivity
o Sound card and speakers or headphones

Press ENTER to begin installation. Once the loading is complete, you will be taken to the Welcome
screen. You are given several options, but if you are installing or reinstalling Windows XP, you’ll want to
press ENTER to start the installation configuration.

Read the License Agreement. This document tells you what you can and can’t do with Windows, and your
rights as the consumer. After reading, press F8 indicating you agree to the terms.

Select the partition you want to install on. You will see a list of available partitions on your installed hard
drives. If you are installing Windows XP on a new hard drive, you should see only one entry labeled
"Unpartitioned space." If you have a previous version of Windows or Linux installed on your computer, you
will potentially have multiple partitions.

 Installing Windows XP will erase all of the data on the partition that you choose. Select a partition
that is empty or that contains data that you do not care to lose.

Select your new partition. Once you’ve created your installation partition, you will be returned to the
partition selection screen. Select your new partition, usually labeled "C: Partition 1 [Raw]" and press
ENTER.

Select "Format the Partition using the NTFS File System" and press ENTER. NTFS is the preferred
method, supporting a larger amount of disk space per partition than FAT, and including security features at
the file system level. NTFS also includes system level compression. There are almost no situations anymore
where choosing FAT would be preferable.

 If your partition size is larger than 32 GB, you will not be given the option to choose FAT.
 It is highly recommended to avoid Quick Format, as this skips an important process that checks the
hard drive for errors or bad sectors. This scan is what consumes the majority of the time taken when
performing a full format. If there are errors on a disk at the physical level, it's best to catch them now
rather than later.

Wait for the format to complete. The system will now format the partition. The length of time this process
requires depends on the speed and size of the drive. In general, the larger the partition, the longer the process
will take.

Wait for the Setup files to copy. Windows will now start copying files from the installation disc and
prompt you to reboot the computer when the process is completed. Press ENTER when prompted to reboot,
otherwise it will do so automatically after 15 seconds.

Allow the computer to boot normally. You will see the message asking you to press a key to boot from
CD. Ignore it and allow the computer to continue booting from the hard drive. You will see the Windows
logo as the Setup program loads.
Wait for the installation to proceed. After the Windows logo goes away, you will see a list of steps
remaining on the left side of the screen, and tips for using windows on the right. The time remaining for the
installation will be displayed below the list of steps remaining.

 It is normal for the screen to flicker, turn on and off, or resize during this process.

Choose your language and region settings. During the installation process a dialog window will appear,
asking you to choose your Regional settings. Select appropriate settings native to your area. Click the Next
button when that is completed.

 Enter your full name if you want. This will be set as the “owner” of Windows, and will be attached
to certain things, such as Document creation.

Enter your Product Key. You will not be able to complete the installation process without a valid Product
Key. Click "Next" to continue.

 Some versions of Windows will not ask for the Product Key until installation is complete.

Set your computer’s name. This will be the name that represents the computer on a network. Windows sets
a default name, but you can change it if you would like. You can also set a password for the Administrator
account. This is optional, but recommended for public computers.

Select your time zone. Ensure that the date/time are correct. Click "Next" to continue.
Wait for the installation to finalize. This will only take a few minutes, and the computer will reboot when
it is finished installing. Once the computer reboots, you will be taken to the Windows XP desktop. At this
point, installation is complete, though there are a few things left to do before Windows is completely
usable..

Create Users. After the Activation Process, a window will appear allowing you to select the users for the
computer. Enter your name, and the names of others who will be using the machine. Press Next to continue.

Start using Windows. You will now be looking at the default Windows XP Desktop. Congratulations!
There are a few things that you should probably do now that you have Windows up and running:

 Install any drivers that you need to for your computer’s hardware.