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RES Radiation

This document discusses different types of solar radiation and how it is measured. It describes extraterrestrial radiation, terrestrial radiation, beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and global radiation. Measurement devices are also outlined, including pyrheliometers to measure beam radiation, pyranometers to measure global radiation, and sunshine recorders to measure hours of sunshine. The solar constant, which is the energy from the sun per unit time on a surface perpendicular to the propagation, is also defined.

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16 views26 pages

RES Radiation

This document discusses different types of solar radiation and how it is measured. It describes extraterrestrial radiation, terrestrial radiation, beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and global radiation. Measurement devices are also outlined, including pyrheliometers to measure beam radiation, pyranometers to measure global radiation, and sunshine recorders to measure hours of sunshine. The solar constant, which is the energy from the sun per unit time on a surface perpendicular to the propagation, is also defined.

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Renewable Energy Sources

Unit-I
• Solar radiation incident on the outer atmosphere of the
earth is known as Extraterrestrial Radiation.
• The extraterrestrial radiation, being outside the
atmosphere, is not affected by changes in atmospheric
conditions.
• While passing through the atmosphere it is subjected to
mechanisms of atmospheric absorption and scattering
depending on atmospheric conditions, depleting its
intensity.
• A fraction of scattered radiation is reflected back to space
while remaining is directed downwards.
• Solar radiation that reaches earth surface after passing
through the earth’s atmosphere is known as Terrestrial
Radiation.
• The terrestrial radiation expressed as energy per unit
time per unit area is known as Solar Irradiation.
• The term Solar Insolation (incident solar radiation) is
defined as solar radiation energy received on a given
surface area in a given time.
• Beam radiation:
Solar radiation propagating in a straight line and received
at the earth surface without change of direction, i.e., in line
with sun is called beam or direct radiation.
• Diffuse radiation:
Solar radiation scattered by aerosols, dust and molecules
is known as diffuse radiation. It does not have a unique
direction. The direction which is changed by scattering and
reflection.
• Global radiation:
The sum of beam and diffuse radiation is referred to as total
or global radiation.

Fig. Beam Radiation and Diffuse Radiation


• Scattering by dust particles, and air molecules (or
gaseous particles of different sizes) involves
redistribution of incident energy.
• A part of scattered radiation is lost (reflected back) to
space while remaining is directed downwards to the
earth’s surface from different directions as diffuse
radiation. It is the scattered sunlight that makes the sky
blue.
• Without atmosphere and its ability to scatter sunlight,
the sky would appear black, as it does on the moon.
• In cloudy atmosphere, (i) a major part of the incoming
solar radiation is reflected back into the atmosphere by
the clouds,
• (ii) another part is absorbed by the clouds
• (iii) the rest is transmitted downwards to the earth
surface as diffuse radiation.
• The energy is reflected back to the space by
• (i) reflection from clouds, plus
• (ii) scattering by the atmospheric gases and dust
particles, plus
• (iii) the reflection from the earth’s surface is called the
albedo of earth-atmosphere system and has a value of
about 30 per cent of the incoming solar radiation for the
earth as a whole.
MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION
• Pyrheliometer: An instrument that measures beam
radiation by using a long and narrow tube to collect only
beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence.
• Pyranometer: A pyranometer is designed to measure
global radiation, usually on a horizontal surface but can
also be used on an inclined surface.
• When shaded from beam radiation by using a shading
ring, it measures diffuse radiation only.
• Pyranometer is a device that can be used to measure
both beam radiation and diffuse radiation.
• A sunshine recorder: measures the sunshine hours in a
day.
Fig. Pyrheliometer
Pyrheliometer
• The normal incidence pyrheliometer, shown in Fig. 4.8, uses a long
collimator tube to collect beam radiation whose field of view is
limited to a solid angle of 5.5° (generally) by appropriate
diaphragms inside the tube.
• The inside of the tube is blackened to absorb any radiation
incident at angles outside the collection solid angle. At the base of
the tube a wire wound thermopile having a sensitivity of
approximately 8 mV/W/m2 and an output impedance of
approximately 200 W is provided.
• The tube is sealed with dry air to eliminate absorption of beam
radiation within the tube by water vapor. A tracker is needed if
continuous readings are desired.
Pyranometer

• A precision Pyranometer is designed to respond to radiation of all


wavelengths and hence measures accurately the total power in the
incident spectrum. It contains a thermopile whose sensitive surface
consists of circular, blackened, hot junctions, exposed to the sun and
cold junctions are completely shaded.
• The temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions is the
function of radiation falling on the sensitive surface. The sensing
element is covered by two concentric hemispherical glass domes to
shield it from wind and rain. This also reduces the convection currents.
• A radiation shield surrounding the outer dome and coplanar with the
sensing element, prevents direct solar radiation from heating the base
of the instrument. The instrument has a voltage output of
approximately 9 μV/W/m2 and has an output impedance of 650 W.
Fig. Sunshine recorder
Sunshine Recorder

• This instrument measures the duration in hours, of bright


sunshine during the course of the day. It essentially consists of
glass sphere (about 10 cm in diameter) mounted on its axis
parallel to that of earth, within a spherical section (bowl) as
shown in Fig. 4.9. The bowl and glass sphere is arranged in
such a way that sun’s rays are focused sharply at a spot on a
card held in a groove in the bowl.
• The card is prepared from special paper bearing a time scale.
As the sun moves, the focused bright sunshine burns a path
along this paper. The length of the trace thus obtained on the
paper is the measure of the duration of the bright sunshine.
Three overlapping pairs of grooves are provided in the
spherical segment to take care of the different seasons of the
year.
• Solar Constant
Solar Constant is defined as the energy received from the sun per unit
time, on a unit area of surface perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the radiation, at the earth’s mean distance from the
sun.
• Value of solar constant = 1.367 kW/m2
Thank you

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