NATIONAL

ELECTRICITY GRID
CODE
REPUBLIC OF GHANA

JULY 2022
 National Electricity Grid Code

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART A: GENERAL PROVISIONS 1

Section 1. Preamble ....................................................................................................2
Purpose and scope of the National Electricity Grid Code...............................................2
Scope of the NITS...........................................................................................................2
Structure of the Grid Code...............................................................................................3
Section 2. Abbreviations ............................................................................................5
Section 3. Roles and Responsibilities of main actors ................................................7
Background......................................................................................................................7
Roles of main actors........................................................................................................7
Compliance with laws and industry standards.................................................................8
Responsibilities of the ETU.............................................................................................8
Responsibilities of a NITS Asset Owner.........................................................................9
Responsibilities of Wholesale Supplier.........................................................................10
Responsibilities of Distribution Company or Bulk Customer.......................................11
Responsibilities of the ETC...........................................................................................11
Other Responsibilities of a Grid Participant..................................................................12
Section 4. Transitional Provisions and Exemptions .................................................13
Background....................................................................................................................13
Purpose and scope..........................................................................................................13
Configuration of equipment and installations................................................................13
Service performance standard during transition period.................................................15
Management systems.....................................................................................................15
Capacity building (Human Resource Development).....................................................15
Existing contracts...........................................................................................................15
Section 5. Management and Governance of Grid Code and NITS...........................17
Scope..............................................................................................................................17
Conduct of ETU.............................................................................................................17
ETC................................................................................................................................18
Mandate of ETC............................................................................................................18
Composition, officers and tenure of COC.....................................................................19
Meetings of COC...........................................................................................................19
Revision of Grid Code...................................................................................................20
Complaints and disputes................................................................................................21

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PART B: CONDITIONS OF TRANSMISSION LICENCE 22

Section 6. Transparency & non-discrimination requirements ...............................23
Background, purpose and scope....................................................................................23
Publication of procedures..............................................................................................23
Equal application of the Grid Code...............................................................................23
Transparency criteria.....................................................................................................24
Delegation and Outsourcing of functions......................................................................24
Exercise of discretion by the ETU and other officials...................................................25
Charges for NITS services.............................................................................................25
S E C T I O N 7. P L A N N I N G S U B -C O D E .................................................................26
.
Background, purpose and scope....................................................................................26
Grid planning responsibility..........................................................................................26
Grid Development Plan.................................................................................................27
Grid planning criteria.....................................................................................................27
Grid Planning Studies....................................................................................................28
Grid Planning Data........................................................................................................29
S E C T I O N 8. CONNECTION S U B -C O D E .........................................................30
.
Background, purpose and scope....................................................................................30
Principles.......................................................................................................................30
Obligations and Responsibilities...................................................................................31
Obligation of the ETU...................................................................................................31
Obligation of NITS Asset Owner..................................................................................32
Obligation of Wholesale Supplier.................................................................................33
Obligation of Distribution Company and Bulk Customer.............................................34
Telecommunications Requirements for monitoring and control...................................35
SCADA System for monitoring and control.................................................................35
Requirements for new NITS connection.......................................................................35
Requirements for modification of existing NITS connection........................................36
Grid Impact Studies.......................................................................................................37
Application for new connection or modification...........................................................37
Processing of application for a new connection or modification..................................38
Data Registration...........................................................................................................39
Stages of data registration.........................................................................................39
Data forms.................................................................................................................40

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Submittals prior to the Commissioning Date.............................................................40

Commissioning..............................................................................................................41
Procedure for Commissioning of equipment and connection to the NITS................41
Requirement to inspect and test equipment during commissioning...........................41
Coordination during commissioning.........................................................................42
Commissioning program...........................................................................................42
Commissioning Tests.................................................................................................43
Electrical Diagram Requirements..................................................................................44
Preparation of Electrical Diagram.................................................................................45
Changes to Electrical Diagrams.....................................................................................45
Validity of Electrical Diagrams.....................................................................................45
Inspection and testing....................................................................................................46
Right of entry and inspection.....................................................................................46
Right of testing...........................................................................................................47
Compliance with connection requirements by a Wholesale Supplier...........................49
Routine testing of protection equipment by Grid Participants......................................50
Tests by Grid Participants of own plant requiring changes to normal operation..........51
Tests of Generating Units..............................................................................................52
Power System Tests.......................................................................................................53
Disconnection and Reconnection..................................................................................54
Voluntary Disconnection...........................................................................................54
Decommissioning Procedures...................................................................................54
Involuntary Disconnection.........................................................................................55
Disconnection to implement regulatory order...........................................................55
Obligation to reconnect.............................................................................................56
PART C: RULES OF PRACTICE 57
S E C T I O N 9. O P E R AT I O N S S U B -C O D E ...............................................................58
Background, purpose and scope....................................................................................58
Operational planning and management.........................................................................58
Operations Planning Criteria.........................................................................................59
General principles.....................................................................................................59
Generation Management...........................................................................................59
Voltage Management.................................................................................................59
Time and Frequency Management............................................................................60

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Interchange Management..........................................................................................60
Operating reserves criteria.............................................................................................60
Types of reserves...........................................................................................................60
Determination and allocation of operating reserves......................................................61
System voltage and reactive power criteria...................................................................62
Co-ordination of reactive power compensation.............................................................62
Basic reactive power compensation...............................................................................63
Supplementary reactive power compensation...............................................................64
Compliance of generating plants with instructions.......................................................64
Transmission operations planning.................................................................................65
Power system operating states.......................................................................................65
Normal State..............................................................................................................65
Alert State..................................................................................................................66
Emergency State........................................................................................................67
Extreme State.............................................................................................................67
Restorative State........................................................................................................68
Power system operation criteria.....................................................................................68
Power system frequency control....................................................................................69
Power system voltage control........................................................................................70
Protection co-ordination................................................................................................71
Appointment of agents and authorised communications...............................................72
Demand management....................................................................................................73
Automatic Frequency Load Shedding (AFLS)..............................................................73
Demand management in an Emergency Operating State..............................................74
Ancillary services..........................................................................................................74
Standards for ancillary services.....................................................................................75
Spinning reserves.......................................................................................................75
Non-spinning reserves...............................................................................................75
Voltage and reactive power control..........................................................................76
Black start capability.................................................................................................76
Dispatch, monitoring and testing of ancillary services..................................................77
Ancillary Services Agreement.......................................................................................78
Power system restoration...............................................................................................79
Restoration Plan........................................................................................................79

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Restoration Process...................................................................................................80
Outage/maintenance planning.......................................................................................81
General......................................................................................................................81
Requirements and exceptions to prior approval for outages.....................................82
Responsibility for preparation of outage plans.........................................................83
Outage planning process...........................................................................................84
Outage/maintenance coordination............................................................................85
Restoration or return of equipment into service........................................................86
Outage records and reporting...................................................................................86
Equipment testing..........................................................................................................87
Equipment identification and nomenclature..................................................................88
Communication systems and facilities..........................................................................89
ETU Communication Procedures..................................................................................90
Guidelines and requirements for notification................................................................90
Notification of planned ETU operations........................................................................91
Notification of Grid Participant operations...................................................................91
Notification of Alert conditions and events...................................................................91
Reporting of emergency, automatic or unplanned ETU operations..............................92
Routine monthly reporting.............................................................................................93
Quarterly and Annual reports........................................................................................93
Event and disturbance recording...................................................................................93
Disturbance monitoring requirements...........................................................................94
Monitored data..........................................................................................................95
Required Locations of recorders...............................................................................95
Incident and fault reporting...........................................................................................95
General......................................................................................................................95
Reporting of significant incident by Grid Participant...............................................95
Reporting of significant incidents by the ETU........................................................96
Guidelines for written reports...................................................................................96
Investigation of incidents...............................................................................................97
Investigation of significant incidents.............................................................................97
SECTION 10....................................................RENEWABLE ENERGY SUB-CODE
99
Background, Purpose and scope....................................................................................99
Technical Connection Conditions..................................................................................99

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Voltage Unbalance...................................................................................................103
Harmonics................................................................................................................103
Reactive Power Control (Q Control).......................................................................106
Power Factor Control (cosφ-Control)......................................................................107
Active Power Control..................................................................................................108
Frequency Response....................................................................................................108
High Frequency Response for VRPPs.....................................................................108
Primary and Secondary Frequency Control.............................................................109
Behaviour during Abnormal Voltage Conditions........................................................109
Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)/High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT)
Capability for VRPPs..............................................................................................109
Reactive Current Support During LVRT/HVRT Situations....................................110
Active and Reactive Power Behaviour During Voltage Recovery..........................111
Automatic Resynchronization......................................................................................112
Protection and Fault Levels.........................................................................................112
Communication and Control.......................................................................................113
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition..................................................................113
Section 11. SCHEDULING AND DISPATCH SUB-CODE...................................115
Background and scope.................................................................................................115
Demand Forecast.....................................................................................................115
Generation scheduling and dispatch.......................................................................116
Purpose........................................................................................................................116
Responsibilities of the ETU.........................................................................................116
Responsibilities of NITS Asset Owners......................................................................117
Responsibilities of Wholesale Suppliers.....................................................................117
Responsibilities of Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers and other off-takers....118
Demand forecast process.............................................................................................118
Generation margin.......................................................................................................119
Scheduling and dispatch criteria..................................................................................120
Scheduling and dispatch data.......................................................................................120
Merit order operation...................................................................................................121
Merit Order Table........................................................................................................122
Generation scheduling procedure................................................................................123
Preparation of the Generation Schedule......................................................................124
Adjustments to Generation Schedule...........................................................................125

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Issuing of Generation Schedule...................................................................................126

Dispatch Instructions...................................................................................................126
Instruction to Wholesale Suppliers..............................................................................129
Instruction to Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers.......................................129
Reactive power dispatch..............................................................................................130
System emergency conditions.....................................................................................131
SECTION 12. SAFETY SUB-CODE.............................................................................132
Background, purpose and scope..................................................................................132
Preparation of Safety Rules.........................................................................................132
General principles for safety coordination..................................................................133
Safety coordination procedure.....................................................................................134
Isolation and grounding principles..............................................................................136
Authorization of testing...............................................................................................137
PART D: STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE 138
S E C T I O N 13. B E N C H M A R K S A N D I N D I C E S F O R S TA N D A R D S O F S U P P LY :
R E L I A B I L I T Y A N D Q U A L I T Y ...............................................................................139
Background, purpose and scope..................................................................................139
Standards for power quality and reliability.................................................................140
Voltage.....................................................................................................................140
Voltage limits during Normal State.........................................................................141
Voltage limits during Alert State.............................................................................141
Voltage limits during Emergency State...................................................................141
Voltage unbalance...................................................................................................141
Voltage harmonics...................................................................................................141
Voltage flicker..........................................................................................................142
Reactive power and power factor............................................................................142
System frequency limits............................................................................................142
Load shedding scheme.................................................................................................143
Protection relays..........................................................................................................143
Monitoring and reporting of NITS performance.........................................................144
Reliability performance indices...................................................................................145
Quality performance indices - Voltage........................................................................146
Quality performance indices - Frequency....................................................................146
Efficiency performance indices...................................................................................146

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Event inclusions and exclusions for performance reporting........................................147

Equipment loading reporting.......................................................................................147
SECTION 14. M E T E R I N G S U B -C O D E .................................................................148
Background..................................................................................................................148
General metering principles.........................................................................................148
Metering facility..........................................................................................................150
Use of meters...............................................................................................................151
Metering facility equipment standards........................................................................151
Voltage Transformers..............................................................................................151
Current transformers...............................................................................................152
Meters......................................................................................................................152
Integrating Pulse Recorders....................................................................................153
WAPP Interconnections...............................................................................................153
Metering Register........................................................................................................154
Metering equipment testing and maintenance.............................................................154
Instrument transformer testing................................................................................154
Meter testing and calibration..................................................................................154
Request for tests.......................................................................................................155
Maintenance of metering equipment.......................................................................155
Metering equipment security.......................................................................................156
Meter reading and metering data.................................................................................156
Electronic data transfer capability...............................................................................157
On-Site meter reading..................................................................................................157
Billing and settlement procedure.................................................................................157
Settlement audit procedure..........................................................................................157
Allocation of audit cost................................................................................................157
Audit results.................................................................................................................158
Audit appeals...............................................................................................................158
Confidentiality.............................................................................................................158
S E C T I O N 15. I N F O R M AT I O N & D ATA E X C H A N G E AND DISCLOSURE
MANUAL 159
Background, Purpose and Scope.................................................................................159
Information exchange interface...................................................................................159
General principles for implementation of information and data exchange.................160

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Information exchange between Grid Participants........................................................160

Provision of Information to the ETU.......................................................................160
Planning information...............................................................................................161
Network information exchange................................................................................162
Operational communication and data retention requirements...............................162
Telephone/fax...........................................................................................................163
Computer Equipment...............................................................................................163
File Transfers...........................................................................................................163
SCADA infrastructure.................................................................................................164
Time standard..............................................................................................................164
Data retention and archiving........................................................................................164
Generating plant performance data..............................................................................165
Distribution Company and Bulk Customer performance data....................................165
NITS performance data................................................................................................166
Events reporting...........................................................................................................167
Confidentiality obligations..........................................................................................167
Exceptions....................................................................................................................168
Disclosure of confidential information........................................................................169
PART E: DEFINITIONS 170
PART F: TECHNICAL SCHEDULES 187
Technical Schedule TS – A: AFLS Philosophy....................................................189
Technical Schedule TS – C: Offences and Penalties.........................................191
Technical Schedule TS – D: Capability and Availability Declaration................194
Technical Schedule TS – E: Voltage Limits......................................................195
Technical Schedule TS – F: Frequency Limits.................................................196
Technical Schedule TS – G: Power Factor and Reactive Power Limits......197
Technical Schedule TS – L: Limits for Operating Parameters.......................198
Technical Schedule TS – M: Accuracy Classes of Metering Equipment.....199
Technical Schedule TS – O: Standard Planning Data....................................200
Technical Schedule TS – P: Detailed Planning Data......................................205
Technical Schedule TS – R: NITS Performance Report.................................208
Technical Schedule TS – S: Security Requirement.........................................210
Technical Schedule TS – T: Timetable for Data & Information Submissions. 212

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PART A: GENERAL PROVISIONS
 National Electricity Grid Code

Section 1. Preamble .

Purpose and scope of the National Electricity Grid Code

Art 1.0 The National Electricity Grid Code of Ghana referred to in this document as the
Grid Code, establishes the requirements, procedures, practices and standards that
govern the development, operation, maintenance and use of the high voltage
transmission system in Ghana. The purpose of the Grid Code is to ensure that the
NITS provides fair, transparent, non-discriminatory, safe, reliable, secure and cost
efficient delivery of electrical energy.

Art 1.01 This Grid Code is issued by the Commission and it is based on the provisions of
sections 24, 27 and 28 of the Act, that work together to ensure the coordinated
operation of the high voltage transmission system within Ghana.

Art 1.02 The Grid Code describes the responsibilities and obligations associated with all
the functions involved in the supply, transmission and delivery of bulk electric power
and energy over the NITS including the functions of the ETU, a NITS Asset Owner,
a Wholesale Supplier, a Distribution Company and a Bulk Customer.

Scope of the NITS

Art 1.03 In accordance with the Act, the Commission has determined that the NITS shall
comprise “all electricity plant and equipment within the borders of Ghana that
function or are operated at any voltage higher than 36 kV 1 as well as any
associated feeder or supply equipment that are for shared or common use”.

Art 1.04 Accordingly the operational and physical boundary of the NITS includes
(a) the disconnect switch on the high voltage side of a step-up transformer at
a generating station,
(b) all transmission lines, and
(c) substation equipment up to either the step-down transformer of a single-
user sub-station or the last shared-use feeder equipment.

1
This shall exclude auxiliary equipment required for safe, reliable and efficient operation of the NITS by ETU.

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For the avoidance of doubt the term NITS incorporates all equipment which form
part of the high voltage transmission system irrespective of ownership or whether it
is dedicated to the service of an entity.

Structure of the Grid Code

Art 1.05 The provisions of the Grid Code have been crafted from a functional rather than
an organizational perspective, so that they will remain relevant and applicable as the
power industry is progressively reformed.

Art 1.06 The following provisions of Act 541 define the three legal instruments required
for the regulation of the NITS:
(a) Section 24 – Conditions of Transmission Licence;
(b) Section 27 – Standards of Performance for Public Utilities; and
(c) Section 28 – Technical and Operational Rules of Practice.
Art 1.07 The Parts of the Grid Code are generally organized according to the legal
instruments by which they are to be implemented.

Art 1.08 Part A of the Grid Code covers those provisions that are common to all the three
legal instruments. These legal instruments are Act 541, Electricity Transmission
(Technical Operational and Standards of Performance) Rules, 2008, LI 1934 and
Electricity Regulations, 2008, LI 1937. This Part, the General Provisions, contains a
definition of roles, responsibilities, terminology, exemptions and transitional
measures as well as arrangements for the governance and management of the Grid
Code.

Art 1.09 Part B of the Grid Code defines the Conditions of Transmission Licence. This
Part contains the sub-codes that deal with planning responsibility, renewable energy
and conventional supply, connection arrangements, rights and the requirements for
transparency and non-discrimination.

Art 1.10 Part C, the Rules of Practice, details the arrangements for system operations,
scheduling and safety.

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Art 1.11 Part D, the Standards of Performance, states the indicators and benchmarks for
quality and reliability of supply. It also contains the sub-code for metering which
describes the applicable standards and installation arrangements for metering.

Art 1.12 Part E, the Definitions, provides meanings and definitions for special words and
technical terms used in the text to bring out the meanings in the context that they
have been used in the Grid Code

Art 1.13 .Part F, the Technical Schedules, contains detailed technical information
relevant for the implementation of the Grid Code to guide the operation of the NITS.

Art 1.14 Despite the separation, the different Parts of the Grid Code are intended to be
consistent and complementary for the satisfactory delivery of transmission services.

Art 1.15 Nothing in this Grid Code precludes the application of evolving technologies
and processes as they become available.

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Section 2. Abbreviations .

AFLC.........................Automatic Frequency Load Control

AFLS..........................Automatic Frequency Load Shedding

AGC...........................Automatic Generation Control

AVR...........................Automatic Voltage Regulation

BC..............................Bulk Customer

BST............................Bulk Supply Tariff

CT..............................Current Transformer

DN/DS……………...Distribution Network/Distribution System

DC…………………...Distribution Company

ECOWAS...................Economic Community of West African States

ECG............................Electricity Company of Ghana

EHV…………………Extra High Voltage

EMS………………….Energy Management System

EPA............................Environmental Protection Agency

ETC…………………Electricity Technical Committee

ETU............................Electricity Transmission Utility

GoG............................Government of Ghana

GPS............................Global Positioning System

GWh...........................Gigawatt-hour or one billion (109) watt-hours of energy

HV…………………...High Voltage

IEC.............................International Electro-technical Committee

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IEEE……………….Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

ISO…………………Independent System Operator

ITU.............................International Telecommunication Union

kVar…………........ Kilovar, or one thousand volt-amperes of reactive power

kW ............... Kilowatt or one thousand watts of active electric power

kWh............................Kilowatt-hour or one thousand watt-hours of electrical

energy

MOU ………………Memorandum of Understanding

MVar..........................Megavar, one million volt-amperes of reactive electric

power

MW ………………..Megawatt, one million watts of active electric power

NED...........................Northern Electricity Department of the VRA

NEP............................National Electrification Programme

NITS...........................National Interconnected Transmission System

POC…………………Point of Connection

PURC.........................Public Utilities Regulatory Commission

SCADA…………..... Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

TICo...........................Takoradi International Company

VAR...........................Volt Amperes Reactive

VRA...........................Volta River Authority

WAPP........................West Africa Power Pool

VRPP………………...Variable Renewable Power Plant

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Section 3. Roles and Responsibilities of main actors .

Background
Art 3.0 The open-access transmission service that is envisaged for the NITS requires
extensive coordination of the roles and responsibilities of the several actors to
successfully deliver the required service.

Roles of main actors

Art 3.01 The ETU is the exclusive and independent operator of all transmission assets
irrespective of ownership and shall play the central role in respect of activities
related to the NITS. The ETU shall operate the system to offer fair, transparent and
non-discriminatory services of prescribed standards and quality to all qualified
entities.

Art 3.02 The ETC of the Commission shall have the mandate to oversee the activities and
decisions of the ETU towards ensuring the attainment of the objectives of the NITS.

Art 3.03 A NITS Asset Owner shall design, construct, own and maintain the transmission
assets which will be used in providing transmission services in accordance with
prescribed standards and instructions of the ETU.

Art 3.04 A Wholesale Supplier shall construct, maintain and operate power plants in
accordance with the instructions of the ETU to provide supply through the NITS to
consumers.

Art 3.05 A Distribution Company that seeks to receive power from the NITS shall
design, construct, operate and maintain its network connected to the NITS in
accordance with

(a) Prescribed reliability and performance standards; and

(b) instructions of the ETU.

Art 3.06 A Bulk Customer that seeks to receive power from the NITS may design,
construct or maintain its network connected to the NITS in accordance with

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(a) prescribed standards; and

(b) instructions of the ETU.

Art 3.07 Any construction work under paragraphs 1 or 2 shall only be carried out further
to the written approval of the Commission.

Art 3.08 A Grid Participant who may wish to import or export electricity through the
NITS from or to the electricity networks of neighbouring countries in the WAPP
shall do so in accordance with the provisions of the ECOWAS Energy Protocol, the
WAPP Operation Manual and this Grid Code.

Compliance with laws and industry standards

Art 3.09 The ETU and all Grid Participants shall comply with all relevant laws, the
requirements of the Grid Code, permits, Prudent Utility Practice and applicable
international standards.

Responsibilities of the ETU

Art 3.10 The ETU shall operate the NITS to provide services in accordance with the
Performance and Reliability Standards of the Grid Code. The ETU’s responsibilities
in this regard shall include:
(a) the operation of all NITS equipment, installations and facilities in
accordance with the operational instructions and guidelines for the
respective equipment or in accordance with Prudent Utility Practices;
(b) the provision of open, fair and non-discriminatory access and connection
to the NITS for all licensed or permitted Grid Participants, in accordance
with the regulations and provisions of the Grid Code;
(c) the performance of all the planning functions related to the NITS;
(d) making the necessary recommendations for transmission expansion
projects to adequately meet the forecast requirements for demand growth,
potential generation additions and customer reliability standards;

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(e) the scheduling of sufficient generation capacity to meet forecast demand

in accordance with merit order principles and carrying out real-time
operations, dispatching and controlling the output of generating units to
ensure reliable and economic operation of the NITS;
(f) the control and operation of the NITS to ensure security of the network
within its technical limits and in accordance with the provisions of the
Grid Code;
(g) undertaking outage planning and coordinating maintenance activities of
all equipment and facilities that will or are likely to impact on the
reliability of the NITS;
(h) the planning, development, supply, installation, commissioning and
maintenance of adequate central SCADA/EMS system together with any
necessary associated backup systems, telecommunication systems and the
coordination of their expansion and upgrade;
(i) the planning, development, installation and maintenance of Remote
Terminal Units at transmission substations and the coordination of their
upgrade;
(j) investigation and review of each major power system operational incident
and the issuance of the relevant reports;
(k) provision, installation, operation and maintenance of the main revenue
metering system of the NITS;
(l) administering power supply and power purchase agreements;
(m)the real-time monitoring and recording of electric power and energy
balance and ancillary service requirement to ensure reliability of supply.
(n) Monitoring of energy usage for billing purpose.
(o) the coordination of operations and liaising with WAPP interconnected
utilities and the WAPP General Secretariat to carry out studies and
analyses to ensure reliable operation of the WAPP;
(p) the development of the System Operational Manual and Safety Rules for
coordinated and safe operation of the NITS;

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(q) supervising and ensuring adherence to Safety Rules by all Grid

Participants;
(r) determination of levels of renewable energy to be injected onto the NITS
and its connection requirements to ensure the safe, reliable and efficient
operation of the NITS; and
(s) An Asset Vesting Agreement that delegates all authority to the ETU for
granting and controlling of connections to the Asset Owner’s facilities in the
interest of facilitating open, fair and non-discriminatory access to the
transmission assets by other Grid Participants.

Art 3.11 The ETU shall collect information and statistics, publish reports and disseminate
information relating to the performance of the NITS.

Art 3.12 The ETU shall operate the NITS efficiently in accordance with the Grid Code.

Art 3.13 The ETU shall liaise with other bodies within Ghana that have regulatory
functions with respect to the power industry in order to ensure consistent and
effective development and application of the Grid Code.

Responsibilities of a NITS Asset Owner

Art 3.14 Each NITS Asset Owner shall be responsible for:

(a) the design, installation and maintenance of its transmission equipment to

meet system performance and reliability requirements of the ETU;
(b) the design, installation and maintenance of its protection system to
ensure timely disconnection of faulted facilities and equipment;
(c) execution of the operating instructions of the ETU with respect to system
operational limits and performance standards;
(d) ensuring cooperation with the ETU and other Grid Participants in the
discharge of system security responsibilities; and
(e) the provision of accurate and timely data and information to the ETU.

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Responsibilities of Wholesale Supplier

Art 3.15 Each Wholesale Supplier shall carry out its responsibilities in accordance with
the provisions of the Grid Code, particularly the Rules of Practice segment.

Art 3.16 A Wholesale Supplier shall be responsible for:

(a) the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of its plant and
equipment to meet the requirements of the Connection Sub-code and
other relevant regulations;
(b) compliance at all times with applicable requirements and conditions of
connection for generating units in accordance with the Connection
Agreement with the ETU and in consultation with any relevant NITS
Asset Owner, where necessary;
(c) providing the ETU with information on available capacities and
operating constraints of its generating units to facilitate dispatch under all
power system operating states;
(d) the development of maintenance plans for its equipment and the timely
provision of necessary information to the ETU for outage planning and
maintenance coordination;
(e) the operation of its plant and equipment in accordance with the dispatch
instructions of the ETU to meet system performance and reliability
requirements and in a manner that is consistent with the reliable operation
of the NITS;
(f) the provision of accurate and timely data, information and reports to the
ETU; and

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(g) the planning, development, installation and maintenance of Remote

Terminal Units at generating plants and ensure their upgrade when
required by the ETU.

Responsibilities of Distribution Company or Bulk Customer

Art 3.17 A Distribution Company shall :
(a) operate its distribution network or facilities connected to the NITS to
ensure safe and reliable operation in accordance with the requisite
performance and reliability standards;
(b) execute the operating instructions and directives of the ETU in a
manner that is consistent with the reliable operation of the NITS in
accordance with the requisite performance and reliability standards;;
(c) ensuring that its network and operations do not degrade the performance
of the NITS and where circumstances require, remedy any degradation
that may occur; and
(d) the procurement and deployment of adequate reactive power
compensation and all other devices to meet its obligations under the Grid
Code; and
(e) the planning, development, installation and maintenance of Remote
Terminal Units at embedded generating plants above 1MW and ensure
their upgrade when required by the ETU.

Art 3.18 A Distribution Company or bulk customer is responsible for the procurement
and deployment of adequate reactive power compensation and any other device to
meet its obligations under the Grid Code. Responsibilities of the ETC

Art 3.19 The responsibilities of the ETC are to:

(a) supervise the ETU in the implementation of all its functions and oversee
all operations, activities and transactions on the NITS with the goal of
ascertaining compliance with the Grid Code;

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(b) ensure the effective and consistent application of the rules and standards
in the Grid Code;
(c) approve “Non-compliance Listing” and associated Compliance Plans
compiled by the ETU in accordance with Article 4.02;
(d) issue guidance on the interpretation and implementation of the Grid
Code;
(e) establish procedures for dispute resolution concerning the provisions of
the Grid Code and the use of the NITS;
(f) consider changes to the Grid Code in order to achieve sector objectives
and goals; and
(g) perform any other function conferred on it by the Grid Code.

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Section 4.Management and Governance of Grid Code and NITS

Scope
Art 4.0 This section defines the arrangements for the management and governance of the
provision of NITS services and for the implementation of the Grid Code.

Conduct of Electricity Transmission Unit

Art 4.01 The ETU which has been given the exclusive mandate to operate the NITS shall
be responsible for the good governance and management of the NITS in accordance
with the Grid Code and guided at all times by generally accepted best practices for
an “ISO”.

Art 4.02 The ETU shall not accept any advice, directions or instructions that may have
the effect of subverting the fundamental principles of fairness, transparency, non-
discrimination and open access in the governance and management of the NITS.

Art 4.03 The ETU, as the ISO of the NITS, shall neither act nor be considered as a Grid
Participant in the NITS.

Art 4.04 The activities of the ETU shall be open for review by any interested Grid
Participant.

Art 4.05 The ETU shall be accountable to the ETC for the performance of the NITS and
compliance with the letter, spirit and intent of the Grid Code.

Art 4.06 A Grid Participant shall be a legal entity having a valid Connection Agreement
with the ETU for the purposes of :
(a) constructing, owning and providing NITS infrastructure or ancillary
services;
(b) injecting, wheeling, or off-taking power for its own use or for retail; or,
(c) exchanging power either with the electricity networks of neighbouring
countries or within the WAPP.

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Electricity Technical Committee (ETC)

Art 4.07 The primary purpose of the ETC with regard to the operation of the NITS shall
be to ascertain compliance with the Grid Code and to advise the agencies responsible for
operating and regulating the NITS accordingly. The ETC shall also be a forum for
ensuring effective collaboration and harmony among Grid Participants.

Mandate of ETC
Art 4.08 The ETC shall oversee all technical operations, activities and transactions of
Grid Participants on the NITS and also supervise the performance of all the functions
of the ETU towards ensuring the fulfilment of its role as an ISO as required under
the Grid Code.

Art 4.09 The ETC shall have the mandate to

(a) review and assess on a regular basis the following:
i) performance of the ETU and the NITS,
ii) compliance with rules and regulations by ETU and Grid
Participants,
iii) fairness and non-discrimination in all operational activities;
(b) consider, investigate, assess and advise the ETU, the PURC or
theCommission as appropriate on the following issues:
i) possible unacceptable behaviour of Grid Participants
ii) proposals for the revision of the Grid Code, procedures, practices,
rules or regulations covering the NITS,
iii) NITS development strategies and plans,
iv) NITS Standards of Performance and penalties, and
v) any NITS related complaints;
(c) audit, approve or affirm as relevant the following:
i) Compliance Plans and remedial programs, and
ii) data archiving systems of Grid Participants and the ETU; and

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(d) establish procedures for the resolution of disputes among Grid

Participants.

Revision of Grid Code

Art 4.10 Proposals for the revision of any provision of the Grid Code may be made by
any Grid Participant or the ETU, the “Proposer”.

Art 4.11 All proposals for Grid Code revisions shall be in writing and shall be sent to the
Commission with a copy to the ETU.

Art 4.12 The Commission shall receive, register and acknowledge all submissions and
pass on the proposals to the Secretariat of the ETC located at the Commission.

Art 4.13 The Secretariat of the ETC shall notify all Grid Participants and the ETU of all
such proposals and make copies accessible to them either over the internet or through
other appropriate means.

Art 4.14 The ETU shall within three months of its receipt of a revision proposal, provide
the ETC and the “Proposer” with its views, comments and advice on each proposal.

Art 4.15 The ETC shall consider each revision proposal at the next regular meeting and
make recommendations which shall be forwarded to the Commission.

Art 4.16 The Commission shall consider the submissions of the “Proposer”, the ETU and
the ETC and advise all the parties of its decision with written justifications.

Complaints and disputes

Art 4.17 Any Grid Participant may lodge a complaint in writing with the ETC Secretariat
where it believes that the rules, regulations or procedures of the Grid Code are not
operating fairly.

Art 4.18 A Grid Participant may also lodge a complaint in writing with the ETC
Secretariat where it believes that the ETU or a Grid Participant is not acting in
accordance with the Grid Code.

Art 4.19 The ETC Secretariat shall receive, register and acknowledge all complaints.

Art 4.20 The ETC Secretariat shall promptly notify the relevant parties to the complaint,
the ETU and the ETC of the receipt of such a complaint and make copies of the

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complaint accessible to them either over the internet or through other appropriate
means.

Art 4.21 All affected parties shall, within three months of their receipt of a complaint,
provide the complainant, the ETU and the ETC with their views, comments and
responses to the complaint.

Art 4.22 The ETC shall consider each complaint at the next regular meeting and in
accordance with its procedures for dispute resolution make recommendations to the
parties for the amicable resolution of the complaint or dispute.

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PART B: CONDITIONS OF
TRANSMISSION LICENCE

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Section 5. Transparency & non-discrimination requirements

Background, purpose and scope

Art 5.0 This section defines the requirements and actions which will inter alia provide
transparent, open and non-discriminatory access to the NITS for use by Wholesale
Suppliers, Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers and any other duly licensed or
permitted entity for whom open-access is to be provided.

Publication of procedures
Art 5.01 The ETU shall develop and publish in detail all the requirements, qualifications
and administrative procedures to be fulfilled or followed by those seeking to be
provided services by the ETU.

Art 5.02 The requirements shall include all technical standards for connection equipment,
communication, operating parameters and performance benchmarks for service
provision.

Art 5.03 The qualifications shall include all legal, financial and technical qualifications to
be fulfilled.

Art 5.04 The procedures shall include all administrative, financial, technical and any
other procedures to be followed prior to the commissioning of the connection as well
as the obligations of the Grid Participant for the continued operation of the
connection.

Art 5.05 The Commission shall make readily available to the public copies of the Grid
Code and all related publications upon the payment of a published fee.

Equal application of the Grid Code

Art 5.06 This Grid Code shall be equally and uniformly applied to all entities. All
conditions and situations that are similar shall also receive consistent and equitable
treatment.

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Transparency criteria
Art 5.07 The ETU shall conduct all its affairs as an ISO that follows well publicised
rules, regulations and procedures that are known to all interested parties such that all
its actions are predictable and in accordance with the Grid Code.

Art 5.08 There shall be transparency in all ETU decisions, procedures, application of
rules, regulations and charges of the ETU regarding participation in the development
of the NITS, connections to the NITS, utilisation of NITS’ services, allocation of
resources and costs of service provision.

Art 5.09 To ensure transparency regarding access, use and operation of the NITS only
fees and charges that have previously been published by the ETU may be levied on
applicants or Grid Participants and the dispatch of generating plants shall follow
strictly the procedures prescribed in the Scheduling and Dispatch Sub-Code.

Art 5.10 The primary function of the ETC is ensuring transparency, consistency and
fairness for all Grid Participants, in which regard, the ETC may demand and consider
justifications and explanations for the ETU’s actions and decisions and may direct
the review or revision of any ETU action or decision.

Art 5.11 In furtherance of the transparency objective, the following rules shall apply to
the performance of the functions of the ETC:
(a) the agenda for meetings of the ETC shall reflect the priorities of all the
stakeholders and shall be announced and made public well in advance;
(b) the dates and places of meetings shall be announced;
(c) any interested Grid Participant shall be allowed to be physically present
at any meeting (except when discussing individuals or appointments) to
observe the proceedings where decisions are taken; and
(d) the minutes of meetings and documentation shall be published within 10
working days.

Delegation and Outsourcing of functions

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Art 5.12 The ETU may delegate or contract the functions associated with performance
monitoring and merit-order dispatch to independent companies or persons provided
they are not likely to have a “conflict of interest” towards entrenching a non-
discriminatory, fair and competitive environment.

Art 5.13 The ETU shall only delegate or contract independent parties for the performance
of any of those other functions that could influence the nature of open access and
competition within the NITS.

Art 5.14 The ETU may contract or delegate to a Grid Participant any technical function
that does not influence the outcome of the competitive environment.

Exercise of discretion by the ETU and other officials

Art 5.15 The ETU or any other person shall not make a decision that is inconsistent with
the Grid Code in respect of the usage or provision of services from the NITS.

Art 5.16 The ETU may in the situation of emergency use its discretion and good
judgment in making decisions on any matter on which this Grid Code does not
contain complete or adequate stipulations. The exercise of any discretionary powers
or judgment shall however be fully justified by providing in writing at the same time
that such decision is issued, corresponding principled arguments and rationale for the
decision.

Art 5.17 The principles and rationale for any discretion exercised or judgement issued by
the ETU shall be published and made available to any person upon request.

Art 5.18 Any person who believes that a discretionary decision taken by the ETU is either
inconsistent with the principles of the NITS, discriminatory or not sufficiently
transparent may appeal to ETU.

Art 5.19 Any person who is not satisfied with the decision of the ETC may request for a
review by the ETC.

Art 5.20 The ETC shall hear the arguments and either approve or recommend a
reconsideration of the decision.

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Art 5.21 A discretionary decision or judgment once approved by the ETC shall be
considered as a precedent which shall be applied uniformly and equally to all similar
situations unless explicitly reversed or revised in writing.

Charges for NITS services

Art 5.22 Charges for the use of the NITS or the services of the ETU shall not exceed
those approved by the PURC and published in the Gazette or national dailies.

Section 6. Planning Sub-Code

.
Background, purpose and scope
Art 6.0 The Planning Sub-Code specifies the planning responsibility for grid
developments and the policy, organisational procedures, standards or criteria to be
applied. Grid development includes the construction or refurbishment of power lines,
transformers, substation equipment, reactive compensating devices, auxiliaries and
control systems.

Art 6.01 The objective of the Planning Sub-code is to ensure that:

(a) the configuration of new transmission infrastructure is optimised and in
accordance with projected long-term needs;
(b) the development of infrastructure and facilities is well coordinated in
terms of technical arrangement and characteristics;
(c) system congestion is adequately anticipated and reinforcement schemes
are designed to overcome constraints to electrical power transfer and
overall power system performance; and,
(d) all Grid Participants will provide from time to time, the planning data
required.
Art 6.02 The Planning Sub-Code therefore specifies the information to be supplied by
Grid Participants to facilitate the evaluation of the impact of the connection of new
facilities, identification of congestion and the planning of expansion or development
of the transmission network regarding its adequacy to meet the needs of users.

Grid planning responsibility

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Art 6.03 The ETU shall discharge all functions relating to the planning and coordination
of grid developments. The ETU shall arrange for the performance of studies and with
the use of a power sector master plan developed by the Commission formulate and
present a ten-year plan of transmission development (the Grid Development Plan).
The ETU shall keep the plan updated regularly to take care of revisions in actual and
forecast demand in a power sector master plan and transmission transfer capacity.

Art 6.04 The planning activities leading to the Grid Development Plan shall be
undertaken sufficiently in advance so that all prudent and required steps for
coordination, design, construction and commissioning of the needed facilities are
performed without disturbing the delivery of power over the NITS and so that all
stakeholders have an opportunity to contribute to all the steps.

Art 6.05 The planning process shall also provide sufficient time for the preparation of
designs and proposals so that all interested persons have an adequate non-
discriminatory opportunity to participate in any invitation to build or supply the
facilities.

Grid Development Plan

Art 6.06 The Grid Development Plan shall be a document describing the future
modifications, expansion and development of the NITS. It shall indicate the new
components that have to be built, their main technical characteristics, their location
within the NITS as well as conditions precedent for the development of the new
components.. It shall also indicate the expected technical performance of the NITS.

Art 6.07 The draft Grid Development Plan shall be submitted to the ETC for approval
prior to any commitments being made for its implementation.

Art 6.08 The ETC shall monitor the implementation of the approved Grid Development
Plan, and any modifications to the plan shall be submitted to the ETC for approval

Grid planning criteria

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Art 6.09 The planning criteria for the grid shall be based on a network security
philosophy that has been submitted to and agreed with the Commission as well as the
guidelines below.

Art 6.10 The NITS shall be capable of withstanding the following contingency outages
without contravening NITS Performance Standards:
(a) outage of any single transmission plant or equipment or line segment; and
(b) outage of any one generating unit or power in-feed or out-feed from any
cross-border or regional interconnection such as WAPP.

Art 6.11 Any of the events defined in Art 7.09 shall not cause:
(a) loss of supply;
(b) unacceptable high or low voltage outside the specified limits;
(c) unacceptable overloading of transmission elements;
(d) prolonged operation with system frequency outside the specified
performance and reliability limits; and,
(e) system instability.

Grid Planning Studies

Art 6.12 The grid planning studies shall be conducted to ensure the safety, reliability,
security and stability during operation of the NITS, all as stipulated in the Reliability
and Performance Standards.

Art 6.13 Grid planning studies shall also be conducted to assess the impact of any
proposed addition or change of equipment in the NITS or in a Grid Participant’s
facility that is connected or is to be connected to the NITS.

Art 6.14 The purpose of such studies shall be to identify the technical specifications or
corrective measures needed to eliminate any potential non-compliance with the Grid
Code that may result from such changes or additions.

Art 6.15 The standard studies to be performed shall include the following:
(a) Load Flow studies to evaluate the behaviour of the NITS for existing and
proposed NITS facilities under minimum and maximum loads;

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(b) Short Circuit studies to evaluate the effect on equipment of the NITS
due to the connection of new generating plants, lines and other facilities
which are likely to result in increased fault duties on the equipment;
(c) Voltage Stability Analysis to determine if the grid is vulnerable to
voltage collapse;
(d) Steady State Stability Analysis to determine if the NITS is vulnerable to
small-signal stability problems; and

(e) Dynamics Studies to determine if the NITS is vulnerable to dynamic

stability problems

Art 6.16 Additional analyses, such as for reliability, transient stability or electromagnetic
transient studies which may be required, shall be performed when determined by the ETU
to be necessary.

Grid Planning Data

Art 6.17 All Grid Participants shall provide the ETU with Standard Planning Data as
specified in the Technical Schedule TS-O by the 1 st day of July of each calendar
year.

Art 6.18 The Standard Planning Data generally shall include the prime technical
characteristics of generation and transmission facilities as well as forecast data on
energy and capacity demand for each connection point or NITS node.

Art 6.19 In addition to Standard Planning Data, Detailed Planning Data as specified in the
Technical Schedule TS-P or other specific details shall also be provided by any Grid
Participant within thirty days of being requested by the ETU.

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Section 7. Connection Sub-Code

Background, purpose and scope

Art 7.0 In order to maintain stable and secure operation of the NITS to provide the
expected standard of service for the benefit of all Grid Participants, certain minimum
technical, design and operational criteria are to be met by all prospective Grid
Participants to the NITS.

Art 7.01 The Connection Sub-code aims to ensure that the basic rules and conditions for
connection and access to the NITS or to a Grid Participant’s system or facility are
clear, transparent, fair and non-discriminatory. It is also to provide Grid Participants
with an assurance of service provision whilst also ensuring secure and reliable
operation of the NITS and all other facilities.

Art 7.02 This section of the Grid Code:

(a) provides the framework, rules and guidelines for connection to the NITS
to facilitate the harmonious and coordinated development of the NITS ;
(b) details the principles and rules governing access to NITS services;
(c) establishes the process to be followed by a Grid Participant to set up or
modify a connection to the NITS;
(d) specifies the technical, design and operational criteria at the Grid
Participant’s connection point; and
(e) defines the data exchange requirements between the Grid Participant and
the ETU.

Principles
Art 7.03 This Sub-code is based on the following principles relating to connection to the
NITS:
(a) provided they satisfy all requirements in this Sub-Code, all Wholesale
Suppliers, Distribution Companies and permitted Bulk Customers
shall have the opportunity to connect to the NITS and have fair and
equitable access to the services provided by the ETU;

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(b) the terms and conditions under which connection to the NITS and
provision of service is to be granted shall be set out in a commercial
agreement designated as the Connection Agreement entered into between
the ETU and the Grid Participant;
(c) the operations under this Sub-code should result in the achievement of
i) long term benefits to Grid Participants in terms of costs and
reliability of the NITS, and
ii) open communication and information flows between the ETU and
Grid Participants while ensuring the security of confidential
information belonging to Grid Participants;
(d) no facilities shall be connected without a minimum arrangement for
communications, metering and protective relaying being in place.

Art 7.04 The ETU shall not assume any responsibility for the protection of a Grid
Participant’s plant or equipment or any other portion of the Grid Participant’s
electrical equipment. A Grid Participant shall be responsible for protecting its
equipment in such a manner that faults or other disturbances in the NITS do not
cause damage to the Grid Participant’s equipment.

Art 7.05 A Grid Participant shall ensure that faults or other disturbances in its Facility do
not cause damage to the NITS or other Grid Participant’s Facility.

Obligations and Responsibilities

Art 7.06 A Grid Participant shall construct, operate and maintain all equipment that are
part of its facility in accordance with
(a) the requirements of the Grid Code;
(b) Prudent Utility Practice; and
(c) applicable national and international laws, protocols and
standards.

Obligation of the ETU

Art 7.07 The ETU has an obligation to:

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(a) coordinate the design aspects of equipment proposed to be connected to

the NITS with those of other Grid Participants in order to achieve the
performance and reliability requirements of the Grid;
(b) evaluate in collaboration with the NITS Asset Owner requests for
connections or amended connections to the NITS;
(c) enter into a Connection Agreement for a connection to the NITS with
any applicant who meets the specified requirements;
(d) advise a Grid Participant or any other person who may be affected about
any expected service interruption so that the Grid Participant may make
alternative arrangements during such interruption; and
(e) instruct NITS Asset Owners and Grid Participants regarding the
reinforcement of their facilities to meet reliability requirements.

Obligation of NITS Asset Owner

Art 7.08 A NITS Asset Owner has an obligation to:
(a) enter into an Asset Vesting Agreement with the ETU that will grant the
ETU operational control of all Connection Points relating to the NITS
including the coordination of the design, installation, maintenance and
implementation of system expansion plans relating to any part of the
NITS;
(b) process requests forwarded to it by the ETU for connection to its
equipment or to modify a connection to its equipment;
(c) implement recommendations submitted by the ETU regarding the
reinforcement or expansion of its facilities to meet reliability
requirements;

(d) comply with the power system performance and quality of supply
standards as described in Technical Schedule TS-L and the Connection
Agreement between Grid Participants and the ETU;
(e) ensure that to the extent that a Connection Point relates to its part of the
NITS, every arrangement for connection with a Grid Participant or any

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other arrangement involving a Connection Agreement complies with all

the relevant sections of the Grid Code;
(f) arrange for and participate in the planning and development of the NITS;
(g) permit and participate in inspection and testing of facilities in accordance
with the provisions of the Grid Code;
(h) permit and participate in commissioning of facilities and equipment
which is to be connected to its network, in accordance with the Grid
Code;
(i) ensure that modelling data in respect of its assets and which are provided
for planning, design and operational purposes are current, complete,
consistent and accurate, and that whenever and wherever warranted by
the ETU, the NITS Asset Owner shall perform tests to verify data
accuracy;
(j) provide to the ETU and other relevant Grid Participants in respect of its
assets all technical characteristics, drawings, specifications and other
details available to it and reasonably required for diagnosing problems or
modelling the performance of the NITS;
(k) provide to the ETU drawings and other technical details of any
Connection Points with other Grid Participants;
(l) organise and perform under the coordination of the ETU all maintenance
activities for all of its assets which form part of the NITS for optimum
service availability and reliability such that electricity may be transmitted
efficiently and continuously up to the agreed capability;
(m) employ its best efforts to restore equipment and service as soon as
practicable following any interruption at a Connection Point; and
(n) comply with applicable regulatory provisions and all relevant provisions
of the Grid Code.

Obligation of Wholesale Supplier

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Art 7.09 A Wholesale Supplier has an obligation to:

(a) submit to the ETU an application in respect of a new or an altered
equipment owned, operated or controlled by it and which it desires to
connect to the NITS;
(b) comply with the requirements of the ETU and the relevant NITS Asset
Owner in respect of design requirements of equipment proposed to be
connected to the NITS;
(c) have in force a valid Connection Agreement with the ETU prior to the
facility being connected to the NITS;
(d) at all times, comply with applicable requirements and conditions of
connection for generating units and in accordance with any Connection
Agreement with the ETU;
(e) provide generating unit technical characteristics, data and Availability
Declaration information to the ETU in accordance with the relevant
provisions of the Grid Code;
(f) permit and arrange participation in the inspection, testing or
commissioning of facilities and equipment to be connected to the NITS;
(g) operate its facilities and equipment in accordance with the instructions of
the ETU; and
(h) give prior notice of any intended voluntary disconnection in accordance
with the provisions of this Sub-code.

Obligation of Distribution Company and Bulk Customer

Art 7.10 A Distribution Company or Bulk Customer has an obligation to:
(a) submit to the ETU an application in respect of any new or altered
equipment or network that it owns, operates or controls and which the
Distribution Company or Bulk Customer desires to connect to the NITS;
(b) have in force a valid Connection Agreement with the ETU prior to its
equipment or network being connected or re-connected to the NITS;
(c) comply with the requirements of the ETU and the relevant NITS Asset
Owner in respect of the design and technical standards of equipment or
networks proposed to be connected to the NITS;

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(d) ensure that all facilities which are owned, operated or controlled by it
and are associated with a Connection Point at all times comply with
applicable requirements and conditions of connection for Grid
Participants and in accordance with the Connection Agreement with the
ETU;
(e) provide to the ETU information on energy and power demand forecasts
as specified in the relevant sections of the Grid Code;
(f) permit and participate in inspection and testing of facilities and
equipment in accordance with the provisions of the Grid Code;
(g) permit and arrange for the witnessing and participation of the ETU and
the relevant NITS Asset Owner in the commissioning or re-
commissioning of facilities and equipment which are to be connected to
the NITS
(h) operate its facilities and equipment, at all times, in accordance with the
instructions of the ETU; and
(i) provide prior notice of any intended voluntary disconnection in
accordance with the provisions of this Sub-code.
(j) Ensure that all embedded generators of capacity 1MW and above
provides relevant communication and data acquisition system linked to
the ETU’s SCADA system

Telecommunications Requirements for monitoring and control

Art 7.11 A telecommunication system shall be established so that the ETU and Grid
Participants can communicate with one another, as well as exchange data signals for
monitoring and controlling NITS equipment at all times.

Art 7.12 The ETU shall provide NITS Asset Owners with the requirements for the
complete telecommunication equipment that is required for monitoring and control
within the NITS.

Art 7.13 A NITS Asset Owner shall provide the complete telecommunication equipment
prescribed by the ETU for monitoring and control of all Connection Points within the
NITS.

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Art 7.14 Every grid participant shall put in place cyber security systems in collaboration
with the ETU to ensure safe, reliable and efficient operation of the NITS

SCADA System for monitoring and control

Art 7.15 The ETU, Wholesale Suppliers, and Distribution Companies and Bulk
Customers with embedded generation, shall procure, install and setup Remote
Terminal Unitsand other telemetry equipment for monitoring real-time information
and controlling equipment which form part of the NITS or are at a Connection Point.

Art 7.16 The Remote Terminal Unit shall be compatible with the Master Station protocol
and in accordance with the requirements and specifications defined by the ETU.

Art 7.17 The Grid Participant shall also provide, if necessary, other related equipment
and interfaces for interconnection with the SCADA system of the ETU.

Requirements for new NITS connection

Art 7.18 A prospective grid Participant seeking a new connection to the NITS shall, prior
to the installation, erection or construction of the connection to the NITS,
(a) apply for connection to the NITS in accordance with Articles 7.30 and
7.31;
(b) submit to the ETU a Connection Proposal in accordance with Article
7.33; and
(c) sign a Connection MOU with the ETU.
Art 7.19 The applicant shall negotiate and execute a Connection Agreement with the
ETU before the completion of the installation, erection or construction of the
connection to the NITS.

Art 7.20 The ETU shall lodge with the Commission, the PURC and any other- relevant
regulatory authority, copies of
(a) the Connection MOU and any subsequent revisions to the Connection
MOU within thirty days after its conclusion, and
(b) the Connection Agreement within thirty days after its conclusion.

Requirements for modification of existing NITS connection

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Art 7.21 A Grid Participant seeking a modification of an existing connection to the NITS
shall, prior to commencement of modification works of the existing connection to the
NITS,
(a) apply for the modification of an existing connection in accordance with
Articles 7.30 and 7.31,
(b) submit to the ETU a Connection Modification Proposal in accordance
with Article 7.33, and
(c) sign a Connection Modification MOU with the ETU.
Art 7.22 The applicant shall negotiate and execute an Amended Connection Agreement
with the ETU before completion of the modification works.
Art 7.23 The ETU shall lodge with the Commission, the PURC and any other relevant
regulatory authority, copies of
(a) the Connection Modification MOU and any subsequent revisions to the
Connection Modification MOU within thirty days after its conclusion,
and
(b) the Amended Connection Agreement within thirty days after its
conclusion.

Grid Impact Studies

Art 7.24 The ETU shall specify the technical studies required to be carried out to evaluate
the impact of a proposed Grid Participant development on the NITS.

Art 7.25 The ETU shall develop the required technical studies for evaluating the impact
on the Grid of any proposed new connection or modification to an existing
connection.

Art 7.26 A Grid Participant may indicate whether it wishes the ETU to undertake
additional technical studies and shall bear the cost of any additional technical studies
it requires of the ETU.

Art 7.27 A Grid Participant applying for a new connection or a modification of an

existing connection to the NITS shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the
proposed development will not result in the degradation of the NITS.

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Art 7.28 The ETU shall disapprove an application for connection or a modification to an
existing connection if the Grid Impact Studies show that the proposed development
will result in unacceptable degradation of the NITS.

Art 7.29 To enable the ETU carry out the necessary detailed Grid Impact Studies, a Grid
Participant may be required to provide the data as specified in the relevant sections
of the Planning and Connection Sub-Codes and any additional data that may be
specified by the ETU.

Application for new connection or modification

Art 7.30 The ETU shall publish the procedures for the processing of applications for a
new connection or modification of an existing connection to the NITS. The ETU and
all entities seeking a NITS connection shall adhere to the published procedures.

Art 7.31 A person seeking a new connection or a modification of an existing connection

to the NITS may upon submitting the information contained in the published
procedures by the ETU, obtain from the ETU the appropriate application form, the
Grid Development Plan, the layout and block schematic diagrams of the NITS Node
to enable the applicant prepare an adequate relevant proposal.

Art 7.32 The Applicant shall submit to the ETU the completed application form for a new
connection or modification of an existing connection to the NITS and pay the
published application fee to the ETU.

Art 7.33 A complete application shall include the following information:

(a) Completed application form.
(b) a description of the proposed new connection or modification to an
existing connection, which shall comprise the Connection Proposal or
Connection Modification Proposal at the Connection Point;
(c) the relevant Standard Planning Data in accordance with the requirements
of the Planning Code; and
(d) the expected completion date of the proposed connection.

Processing of application for a new connection or modification

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Art 7.34 The ETU shall evaluate the application and inform the applicant whether the
proposed Grid Participant’s development is acceptable or not within sixty days from
the date of submission of the completed application.

Art 7.35 If the application is acceptable, the ETU shall approve the Connection Proposal
or the Connection Modification Proposal and sign a Connection MOU or a
Connection Modification MOU, as the case may be, with the Applicant.

Art 7.36 If the application is not acceptable, the ETU shall notify the applicant stating
why the application is not acceptable. The ETU shall include in its notification
suggestions on how the application could be improved and made acceptable.

Art 7.37 The applicant may revise and resubmit the application as it deems appropriate
and the ETU shall reconsider the resubmission.

Art 7.38 If the ETU and the applicant cannot reach agreement on the proposed
connection or modification to an existing connection, any of the Parties may bring
the matter to the attention of the ETC for resolution.

Art 7.39 If a Connection MOU or Connection Modification MOU is signed, the

Applicant shall, within thirty days from signing or a mutually agreed longer period,
submit to the ETU the Detailed Planning Data pertaining to the Connection Proposal
or the Connection Modification Proposal as specified in the Planning Sub- Code.

Art 7.40 The applicant shall thereafter secure all regulatory permits and licences before
commencement of construction of the facility

Art 7.41 The applicant and the ETU shall negotiate and execute a Connection Agreement
or Amended Connection Agreement, as the case may be, before the completion of
construction. The Connection Agreement or the Amended Connection Agreement
shall however only come into force after the satisfactory construction and
commissioning of the facility and the issuance by the ETU of a Certificate of
Approval to Connect.

Data Registration

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Stages of data registration

Art 7.42 The data relating to a Connection Point and a Grid Participant development that
are submitted by a prospective or existing Grid Participant applying for a new
Connection or an Amended Connection shall be registered in three stages and classified
accordingly as:
(a) Preliminary Project Planning Data;
(b) Committed Project Planning Data; and
(c) Connected Project Planning Data.
Art 7.43 The data submitted at the time of application shall be considered as Preliminary
Project Planning Data. These shall contain the Standard Planning Data and the
Detailed Planning Data specified in the Planning Sub-Code.

Art 7.44 Once a Connection MOU or Connection Modification MOU is signed, the
Preliminary Project Planning Data as may have been amended during the
consideration of the relevant Proposal shall become the Committed Project Planning
Data, and shall be utilised in the evaluation of other similar applications and in the
preparation of the Grid Development Plan.

Art 7.45 The Committed Project Planning Data shall be updated, conformed and replaced
with validated actual values of parameters and information about the facility at the
time of commissioning and shall be transformed to become the Connected Project
Planning Data.

Art 7.46 The Connected Project Planning Data shall be registered to replace the
Committed Project Planning Data that had hitherto been utilised in the evaluation of
other applications for a new connection or modification of existing connection and in
the preparation of the Grid Development Plan.

Data forms
Art 7.47 The applicant, in consultation with the ETU, shall complete and submit the
forms for all data requirements in fulfilment of either a Connection MOU or
Connection Modification MOU, as the case may be.

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Submittals prior to the Commissioning Date

Art 7.48 Pursuant to the terms, conditions and schedules specified in the Connection
Agreement the following shall be submitted by the applicant prior to the
commissioning date:
(a) specifications for major equipment not included in the Standard Planning
Data and Detailed Planning Data;
(b) for distribution network connections and connections for other
equipment or networks that will not form part of the NITS, details of
switching, protection and control arrangements, equipment and settings
for connection to a Distribution Company, a Bulk Customer or any other
Grid Participant who will be extracting power;
(c) for assets that will form part of the NITS, electrical diagrams and
drawings of the applicant’s equipment at the NITS Node;
(d) information that will enable the ETU to prepare the Connection Point
drawings;
(e) copies of all Safety Rules and local safety instructions applicable to the
applicant’s equipment and a list of Safety Coordinators;
(f) a list of the names and telephone numbers of authorized representatives,
including confirmation that they are fully authorized to make binding
decisions on behalf of the applicant, in relation to operations of the NITS;
(g) proposed maintenance program; and
(h) Tests and Commissioning Procedures for the facility.

Commissioning
Requirement to inspect and test equipment
Art 7.49 Any new or replacement equipment to form part of or to be connected to the
NITS shall be inspected and tested by the ETU to demonstrate that it complies with
relevant Standards, the provisions of the Grid Code and any relevant Connection
Agreement prior to or within an agreed time after being connected to the NITS, and
the relevant NITS Asset Owner is entitled to witness such inspections and tests.

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Procedure for Pre-commissioning of equipment

Art 7.50 Upon completion of construction, erection or installation of the proposed
facility, the applicant’s development, including work at the Connection Point, the
equipment at the Connection Point or the Grid Participant development shall be
subjected to the required Pre-commissioning Tests and Procedures.

Art 7.51 The procedure for any tests shall be jointly agreed, scheduled and performed by
the applicant or Grid Participant and the ETU.

Art 7.52 Where the tests are considered to be successful and the installation ready for
connection, the applicant or Grid Participant shall submit to the ETU, a statement of
readiness to connect, which shall include the test results and the Pre-commissioning
report.

Art 7.53 The ETU may within fourteen days after the receipt of the statement of readiness
to connect, perform at its sole discretion, any tests it deems necessary so as to accept
or decline the statement of readiness to connect.

Art 7.54 Upon acceptance of the statement of readiness to connect received from an
applicant or Grid Participant, the ETU shall issue a Certificate of Approval to
Connect and arrange to connect the facility at the convenience of the applicant or the
Grid Participant as may be appropriate.

Art 7.55 The physical connection to the NITS shall be made only after the Certificate of
Approval to Connect has been issued by the ETU.

Art 7.56 Valid test certificates shall be produced on the demand of affected Grid
Participants or within an agreed time thereafter, showing that the equipment has
passed the tests and complies with the required standards before connection to a
network.

Commissioning Tests
Art 7.57 The relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU shall witness commissioning tests
relating to new or replacement equipment that could reasonably be expected to alter
performance of the power system or the accurate metering of energy.

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Art 7.58 The relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU shall, within a reasonable period
of receiving advice of commissioning tests, notify the Grid Participant whose new or
replacement equipment is to be tested to witness or observe the commissioning tests
and finds the proposed commissioning time to be suitable.

Art 7.59 A Grid Participant whose new or replacement equipment is tested under this
provision shall submit to the relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU the
commissioning test results demonstrating that a new or replacement equipment
complies with the provisions of the Grid Code or the relevant Connection Agreement
or both to the satisfaction of the relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU.

Art 7.60 If the commissioning tests conducted in relation to a new or replacement item of
equipment demonstrates non-compliance with one or more requirements of the Grid
Code or the relevant Connection Agreement then the Grid Participant whose new or
replacement equipment was tested shall promptly meet with the ETU to agree on a
process aimed at the achievement of compliance of the relevant equipment with the
provisions of the Grid Code.

Art 7.61 The ETU may independently or at the request of a Grid Participant direct that
the commissioning and subsequent connection of the particular equipment must not
proceed if the relevant equipment does not meet the technical requirements and
applicable standards.

Coordination during commissioning

Art 7.62 A Grid Participant seeking to connect a facility to the NITS shall cooperate with
other Grid Participants and the ETU to develop procedures that will ensure that the
commissioning of the connection and connected facility is carried out in a manner
that:
(a) does not adversely affect other Grid Participants or affect power system
security or quality of supply; and
(b) minimizes the threat of damage to any other Grid Participant's
equipment.

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Art 7.63 Not less than four months prior to the proposed commencement of
commissioning of a new or replacement equipment (other than replacement by
identical equipment) that could reasonably be expected to alter performance of the
power system, the Grid Participant shall submit to the ETU sufficient design
information including proposed parameter settings to allow critical assessment and
analytical modelling of the effect of the new or replacement equipment on the
performance of the power system.

Art 7.64 The ETU shall consult with other relevant Grid Participants as appropriate and
within twenty working days of receipt of the design information notify the Grid
Participants of any comments on the proposed parameter settings for the new or
replacement equipment.

Art 7.65 The ETU and the affected Grid Participants shall consult and agree on the
parameter settings.

Commissioning program
Art 7.66 Not less than three months prior to the proposed commencement of
commissioning by a Grid Participant of any new or replacement equipment that
could reasonably be expected to alter performance of the power system, the Grid
Participant shall advise the relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU in writing of
the commissioning program including test procedures and proposed test equipment
to be used in the commissioning.

Art 7.67 The relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU shall, within fifteen working days
of receipt of such advice notify the Grid Participant either that it agrees with the
proposed commissioning program and test procedures or that it requires changes in
the interest of power system security, safety or quality of supply.

Art 7.68 If the NITS Asset Owner or the ETU require changes, then the parties shall co-
operate to reach agreement and finalize the commissioning program within a
reasonable period.

Art 7.69 A Grid Participant shall not commence commissioning until the commissioning
program has been finalized.

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Art 7.70 The relevant NITS Asset Owner and the ETU shall not unreasonably delay
finalizing a commissioning program.

Electrical Diagram Requirements

Art 7.71 Each Grid Participant shall prepare and submit to the ETU an Electrical
Diagram for the equipment at the Connection Point, in accordance with the
requirements of the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement.

Art 7.72 The Electrical Diagrams shall provide an accurate record of the layout and
circuit connections, ratings, identification of equipment and related apparatus and
devices at the Connection Point.

Art 7.73 The ETU shall provide each Grid Participant with an Electrical Diagram for all
the equipment on the NITS side of the Connection Point, in accordance with the
requirements of the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement.

Art 7.74 The ETU shall prepare and distribute the composite Electrical Diagram for the
entire Connection Point.

Art 7.75 The ETU shall specify the format to be followed in the preparation of the
Electrical Diagrams for any Connection Point.

Art 7.76 All Symbols used in Electrical Diagrams shall be in accordance with IEC 60617
Standards as updated.

Preparation of Electrical Diagram

Art 7.77 All the equipment at the Connection Point shall, wherever possible, be shown in
one Electrical Diagram. When more than one Electrical Diagram is necessary,
duplication of identical information shall be minimized.

Art 7.78 The Electrical Diagrams shall represent, as closely as possible, the physical
arrangement of the equipment and their electrical connections.

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Art 7.79 The title block of the Electrical Diagram shall include the names of authorized
persons together with provisions for the details of revisions, dates and signatures.

Changes to Electrical Diagrams

Art 7.80 The ETU and other affected Grid Participants shall be provided with a revised
Electrical Diagram by the relevant Asset Owner or Grid Participant, at least one
month prior to the proposed addition to or change of equipment connected to or
forming part of any NITS Node.

Art 7.81 If the modification involves the replacement of existing equipment, the revised
Electrical Drawing shall be provided to the ETU and other affected Grid Participants in
accordance with the requirements of the Amended Connection Agreement.

Art 7.82 The revised Electrical Diagram shall incorporate the new equipment to be
added, or the replacement for existing equipment. .

Validity of Electrical Diagrams

Art 7.83 The Composite Electrical Diagram prepared by the ETU in accordance with the
provisions of this Sub-code shall be the Electrical Diagram to be used for all
operation and planning activities associated with the Connection Point.

Art 7.84 If a dispute involving the accuracy of the Composite Electrical Diagram arises, a
meeting between the ETU and the Grid Participant or any other relevant parties shall
be held as soon as possible, to resolve the dispute.

Inspection and testing

Right of entry and inspection
Art 7.85 If a Grid Participant who is party to a Connection Agreement reasonably
believes that another Grid Participant is not complying with a technical provision of
the Grid Code and as a consequence, the first Grid Participant is suffering or is likely

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to suffer an adverse effect, then the first Grid Participant may complain to the ETU
who may enter the relevant facility for the purpose of investigating the situation in
order to assess compliance with the technical obligations under the Grid Code.

Art 7.86 The ETU or any of its authorized representatives may, at any time and without
notice, inspect a facility of a Grid Participant and the operation and maintenance of
that facility in order to:

(a) assess compliance by the relevant Grid Participant with its operational
obligations under the Grid Code or an ancillary services agreement;
(b) investigate any possible past or potential threat to power system security;
or
(c) conduct any periodic familiarization or training exercise associated with
the operational requirements of the NITS.
Art 7.87 The ETU shall within seven (7) days report findings and results of the inspection
carried out to the complaining Grid participant.

Art 7.88 Where the equipment is determined by the tests to be non-compliant with the
relevant Connection Agreement or the Grid Code, all reasonable costs of such tests
shall be borne by the Grid Participant that owns the facility.

Right of testing
Art 7.89 A Grid Participant who has reasonable grounds to believe that its equipment or
facilities may not comply with the Code shall give the ETU adequate prior notice of
the intention to conduct a test in respect of equipment within the Grid Participant’s
facility.

Art 7.90 A Grid Participant who has reasonable grounds to believe that equipment or
facilities owned by others may not comply with the Code or the Connection
Agreement may request testing of the relevant equipment by giving notice in writing
to the ETU.

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Art 7.91 The ETU shall notify the relevant Asset Owner and may conduct either by itself
or by contract or otherwise arrange for the relevant test(s) to be conducted at a time
suitable to the ETU and the Asset Owner, if the Asset Owner’s involvement is
necessary.

Art 7.92 The costs of such tests shall be borne by the Grid Participant that requested the
test, unless the equipment is determined by the tests to be non-compliant with the
relevant Connection Agreement or the Grid Code, in which case all reasonable costs
of such tests shall be borne by the Owner of that facility.

Art 7.93 Tests shall be conducted using test procedures agreed between the relevant
parties, which agreement shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

Art 7.94 Tests shall be carried out only by persons with the relevant skills and
experience.

Art 7.95 The Grid Participant who requests a test under this Section may appoint a
representative to witness the test and the representative so appointed shall be
provided with all the necessary information, schedules and procedures by the ETU to
enable that representative follow the stages of the test as it is being conducted.

Art 7.96 An accredited testing officer or expert who conducts a test shall within two
weeks, submit a report to the Grid Participant who requested the relevant test, the
ETU and the Asset Owner

Art 7.97 The ETU shall submit copies of the report to any other Grid Participant who is
likely to be affected by the results of the test within two weeks of receiving the
report.

Art 7.98 The ETU may, at the request of a Grid Participant and subject to the other
provisions of this Sub-code regarding entry and inspection instruct an Asset Owner
to arrange and attach a test or monitoring equipment to its plant.

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Art 7.99 In carrying out a monitoring directive, the performance of the monitored plant or
equipment shall not be constrained in any way.

Art 7.100 Notwithstanding any provisions in this section, the ETU may undertake
equipment testing at any time it deems necessary.

Compliance with connection requirements by a Wholesale Supplier

Art 7.101 Each Wholesale Supplier shall, prior to the commencement date of supply to a
Grid Participant with which it has a Power Purchase Agreement, provide evidence to
the Grid Participant that

(a) it has a valid Connection Agreement with the ETU, and

(b) each of its generating units complies with the technical
requirements of Schedule TS-L, the relevant Power Purchase Agreement
and the Connection Agreement.
Art 7.102 Each Wholesale Supplier shall negotiate in good faith with the relevant Grid
Participant and the ETU to agree on a compliance monitoring method and program
for each of its generating units in order to confirm ongoing compliance with the
applicable requirements of this Grid Code, the relevant Connection Agreement and
Power Purchase Agreement.

Art 7.103 If a performance test or monitoring of in-service performance demonstrates

that a generating unit is not complying with one or more technical requirements, then
the Wholesale Supplier shall:

(a) promptly notify the relevant Grid Participant and the ETU of that fact;
(b) promptly advise the Grid Participant and the ETU of the remedial steps it
proposes to take and the timetable for such remedial work;
(c) diligently undertake such remedial work and report at monthly or any
other reasonable intervals to the Grid Participant and the ETU on progress
of implementing the remedial action; and

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(d) conduct further tests and monitoring on completion of the remedial work
to confirm compliance with the relevant technical requirement.
Art 7.104 If a Grid Participant or the ETU reasonably believes that a generating unit is
not complying with one or more technical requirements of the Grid Code and the
relevant Connection Agreement, the ETU may instruct the Wholesale Supplier to
conduct tests to demonstrate that the relevant generating unit complies with those
technical requirements.

Art 7.105 Where the tests provide evidence that the relevant generating unit continues to
comply with the technical requirement(s), the Grid Participant or the ETU (as
appropriate) shall reimburse the Wholesale Supplier for the reasonable expenses
incurred as a direct result of conducting the tests.

Art 7.106 Periodic Performance Tests by ETU to verify technical performance of

generating units in accordance with the Grid Code and relevant Connection
Agreements.
Art 7.107 If the ETU or a Grid Participant either
(a) is not satisfied that a generating unit does comply with one or more
technical requirements, or
(b) does not have evidence demonstrating that a generating unit complies
with the technical requirements, or
(c) holds the reasonable opinion that there is or could be a threat to the
power system security,
the ETU may independently or upon the advice of the Grid Participant , direct the
relevant Wholesale Supplier to operate the relevant generating unit at a particular
generator output or in a particular mode until the Wholesale Supplier submits
evidence reasonably satisfactory to the ETU or the Grid Participant that the
generating unit is complying with the relevant technical requirement.
Art 7.108 Each Wholesale Supplier shall maintain records for five years for each of its
generating units and power stations setting out details of the results of all technical
performance and monitoring tests conducted under the provisions of the Grid Code

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and make these records available to the relevant Grid Participant and the ETU on
request.

Routine testing of protection equipment by Grid Participants

Art 7.109 A Grid Participant shall cooperate with the ETU by testing for the proper
operation of equipment forming part of a protection system for the Connection.

Art 7.110 A Grid Participant shall conduct protection system tests as follows:
(a) prior to the plant at the relevant Connection Point being placed in
service; and
(b) at intervals specified in the Connection Agreement or in accordance with
a plan agreed between the ETU and the Grid Participant.
Art 7.111 A Grid Participant shall bear its own costs of conducting tests under this
Section.

Tests by Grid Participants of own plant requiring changes to

normal operation
Art 7.112 A Grid Participant proposing to conduct a test on equipment which requires a
change to the normal operation of that equipment, shall give notice in writing to the
ETU at least thirty days before the planned date for the test, except in an emergency.

Art 7.113 The notice to be provided shall include:

(a) the nature of the proposed test;
(b) the estimated start and finish time for the proposed test;
(c) the identity of the equipment to be tested;
(d) the power system conditions required for the conduct of the proposed test
(e) details of any potential adverse consequences of the proposed test on the
equipment to be tested;
(f) details of any potential adverse consequences of the proposed test on the
power system and NITS facilities; and
(g) the name of the person responsible for the coordination of the proposed
test on behalf of the Grid Participant.
Art 7.114 The ETU shall review the proposed test to determine whether it could :
(a) adversely affect the normal operation of the power system;

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(b) pose a threat to power system security;

(c) require the power system to be operated in a particular mode which
differs from the mode in which the power system is normally operated; or
(d) affect the normal metering of energy at a NITS Node.
Art 7.115 If the ETU determines that the proposed test does not fulfil any of the
conditions specified above then the ETU shall issue a Test Permit to the Grid
Participant at least fifteen days before the planned date for the test.

Art 7.116 If the ETU determines that the proposed test does fulfil one of the conditions
specified above or in its reasonable opinion, the test could threaten public safety,
damage or threaten to damage equipment or adversely affect the operation of the
power system, the ETU may:

(a) direct the proposed test procedure to be modified or that the test
rescheduled or both following which the ETU shall issue the appropriate
Test Permit.

(b) disapprove the test with reasons, if the procedure cannot be modified to
satisfy Art. 8.123.

Art 7.117 The ETU shall advise any other Grid Participant who might be adversely
affected by a proposed test and take into consideration any reasonable requirements
of those Grid Participants when approving the proposed test.

Art 7.118 A Grid Participant who conducts a test under this Section shall ensure that the
person responsible for the coordination of the test promptly advises the ETU when
the test is complete.

Art 7.119 If the ETU approves of a proposed test, the ETU shall use its best endeavours
to ensure that power system conditions reasonably required for that test are provided
as close as is reasonably practicable to the proposed start time of the test and
continue for the proposed duration of the test.

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Art 7.120 Within a reasonable period agreed between the ETU and the Grid Participant
after any such test has been conducted, the Grid Participant who has conducted a test
must provide the ETU with a report in relation to that test, including full test results
where appropriate or requested by the ETU.

Tests of Generating Units

Art 7.121 The ETU may, at intervals of not less than twelve months, require the testing of
any generating unit connected to the NITS in order to assess the performance of the
relevant generating unit or determine analytic parameters for modelling purposes and
the ETU is entitled to witness such tests.

Art 7.122 Adequate notice of not less than thirty days shall be given by the ETU before
the proposed date of a test as indicated above.

Art 7.123 The ETU shall ensure that the tests are conducted at a time which will
minimize the departure from the commitment and dispatch schedule that are due to
take place at that time.

Art 7.124 A Wholesale Supplier shall provide any reasonable assistance requested by the
ETU in relation to the conduct of the tests.

Art 7.125 Tests conducted under this Section shall be conducted in accordance with test
procedures agreed between the ETU and the relevant Wholesale Supplier and a
Wholesale Supplier shall not unreasonably withhold its agreement to test procedures
proposed for this purpose.

Art 7.126 A Wholesale Supplier shall bear its own costs associated with tests conducted
under this Section and no compensation shall be payable for financial losses incurred
as a result of these tests or associated activities.

Power System Tests

Art 7.127 The ETU shall coordinate tests to verify the proper functioning and
performance of the NITS and associated equipment. Such tests may be conducted
whenever:
(a) an existing facility of the NITS is upgraded or substantially modified;
(b) a new facility of the NITS is commissioned;

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(c) a new generating unit of a Wholesale Supplier or equipment of a

Distribution Company or Bulk Customer is commissioned that is
expected to substantially alter the power transfer capability of the
transmission network; and
(d) settings or changes are made to any power system stabilizers.
Art 7.128 The ETU shall develop a program and coordination arrangements for the tests
including criteria for continuation with the tests and operational procedures.

Art 7.129 Operational conditions for each test shall be arranged by the ETU and the test
procedures shall be coordinated by an officer nominated by the ETU who has the
authority to stop the test or any part of it or vary the procedure within pre-approved
guidelines if that officer considers any of these actions to be reasonably necessary.

Art 7.130 Each Grid Participant shall cooperate with the NITS Asset Owner(s) and the
ETU when required during the planning, preparation and conduct of tests on the
NITS to assess the technical performance of the transmission network and, if
necessary, conduct coordinated activities to prepare for power system-wide testing or
individual on-site tests of a Grid Participant's facility or plant, including the
disconnection of a generating unit.

Art 7.131 The ETU may direct changes in operation of generating units during power
system tests if this is deemed necessary to achieve operational conditions on the
NITS which are reasonably required to achieve valid test results.

Art 7.132 The ETU shall plan the timing of tests so that the variation from schedule
dispatch that would occur is minimized and the duration of the tests is as short as
possible and consistent with test requirements and power system security.

Disconnection and Reconnection

Voluntary Disconnection
Art 7.133 Unless otherwise agreed and specified in a Connection Agreement, a Grid
Participant shall give six months prior notice in writing to the ETU of its intention to
permanently disconnect a facility from a NITS Node.

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Art 7.134 Subject to the terms of the relevant Connection Agreement, a Grid Participant
is entitled to request voluntary permanent disconnection or decommissioning of its
equipment from the NITS, in which case appropriate operating procedures necessary
to ensure that the disconnection will not threaten power system security must be
implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Grid Code.

Art 7.135 The ETU shall perform studies to determine the impact of voluntary
disconnection of a Grid participant’s facility to enable the ETU establish any threat
to the power system as a result of the voluntary disconnection

Art 7.136 The Grid Participant shall pay all costs including the cost of grid impact study
directly attributable to the voluntary disconnection and decommissioning.

Decommissioning Procedures
Art 7.137 In the event that a Grid Participant's facility is to be permanently disconnected
from the NITS, the ETU, the relevant Asset Owner and the Grid Participant shall,
prior to such disconnection occurring, coordinate and follow an agreed procedure for
the disconnection.

Art 7.138 The Asset Owner shall notify the ETU and any other Grid Participant with
whom the ETU has a Connection Agreement if it believes, in its reasonable opinion,
that the terms and conditions of such a Connection Agreement will be affected by the
procedures for disconnection or proposed procedures agreed with any other Grid
Participant. The parties shall negotiate any amendments to the procedures for
disconnection or any amendments to the Connection Agreement that may be
required.

Involuntary Disconnection
Art 7.139 The ETU or a NITS Asset Owner may without the prior consent of any
affected Grid Participant, disconnect a Grid Participant's facilities from the Grid
under any of the following conditions:
(a) during an emergency in accordance with the provisions of the Grid
Code;
(b) in accordance with applicable laws, order of the law courts; or

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(c) in accordance with the provisions of the Grid Participant’s Connection

Agreement.
Art 7.140 In all cases of disconnection by the ETU during an emergency, the ETU shall
undertake a review and thereafter provide a report within fifteen working days after
the review to the Grid Participant and the ETCadvising of the circumstances
requiring such action.

Art 7.141 In carrying out its obligations above where there is more than one Grid
Participant involved, the ETU shall, to the extent practicable,
(a) implement an equitable sharing of the reconnection of facilities up to the
power transfer capability of the network, and,
(b) in performing these obligations, both the ETU and the relevant Asset
Owner shall, to the extent practicable, give priority to reconnection of
sensitive loads.
Art 7.142 All disconnections of a Grid Participant’s facilities other than those required
during an emergency, shall be undertaken in an orderly manner and include a request
to the relevant Grid Participant to reduce the power transfer level at the proposed
point of disconnection to zero prior to disconnection at the appointed time.

Disconnection to implement regulatory order

Art 7.143 The ETU or a NITS Asset Owner may, pursuant to a directive given by a
regulatory or legal authority in accordance with the laws of Ghana or following the
withdrawal of the Grid Participant’s licence or permit in accordance with the
licensing regulations or permitting guidelines, disconnect a Grid Participant’s
facilities from the NITS without the Grid Participant’s prior consent.

Obligation to reconnect
Art 7.144 The ETU shall reconnect a Grid Participant's facility to the NITS as soon as
practicable if
(a) it is reasonably satisfied that there no longer exists an emergency due to
which the Grid Participant’s facility was disconnected under this Section
of the Grid Code;

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(b) it is satisfied that there no longer exists a reason for the disconnection
under applicable laws or the Grid Participant’s Connection Agreement; or
(c) any of the following conditions are met:
i) a Code breach giving rise to disconnection has been remedied,
ii) where the breach is not capable of remedy, compensation has been
agreed and paid by the Grid Participant to the affected parties or,
failing agreement, the amount of compensation payable has been
determined in accordance with the dispute resolution procedure of
the ETC and that amount has been paid,
iii) where the breach is not capable of remedy and the amount of
compensation has not been agreed or determined, assurances for the
payment of reasonable compensation have been given to the
satisfaction of the ETU, the Asset Owner and the affected parties,
or
iv) the Grid Participant has taken all necessary steps to prevent the re-
occurrence of the breach and has delivered binding undertakings to
the ETU or the NITS Asset Owner that the breach will not re-occur.

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PART C: RULES OF PRACTICE

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Section 8. Operations Sub-Code

Background, purpose and scope

Art 8.0 This section of the Grid Code, the Operations Sub-code, contains the provisions
and regulations covering all relevant aspects of power system operation. The
Operations Sub-Code governs the day-to-day control, management and short-term
planning functions needed to ensure the satisfactory performance of the NITS.

Art 8.01 The purpose of this Operations Sub-Code is to define the general arrangements,
obligations of the ETU, Grid Participants, policies, criteria and procedures needed to
ensure the coordinated operation of the NITS in a manner consistent with the
security of supply and reliability requirements as set out in Technical Schedule TS-L
taking into account any expected or real constraints on the generation and
transmission systems.

Art 8.02 This sub-code shall apply to the ETU, all Grid Participants and their agents.

Art 8.03 All entities to whom this Sub-code applies shall adopt Prudent Utility Practice at
all times to ensure reliable and satisfactory operation of the NITS.

Operations planning and management

Art 8.04 The ETU shall have responsibility for the Operations planning and management
functions within the NITS which shall comprise
(a) all tasks concerned with scheduling and controlling the operation of the
generating units and the transmission equipment to ensure adequate
operating margins,
(b) development of procedures for maintaining system integrity during
emergencies and
(c) coordination of maintenance outages with NITS Asset Owners,
Wholesale Suppliers, Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers.
Art 8.05 The purpose of Operations planning shall be to provide a guide for effective and
efficient dispatch of the power system and to ensure that short-term and medium-
term events such as maintenance and repair works on equipment and apparatus,

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constructional activities in the transmission system and schedules registered with the
ETU are handled efficiently by taking them into consideration in the planning of
daily operational activities.

Operations Planning Criteria

General principles
Art 8.06 Operations planning for the NITS shall be based on operations criteria that are
designed to maintain the reliability and continuity of electricity supply within the
NITS at least cost.

Art 8.07 In performing the operations planning function the ETU shall take into account
the maintenance cycle of plant and equipment and prepare annual, monthly, weekly
and daily operational plans to achieve the required objectives.

Art 8.08 The ETU shall at all times have a set of current plans, which are based on
evaluated options and implement these plans to ensure that NITS reliability is
maintained.

Art 8.09 The ETU shall measure, record and account for all power and energy flowing or
interchanged over the NITS and shall install and operate devices of acceptable
accuracy at each input and output node or feeder of the NITS for the purposes stated
in Articles 9.10 - 9.18.

Generation Management
Art 8.10 The ETU shall operate sufficient generation capacity under automatic control to
meet its obligation to continuously balance power demand and supply in real-time in
accordance with the stipulated reliability and quality of service standards.

Voltage Management
Art 8.11 The ETU, in operating the transmission system, shall schedule generating plant
reactive power outputs and procure reactive compensation as necessary to maintain
the voltages at all NITS nodes and substations within established limits, as stipulated
in Technical Schedule TS-L.

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Art 8.12 Each generating plant shall be capable of continuous operation within the
stipulated power factor range to support voltages under normal and contingency
conditions.

Time and Frequency Management

Art 8.13 The ETU shall control and operate all relevant NITS equipment and devices to
maintain system frequency within the stipulated performance and reliability limits.

Art 8.14 Each Wholesale Supplier, wherever possible, shall contribute to frequency
regulation in order to achieve the required balance.

Art 8.15 Operating limits for frequency deviation and time error shall be established with
NITS reliability as first priority.

Art 8.16 Each Wholesale Supplier shall participate in time error correction procedures
and the ETU shall coordinate the time error correction procedures.

Interchange Management
Art 8.17 Each Wholesale Supplier shall, through daily schedule verification and the use
of reliable metering equipment, accurately measure, control and account for all
energy and power interchanges.

Art 8.18 Recognizing generation and load patterns, each Grid Participant shall be active
in preventing inadvertent interchange accumulation.

Operating reserves criteria

Art 8.19 The ETU shall schedule for operation at all times adequate generation resources
to provide a level of operating reserves, sufficient to allow adequate cover for:
(a) errors in demand forecasting, regulating requirements and system load
diversity;
(b) deviations in generation and transmission equipment unavailability; and
(c) variations in internal grid needs taking into account such factors as
number and size of generating units, system equipment usage, forced
outages and maintenance schedules, all in order to meet applicable
standards for system reliability and security.

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Types of reserves
Art 8.20 Operating Reserves are that generation capability above firm system demand
that are required to meet the standards of an adequately responsive system for
regulation, load forecasting error, mismatch between generation and demand,
equipment forced outages and scheduled outages. Operating reserves consist of
spinning reserves and non-spinning reserves.

Art 8.21 Spinning reserve consists of the unloaded generation capacity, which is
synchronized and ready to automatically serve additional demand without human
intervention in order to arrest a drop of system frequency due to an instantaneous
mismatch between generation and demand. It shall include and consist primarily of
the additional output from currently operating generating plant that is realizable in
real time and can be provided steadily for at least one hour.

Art 8.22 Non-spinning reserve is that generating capacity not operating or synchronised
to the system but which is available to serve demand within thirty minutes of being
requested so to do. Specifically, Non-spinning reserve shall comprise the steady
output available from a generating unit that can be synchronized to the NITS and
loaded up within the specified period to respond to an unexpected demand increase
or loss of generation or transmission capacity.

Determination and allocation of operating reserves

Art 8.23 The ETU shall determine and have adequate operating reserves available at all
times in order to ensure the security and reliability of power supply within the NITS.

Art 8.24 The Spinning Reserve at any time shall be large enough to enable the grid
withstand any one of the following events:
(a) the loss of the generating unit currently producing the highest amount of
power within the NITS, or
(b) the loss of generation capacity that could result from any single
transmission equipment failure, fault or other contingency, or
(c) the loss of any power in-feed from an interconnected system,
whichever is the largest.

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Art 8.25 The ETU shall allocate and distribute the required Spinning Reserves among the
generating units operating within the NITS such that the grid is able to withstand any
single contingency.

Art 8.26 The ETU shall determine the amount of Non-spinning Reserve that is required
within the NITS and allocate and distribute this requirement among any available
generating units provided the generating unit can be synchronized and put on line
within the stipulated time of thirty (30) minutes.

Art 8.27 The security of supply from the NITS especially under certain contingency
conditions, depends on the reliable and prompt start-up of Non-spinning Reserves
whenever required. Accordingly, a grid participantdesignated or allocated as part of
the Non-spinning Reserves shall ensure its readiness to start-up and generate its full
allocated power within the stipulated period. A grid particitant that fails to meet this
obligation shall be in breach of the Grid Code and shall be liable for penalties as
provided for under the Electricity Market Rules.

System voltage and reactive power criteria

Art 8.28 Operations planning of the grid shall assume that the reactive power
requirements at all NITS nodes, feeders and substations are such that the power
factor at these points is between 0.90 lagging and unity.

Art 8.29 Operations planning of the grid shall also assume that all generating units
connected to the NITS are capable of continuous operation at a power factor of 0.85
lagging and 0.95 leading at rated active power output.

Art 8.30 Operations planning for the NITS shall ensure that voltages are maintained
within the stipulated range, provided loads and generating plants abide by the above
requirements.

Co-ordination of reactive power compensation

Art 8.31 On the basis of the expected power flows, the ETU shall predict the voltage
profile of the NITS and the reactive power generation and reactive reserve capacity
requirements for each section of the system and from each generating unit in order to
ensure satisfactory voltage levels.

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Art 8.32 The ETU shall instruct the use of voltage control devices and also despatch the
reactive power output of generating units to meet the requirements as economically
as possible.

Basic reactive power compensation

Art 8.33 Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers and any other NITS off-taker shall
install devices in their respective networks that provide sufficient reactive power
compensation to maintain their operations within the stipulated average power factor
of not lower than 0.90 lagging.

Art 8.34 All generation units shall be designed to be capable of continuous operation or
in-feeding power at a power factor between 0.95 leading and 0.85 lagging as a
normal requirement. Such reactive power compensation generally referred to as the
“Basic Reactive Power Compensation” shall be to the account of the ETU as part of
the general cost of operating the NITS.

Art 8.35 The ETU shall co-ordinate with each generation plant the setting of generating
unit operating points and the use of voltage control equipment to maintain
transmission voltages as specified in Technical Schedule TS-L.

Supplementary reactive power compensation

Art 8.36 Where a Distribution Company, Bulk Customer or any other NITS off-taker
fails to maintain its reactive power requirements or power factor within the stipulated
range, the ETU may procure or provide supplementary reactive compensation in
order to ensure that the NITS voltage standards are achieved. Such users shall be
liable to pay compensation to the ETU in addition to penalties at rates set out in
Technical Schedule TS-C or the Electricity Market Rules which are commensurate
with either the level of their reactive power needs that are in excess of their limits or
the level of supplementary reactive compensation deemed to have been procured by
the ETU due to their failure.

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Art 8.37 The ETU shall schedule, provide, procure and/or despatch supplementary
reactive power compensation as necessary to maintain system voltage within limits
during normal operations as well as during grid contingency conditions.

Art 8.38 The normal provision of reactive power requirements by any generating plant
shall be without compensation but dispatch instructions for operation beyond the
standard requirement shall attract compensation payments from the ETU as provided
under the Electricity Market Rules.

Compliance of generating plants with instructions

Art 8.39 The Operators of generating plants shall comply with the instructions of the
ETU and operate accordingly to provide reactive power compensation to maintain
voltage levels.

Art 8.40 The Operators of the generating plants shall inform the ETU of any difficulties
in meeting the agreed voltage levels or in providing the reactive power compensation
requirements.

Art 8.41 The generating plants shall in addition ensure that automatic voltage regulators
and other such devices are continuously in service and inform the ETU accordingly
whenever a generating unit is operating without its automatic voltage regulator or
any such devices.

Art 8.42 The inability or unwillingness of the Operators or owner of a generating plant to
comply with the valid instructions of the ETU (i.e. to operate at any point within the
stipulated limits) shall constitute a breach of the Grid Code for which penalties and
surcharges may be assessed and applied as stipulated Technical Schedule TS – C:

Transmission operations planning

Art 8.43 For the purposes of real-time control of the power system, the ETU shall
regularly perform transmission operations planning studies.

Art 8.44 The transmission operations planning studies shall be made on a coordinated
basis to determine:
(a) the configuration and operating characteristics of facilities necessary for
satisfactory operation of the NITS; and

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(b) the operating limitations for normal operation when all transmission
components are in service and also under abnormal or emergency
conditions.

Art 8.45 Transmission operations planning shall be in accordance with and satisfy the N-
1 contingency criteria.
Art 8.46 Periodic studies shall be undertaken to determine the Emergency Transfer
Capability of interconnection transmission lines.

Power system operating states

Normal State
Art 8.47 The NITS shall be considered to be in a Normal State when all the following
conditions are satisfied:
(a) the operating reserves as specified in the Operating Manual are
sufficient;
(b) the system frequency is within the limits of 49.8Hz and 50.2Hz;
(c) voltages at all NITS buses are within the limits of ±5% of the nominal
value;
(d) the loading levels of all transmission circuits and substation equipment
are below 85% of their continuous ratings;
(e) all interconnection transmission lines having or likely to have an impact
on the operation of the NITS are being operated within their ratings; and
(f) the NITS configuration is such that any potential fault current can be
interrupted and the faulted equipment can be isolated from the NITS and
the NITS shall remain secure against an N-1 contingency event.

Alert State
Art 8.48 The NITS shall be considered to be in an Alert State when any one of the
following conditions exist:
(a) the system operating reserve is less than the required margin;
(b) the system frequency is outside the limits for the Normal State, but
within 49.0Hz to 51.0Hz;
(c) the N-1 contingency criterion is violated;

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(d) the voltage at any NITS bus is outside the limits of ±5% of the
nominal value but within the limits of ±10% of the nominal value;
(e) there is critical loading or imminent overloading of transmission
lines or substation equipment;
(f) a weather disturbance has impacted the NITS, which may affect its
operations ;
(g) cyber security threat; or
(h) a social unrest or public order problem exists, which may pose a
threat to NITS operations.

Art 8.49 The ETU shall declare the power system to be in an Alert State when any of the
above conditions exist on the NITS and all Grid Participants shall coordinate their actions
to restore the NITS to the Normal State.

Art 8.50 Once an Alert State has been declared, the ETU may take such action as it
determines appropriate, including:
(a) cancelling all planned maintenance or other work affecting the
security of the NITS;
(b) cancelling and denying requests for or deferring approved outages;
(c) directing that parts of the NITS be returned to service, as required;
and
(d) operating at security limits appropriate for an Alert State.

Emergency State
Art 8.51 The NITS shall be considered to be in an Emergency State when a multiple
contingency system condition has occurred without resulting in a total system
collapse, in addition to the existence of any one of the following conditions:
(a) there is a generation deficiency; or
(b) NITS transmission voltages are outside the limits of ±10% of the nominal
value; or
(c) the loading level of any transmission circuit or substation equipment is
above 110% of its continuous rating.

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Art 8.52 The ETU shall declare the power system to be in an Emergency State when any
of the above conditions specified for an Emergency State exists on the NITS or when
the ETU determines that there exists a situation which has an adverse effect on
electricity supply or which poses a significant threat to system security.

Art 8.53 During an Emergency State, all Grid Participants shall coordinate their actions
to restore the NITS to the Normal State.

Art 8.54 Once an Emergency State has been declared, the ETU shall operate within the
security limits appropriate for an Emergency State which shall include taking such
necessary action as the following:
(a) cancelling all maintenance or other planned work affecting the
security of the NITS;
(b) cancelling, denying requests for or deferring approved planned
outages;
(c) directing that transmission or generation facilities be returned to
service; and
(d) operating to security limits appropriate for an Emergency State.

Extreme State
Art 8.55 The NITS shall be considered to be in an Extreme State when corrective
measures taken by the ETU during an Emergency State have failed to maintain the
security of the NITS and has resulted in either cascading trips, islanding and/or
system collapse.

Restorative State
Art 8.56 The NITS shall be considered to be in Restorative State when generating units,
transmission lines, substation equipment and loads are being energized and
synchronized to restore the Grid to its Normal State.

Power system operation criteria

Art 8.57 The NITS shall be operated so that it remains in the Normal State.

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Art 8.58 The NITS shall be operated and maintained to meet the operating limits and
benchmarks stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-L including other Reliability and
Performance Standards under the Grid Code.

Art 8.59 The Security and Reliability of the NITS shall be determined based on a Single
Contingency criterion which is that the NITS shall continue to operate in the Normal
State following the loss of any one generating unit, a transmission line or a
transformer.

Art 8.60 The system frequency shall be controlled by the spinning reserve during the
Normal State and by the timely use of non-spinning reserve and demand
management practices during the Alert State and the Emergency State.

Art 8.61 The NITS shall be operated at adequate security levels to reduce vulnerability to
transient instability, dynamic instability and voltage instability problems.

Art 8.62 Adequate spinning reserve and non-spinning reserve shall be available to
stabilize the NITS and facilitate the restoration to the Normal State following a
disturbance leading to loss of generating capacity.

Art 8.63 Following a contingency event or a significant change in power system

conditions, it is possible that the power system may no longer be in a condition
which could be considered secure on the occurrence of a further contingency event.
The ETU shall take all reasonable actions to adjust the operating conditions with a
view to returning the power system to the Normal operating state as soon as it is
practical to do so.

Art 8.64 The ETU shall ensure that adequate load shedding facilities that could be
initiated automatically by frequency conditions are available and in service to
facilitate the restoration of the power system to a Normal State following significant
contingency events.

Art 8.65 All Grid Participants shall be required to provide and maintain all required
facilities consistent with Prudent Utility Practice and to operate equipment in a
manner so as to:

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(a) assist in preventing or controlling instability within the power

system;
(b) assist in the maintenance of, or restoration of the NITS to a Normal
State of operation; and
(c) prevent uncontrolled separation of the power system, transmission
break-up, or cascading outages, following any power system incident.

Power system frequency control

Art 8.66 The ETU shall use its reasonable endeavours to control the power system
frequency and ensure that the power system frequency performance standards
defined in the Technical Schedule TS-F of the Grid Code are achieved.

Art 8.67 To assist in the effective control of power system frequency by the ETU,
(a) The authority to control and direct the output of generating units
shall rest with the ETU;
(b) Each generating unit in operation on the power system shall
provide spinning reserve for primary frequency regulation as a normal
requirement and the provision of such spinning reserve shall be without
compensation. The percentage of each generating unit capacity which
shall provide this spinning reserve shall be determined by the ETU and
reviewed annually;

(c) Generating plants, however, are required to provide any necessary

protective devices or systems to protect their plant and associated
facilities against abnormal and extreme frequency excursions on the
power system;
(d) The ETU shall arrange to have available and specifically allocate
generating plant as found appropriate that can be automatically controlled
through AGC or directed by the ETU to ensure that normal load
variations do not result in frequency deviations outside the defined limits
for normal operation;

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(e) The ETU shall procure adequate ancillary services to cater for the
impact of potential power system disruptions on the power system
frequency arising from the most critical single contingency event; and
(f) The ETU shall ensure that adequate facilities are available at all times
and are under its direction to allow for the managed recovery of the NITS
to its Normal State whenever required.

Power system voltage control

Art 8.68 The ETU shall use all reasonable endeavours to control power system voltages
and ensure that the defined power system voltage standards of the Grid Code are
achieved.

Art 8.69 To assist in the effective control of power system voltages:

(a) The ETU shall ensure that sufficient resources are available
throughout the NITS to meet applicable performance standards for
reactive power support and voltage control;
(b) The necessary procedures shall be as established by the ETU in the
relevant System Operations Manuals;
(c) The ETU, in consultation with Grid Participants, shall assess and
determine the limits of the operation of the power system associated with
the avoidance of voltage failure or collapse under credible contingency
event scenarios, which determination shall include a review of the
dynamic stability of the power system;
(d) The voltage limits of the power system shall be translated by the
ETU into key location operational voltage target settings, transmission
line capacity limits, reactive power production or absorption capacity or
other appropriate limits;
(e) The ETU shall direct providers of reactive power support and
voltage control service to take any actions necessary to maintain stable
voltage levels in accordance with relevant provisions of Connection
Agreements, applicable performance standards and contractual

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arrangements for ancillary services in order to prevent the collapse of

voltages on the NITS;

(f) If voltages are outside acceptable limits, and the means of voltage
control are exhausted, the ETU shall take all other reasonable actions,
including directing changes to demand, selective load shedding,
additional generation or reduction in transmission line flows but only to
the extent necessary to restore the voltages to within the relevant limits
and all Grid Participants shall comply with any such directions;
(g) Sufficient data acquisition equipment with suitable indicators shall
be available to the ETU and generating plants to monitor system voltage
levels, load-tap-change settings, reactive power flow and status of
reactive power supply resources; and
(h) The ETU shall arrange, coordinate and supervise the conduct of
appropriate tests to assess the availability and adequacy of the provision
of reactive power to control and maintain power system voltages under
Normal, Alert and Emergency States.

Protection co-ordination
Art 8.70 Relaying at Connection Points shall be of primary concern to the ETU because
the satisfactory operation of the NITS, especially under abnormal conditions, is
dependent upon the relay equipment and relay schemes in effect..

Art 8.71 A Grid Participant shall design, implement, coordinate and maintain its
protection system to ensure the desired speed, sensitivity and selectivity in clearing
faults on the Grid Participant’s side of the Connection Point.

Art 8.72 The NITS shall have adequate and coordinated primary and backup protection at
all times to limit the magnitude of Grid disturbances when a fault or equipment
failure occurs.

Art 8.73 Where there is an outage of one protection system of a transmission element, the
ETU shall determine, in consultation with the relevant NITS Asset Owner, the most
appropriate action to take.

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Art 8.74 Where there is an outage of both protection systems on a transmission element
and the ETU determines this to be an unacceptable risk to power system security, the
ETU may take the transmission element out of service as soon as possible and advise
the relevant NITS Asset Owner immediately of the action undertaken.

Art 8.75 The ETU shall coordinate the necessary inspections and tests to ensure that the
protection of the power system is adequate to avoid damage to power system plant
and equipment.

Operating Personnel

Art 8.76 The ETU shall be responsible for all persons who operate any equipment on the
NITS.

Art 8.77 No person(s) shall directly operate equipment forming part of or directly
connected to the NITS, irrespective of ownership, unless such person(s) have been
accessed and certified by the ETU as qualified to do so.

Art 8.78 All person(s) certified by the ETU to operate equipment forming part of or
directly connected to the NITS shall periodically attend refresher programs to be
organised by the ETU, for which the periodicity shall be determined by the ETU.

Appointment of agents and authorised communications

Art 8.79 A Grid Participant may appoint an agent (called a “Grid Participant Agent”) to
coordinate operations of one or more of that Grid Participant’s facilities on its behalf,
but only with the prior written consent of the ETU.

Art 8.80 A Grid Participant that has appointed a Grid Participant Agent may replace that
Grid Participant Agent but only with a prior written consent of the ETU.

Art 8.81 The ETU may only withhold its consent to the appointment of a Grid Participant
Agent if it reasonably believes that the appointed agent is not suitably qualified or
experienced to coordinate operation of the relevant facility at the interface with a
transmission network.

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Art 8.82 The ETU may appoint a person to carry out operations on its behalf at the
interface of the NITS with the Grid Participant’s facilities.

Art 8.83 The ETU and its representative (including authorised agents) may rely on any
communications given
(a) by a Grid Participant Agent as being given by the relevant Grid
Participant; and
(b) to a Grid Participant Agent as having been given to the relevant Grid
Participant.

Art 8.84 For the purposes of this Grid Code,

(a) the act or omission of a person appointed by a Grid Participant as an
agent shall be deemed to be the act or omission of the relevant Grid
Participant, and
(b) communication between the respective appointees of the ETU and a Grid
Participant shall be deemed to be authorised communication.

Demand management
Art 8.85 This section of the Operations Sub-Code applies to situations on the NITS
where:

(a) there is insufficient generation capacity available from generation

facilities to satisfy expected demand,

(b) operating challenges that affect the ability to serve load exist, or

(c) there is a breakdown on any part of the NITS.

Art 8.86 The section identifies actions that the ETU may take or may direct Grid
Participants to take to assist in achieving reductions in demand to either avoid or
alleviate such situations.

Demand management in an Emergency Operating State

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Automatic Frequency Load Shedding (AFLS)

Art 8.87 An AFLS scheme shall be implemented to maintain the frequency of the NITS
and to restore it to normal, following frequency deviations outside of the limits
established by the Grid Code.

Art 8.88 All Grid Participants with the exception of Wholesale Suppliers shall provide
AFLS facilities to enable automatic interruption of load.

Art 8.89 The AFLS scheme shall be implemented in accordance with the philosophy
stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-A.

Art 8.90 The ETU, in consultation with Grid Participants, shall develop a Demand
Management Guidelines Manual which shall include the basis for exclusions to
demand management activities that are undertaken during under-frequency
conditions. The manual shall be updated as and when necessary.

Art 8.91 Following load shedding to maintain the frequency of the NITS, the ETU shall
communicate conditions on the power system to all affected Grid Participants within
60 minutes after the action.

Art 8.92 No Grid Participant shall restore load that has been shed until directions have
been received from the ETU permitting it to do so and the Grid Participant shall
commence the restoration of load immediately following receipt of such direction.

Art 8.93 Each Grid Participant shall, as soon as practicable, provide the ETU with an
estimate of the demand reduction that has occurred as a result of an AFLS operation.

Art 8.94 When an Emergency Operating State has been declared by the ETU, the actions
available to the ETU to safeguard the security of the NITS may include issuing
directions to a Grid Participant to take manual action to reduce demand for
electricity.

Art 8.95 A Grid Participant that receives a directive from the ETU to reduce demand
shall achieve the reduction in demand within five (5) minutes of receipt of the
directive and shall, as soon as practicable, notify the ETU that it has done so.

Art 8.96 The Grid Participant that has reduced its demand shall not restore it until
directions have been received from the ETU permitting it to do so and the Grid

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Participant shall commence restoration immediately following receipt of such

directions.

Art 8.97 Where demand reduction within a Grid Participant’s network may not be
adequate to relieve dangerous system conditions, the ETU may instruct block load-
shedding or resort to tripping of feeders or transformers at bulk supply substations.

Ancillary services
Art 8.98 The ETU shall ensure the availability and adequacy of ancillary services to
support the transmission of energy from generating sources to loads while
maintaining, reliable operation of the transmission system in accordance with
Prudent Utility Practice.

Art 8.99 The ETU shall operate to ensure that sufficient ancillary services are available to
satisfy the performance and reliability standards of the Grid Code.

Art 8.100 The requirements for ancillary services shall be adjusted from time to time by
the ETU to take into account factors including variations in power system conditions,
real-time dispatch constraints, contingency events, the prevailing risk or vulnerability
level of the NITS and the results of assessments of voltage and dynamic stability.

Art 8.101 The ETU shall determine the ancillary services requirements of the NITS using
demand forecasts for the time frame for which the ancillary services are to be
provided.

Art 8.102 Ancillary services shall include

(a) Spinning reserves for secondary frequency regulation,
(b) Non-spinning reserves,
(c) Voltage and reactive power control,
(d) Interruptible loads, and
(e) Black start capability.

Standards for ancillary services

Secondary Frequency Regulation
Art 8.103 Spinning reserves required to meet expected variations in system demand shall
be provided by Wholesale Power Suppliers with synchronized generating units

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capable of governor control and equipped with AGC facilities to respond to control
signals from the ETU Dispatch Centre.

Art 8.104 The ETU shall determine the total amount of AGC capacity required through
studies that identify the amount of reserves and regulation required to meet system
performance and reliability standards and by considering the likely variation in load
over the period.

Art 8.105 A generating unit that provides AGC regulation service shall meet the
following criteria:
(a) the generating unit must be capable of responding to direct control
signals from the ETU’s Dispatch Centre in both an upward and
downward direction;
(b) the output of the generating unit must be capable of being
monitored continuously by the ETU through observation of the
generating unit's AGC status which shall be observable, indicating
whether the generating unit is on AGC or not; and
(c) the generating unit must be capable of delivering the full amount of
regulating capacity contracted in both the upward and downward
directions within the time limit defined by the ETU.

Non-spinning reserves
Art 8.106 Non-spinning reserves which are required to maintain power system security
in the event of NITS or generation outages shall be provided from unsynchronized
generating units capable of being started, synchronized and loaded within the time
frame defined by the ETU.

Art 8.107 Non-spinning reserve shall be provided by contractually committing to the

ETU a generating unit that provides a portion of capacity that is idle or
unsynchronized and yet can be fully activated within thirty (30) minutes and is
capable of operating at the designated output level for at least one (1) hour.

Art 8.108 Notwithstanding Art. 8.107, a Wholesale Supplier that receives capacity
payments from its customer shall contribute to non-spinning reserve without
receiving additional payment for provision of this Ancillary Service.

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Art 8.109 The ETU shall determine the total amount of non-spinning reserve capacity
required to meet system performance and reliability standards and the determination
of this requirement shall be a function of the largest generating units and load blocks
on the system, as well as the combined system demand.

Voltage and reactive power control

Art 8.110 Reactive power compensation which is required to maintain adequate system
voltages and to prevent power system failure through voltage collapse shall be
provided from generating units operating outside the reactive power limits defined in
this Grid Code and from Grid Participants with the capability to supply additional
reactive power above their own requirements.

Art 8.111 The ETU shall conduct technical studies based on the quantities, characteristics
and locations of forecast demand to determine the quantities and locations of reactive
support required to maintain voltage levels and reactive margins within the required
standards

Art 8.112 Reactive power compensation and voltage control service shall be provided by
contractually committing to the ETU the ability to reserve and dispatch the reactive
power output of a generating unit and reactive power compensation devices.

Art 8.113 Every generating unit shall provide a minimum amount of reactive power to
the ETU, in accordance with the Grid Code and relevant Connection Agreements.

Black start capability

Art 8.114 All Generating plants shall have Black Start capability.

Art 8.115 Generating plants with Black Start capability are required to enable restoration
of the power system to a Normal State following a complete or partial failure of the
power system.

Art 8.116 The ETU shall prepare an emergency power system restoration plan and
determine the quantities and locations of Black Start generating units that are
required. The determination of Black Start requirements for the NITS shall be made
based on contingency studies performed in the preparation of the emergency
restoration plan which studies shall, at a minimum, take into account the following:

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(a) a range of reasonable initiating disturbances;

(b) the magnitude, extent and likelihood of the outage, the assumed
status of generation after the initiating disturbance and the system
demand level at the time of the disturbance;
(c) generating unit performance, including the probability that some
resources used to provide Black Start may fail to start; and
(d) the possibility that transmission system damage may prevent some
of the resources used to provide Black Start from serving their intended
loads.

Art 8.117 The ETU shall secure adequate Black Start capacity by contractually
committing self-starting generating unit capacities which shall be used to restore
service to the transmission system after a blackout.

Dispatch, monitoring and testing of ancillary services

Art 8.118 In the real time dispatch time frame, it will be necessary to regularly monitor
and manage the provision of the various ancillary services. The instructions for
these services shall be issued by the ETU, and sent to the relevant Grid Participant.

Art 8.119 Any information that is brought to the attention of the ETU, either by way of
direct communication with an ancillary service provider, or through other data shall
be logged.

Art 8.120 Monitoring of ancillary service performance by the ETU shall be by a

combination of on-going monitoring, unannounced tests and detailed analysis of
response to actual contingency events by Grid Participants.

Art 8.121 Where the ETU determines that a Grid Participant has not responded to its
instruction or there is an apparent deficiency in terms of ancillary service
performance, the Grid Participant shall in the first instance be contacted and the
deficiency discussed. The ETU shall record any reasons offered for the deficiency or
non-responsiveness.

Art 8.122 Where there is continuing non-responsiveness, deficiency or variation from

dispatch expectations on the part of Grid Participants, the occurrence shall be logged

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for review by the ETC and the Grid Participant advised to that effect. Logged details
shall include specific information offered by the Grid Participant and all other
evidence that is available.

Ancillary Services Agreement

Art 8.123 The ETU shall use reasonable endeavours to enter into agreements to provide
sufficient ancillary services to meet the system performance requirements, taking
into account those which are available or are provided under Connection
Agreements.

Art 8.124 The ETU may direct a Grid Participant to provide ancillary services agreed to
be provided under a Connection Agreement and a Grid Participant so directed shall
use reasonable endeavours to comply with any such direction.

Art 8.125 Unless otherwise agreed between the Parties, payment by the ETU under an
Ancillary Services Agreement may contain but shall not be limited to:
(a) components based on either or both of the contracted capabilities
and a measure of the ancillary service actually provided;
(b) a component reflective of demonstrable opportunity cost (i.e. lost
revenue or opportunity) incurred by the Grid Participant in providing the
ancillary service; and
(c) a component to provide the Grid Participant with a fair return in
respect of any additional direct costs associated with providing the
ancillary service.

Art 8.126 A Grid Participant shall not unreasonably refuse to provide ancillary services.

Art 8.127 The ETU shall, through the System Operations Manual, develop methods and
procedures to determine, control and monitor the performance of Grid Participants
who provide ancillary services.

Art 8.128 The ETU shall randomly monitor and check each provider of ancillary service
for compliance, in accordance with the requirements of the system.

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Art 8.129 When justifiable in terms of power system security, the ETU may direct any
Grid Participant to provide an ancillary service where the Grid Participant’s plant is
capable of doing so.

Art 8.130 The ETU shall offer compensation to a Grid Participant in respect of the
ancillary services provided where:
(a) the ETU directs a Grid Participant to provide ancillary services and the
Grid Participant provides the ancillary services; and
(b) there is no Ancillary Services Agreement in place with that Grid
Participant in respect of the required ancillary service;

Art 8.131 If compensation offered for provision of ancillary services is not accepted by
the Grid Participant and the level of compensation cannot be agreed, the Grid
Participant may seek a determination of a reasonable level of compensation in
accordance with the dispute resolution procedures of the Grid Code.

Power system restoration

Art 8.132 A partial or total system collapse represents one of the most serious fault
situations that may occur on the NITS. Due to the significance of such an incident
and the urgency in restoring supply to all customers, it is imperative that all Grid
Participants maintain a high level of awareness and understanding in respect of
power system restoration.

Art 8.133 Following a system collapse, the ETU shall coordinate power system
restoration in an orderly and secure manner.

Power System Restoration Plan

Art 8.134 The ETU shall develop and maintain a plan, the Power System Restoration
Plan, for restoring the power system following a major contingency event or
emergency as required by the applicable reliability standards and considered prudent
by the ETU.

Art 8.135 The Power System Restoration Plan shall cover elements as the ETU
determines necessary to implement effective restoration of the power system
including:

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(a) plans for managing major disturbances on the power system that
result in partial or total system collapse;
(b) plans for the testing and verification of emergency preparedness
facilities and procedures; and
(c) description of the roles of the ETU and various participants in the
power system restoration plan.

Art 8.136 The objective of the Power System Restoration Plan shall be to ensure that in
the event of a partial or total collapse normal supply is restored to all customers as
quickly and as safely as practicable in accordance with Prudent Utility Practice.

Art 8.137 The Power System Restoration Plan and associated procedures shall be
developed in consultation with all Grid Participants, and shall be reviewed and/or
updated at least annually, whenever changes are made in the power system
configuration or more frequently if required.

Art 8.138 Where an outside source of power is necessary for start-up, necessary
switching procedures shall be determined and reviewed periodically with
dispatchers and the operating personnel;

Art 8.139 It shall be the responsibility of each Grid Participant to ensure that any of its
personnel who may reasonably be expected to be involved in power system
restoration are familiar with, and are adequately trained and experienced in the
procedures to be carried out and shall have sufficient authority to be able to
implement the plan and comply with any instructions issued by the ETU.

Art 8.140 The ETU and all relevant Grid Participants shall verify the restoration
procedure by actual testing or by simulation.

Restoration Process
Art 8.141 The ETU shall issue instructions for generating plants with Black Start
capability to initiate a Start-up.

Art 8.142 Upon receipt of the instruction from the ETU, Grid Participants providing
Black Start shall start-up immediately to energize a part of the NITS and/or
synchronize to the NITS.

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Art 8.143 The ETU shall issue directions to Grid Participants in restoring the power
system following major disturbances and each Grid Participant shall be responsible
for carrying out such ETU directions in accordance with the provisions of the Power
System Restoration Plan.

Art 8.144 The ETU shall coordinate the rate that load is restored to prevent adding load
faster than generation and transmission capabilities permit.

Art 8.145 During total or partial collapse and as conditions are being brought back to
normal, the system may be operated outside normal voltage and frequency standards.

Art 8.146 The ETU shall inform all Grid Participants after completing the restoration of
the NITS, that the Emergency State no longer exists and that the NITS is back to
Normal State and normal scheduling and dispatching operations shall then be
resumed.

Outage/maintenance planning
General
Art 8.147 The purpose of this section of the sub-code is to enable the ETU to review,
assess, coordinate, control and manage the impact of outage schedules on the
fulfilment of its reliability-related obligation of the NITS.

Art 8.148 The section defines the responsibilities of the various parties with regards to
the outage planning process. It provides for the notification of outage requirements,
the permitting of outages and identification of the categories of equipment whose
outage requires notification or permission prior to withdrawal from service. It
requires Grid Participants to obtain the approval of the ETU in respect of planned
outage schedules, permits the ETU to reject, defer and recall outages that may have
an unacceptable impact on the reliability of the NITS and provides for certain
consequences following the cancellation of outages.

Art 8.149 The ETU shall ensure that generation and transmission equipment outages are
planned and coordinated to maximize resource utilization and to minimize down-
time all in the pursuit of reliable service and least operating cost.

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Art 8.150 The planning of the temporary or final shutdown of equipment shall be
undertaken sufficiently in advance to enable technical contingency measures to be
implemented.

Requirements and exceptions to prior approval for outages

Art 8.151 No person shall take any action that will cause an outage or affect the optimum
operation of equipment that forms part of the NITS unless it is approved in writing
by the ETU. Such equipment and facilities shall include the following:
(a) facilities and equipment forming part of the NITS;
(b) generation facility and auxiliary equipment connected to the NITS;
(c) generation facility embedded in a Grid Participant’s network;
(d) protective relaying equipment and facilities; and
(e) communication and telemetry equipment required for the operation
of the NITS.
Art 1.0 Equipment which require outage must be reported and scheduled with the ETU
in accordance with the provisions of this section.

The ETU may amend from time to time and publish in the System Operations
Manual, the full description of the equipment and facilities which require outage. .

Art 8.152 Grid Participants may not remove from service the equipment and facilities
described in Article 9.149 other than in accordance with this section, unless such
removal from service is necessary to prevent substantial damage to the Grid
Participant’s equipment, facilities or the environment or to protect the safety of
employees or the public.

Art 8.153 If any equipment or facilities are removed from service for any of the reasons
stated in Article 9.151, the Grid Participant shall
(a) promptly advise the ETU by phone giving the specific reasons for such
action, and
(b) thereafter notify the ETU in writing within 24 hours.

Art 8.154 All schedules for equipment outages shall require the prior approval of the
ETU .

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Art 8.155 Outage of generation facilities having a nameplate rating of less than 5MW do
not need to be reported to or scheduled with the ETU unless the generation facility
has been designated by the ETU as affecting the reliability of the NITS.
Art 8.156 The ETU may, upon request, exempt certain additional facilities and equipment
from the application of the outage reporting and scheduling obligations set forth in
this section where the ETU determines that the granting of such an exemption is not
inconsistent with the reliable and efficient operation of the NITS.

Art 8.157 A Grid Participant may submit an exemption request to the ETU at any time;
however, a Grid Participant that has submitted an exemption request shall continue
to comply with the outage reporting and scheduling obligations with respect to the
facilities or equipment that they wish to be exempted until the ETU has notified its
approval or otherwise of the exemption request.

Preparation of outage plans

Art 8.158 The ETU has overall responsibility for assessment of the risk posed to the
NITS arising from maintenance and commissioning activities. The ETU shall
therefore coordinate maintenance activities, plan outages and administer the outage
scheduling process.

Art 8.159 The ETU shall, among other things, prepare the following outage plans:

(a) the annual Committed Outage Plan; and

(b) provisional Outage Plan for further two years;

Art 8.160 The ETU shall take the following into account during the preparation of outage
plans:
(a) forecast demand and the requirements of the NITS;
(b) the needs for maintenance of grid components;
(c) the maintenance program actually implemented;
(d) the request by Grid Participants for changes in their maintenance
schedules;
(e) the need to minimize the total cost of the maintenance activity;

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(f) potential fuel supply challenges

(g) any other relevant factor.
Art 8.161 All Grid Participants shall determine their annual Outage Needs based upon
their own criteria and assessments.

Art 8.162 A Grid Participant shall provide the ETU with its Outage Needs for the next
three years by June 15th of the preceding year.

Art 8.163 The Outage Needs shall include the following information which shall also be
provided whenever a Grid Participant wishes to request for an outage on its
equipment or facilities:
(a) identification of the equipment and the capacity to be affected;
(b) brief operational contingency and impact assessment;
(c) time to restore the element in an emergency;
(d) a description of the maintenance work to be carried out;
(e) the expected duration of the maintenance work;
(f) an indication of the preferred start date for the outage and the
expected completion date for the work; and
(g) an indication of whether there is flexibility in dates, the earliest
start and the latest completion dates.

Art 8.164 Based on the Outage Needs information submitted, the ETU shall prepare an
Initial Outage Plan for the next year and a Provisional Outage Plan for a further two
years.

Art 8.165 Whereas the ETU, in preparing the outage plans, shall endeavour to
accommodate Grid Participants’ requests for particular dates, the Outage Needs
submitted by a Grid Participant only represent a preference which shall be subject to
the scheduling considerations of the ETU.

Art 8.166 Where the Outage Needs of Grid Participants are in conflict or are
incompatible with the service requirements of the NITS such that they cannot be
accepted by the ETU, the ETU shall within four(4) weeks of receipt inform the
affected Grid Participants and suggest, for their consideration, alternatives that

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resolve the conflict following which the affected Grid Participants shall submit
revised Outage Needs.

Art 8.167 Upon receipt of the revised Outage Needs, the ETU shall circulate the Initial
Outage Plan to Grid Participants not later than September 15 th of the preceding year,
including all the Outage Needs provided by Grid Participants.

Art 8.168 The ETU shall consult with affected Grid Participants over any unresolved
conflicts, prepare and issue by the 1st day of December to all Grid Participants and
the Commision, the committed Outage Plan for the forth coming year.

Art 8.169 The committed Outage Plan shall comprise a list indicating the planned outages
by Grid Participants and the associated facility or equipment that have received the
ETU’s planning approval.

Art 8.170 Outage Needs that are not included in the approved annual Outage Plan shall
be deemed to have been denied by the ETU.

Outage/maintenance coordination
Art 8.171 Towards the coordinated implementation of their individual maintenance
programs, each Grid Participant shall develop in accordance with the committed
Outage plan, monthly Outage Requests which specify the details of the maintenance
program for each week of the month.

Art 8.172 The Outage request for each month shall be submitted to the ETU at least thirty
(30) days before the work planned is to start.

Art 8.173 The ETU shall approve all monthly Outage requests that are in accordance with
the committed Outage plan unless unforeseen conditions make it unwise or
unacceptable from the reliability, security or safety perspective for the outage to
proceed.

Art 8.174 The ETU shall furnish the Commission and PURC with the approved monthly
outage plan ten (10) days before the commencement of the month.

Art 8.175 A Grid Participant who no longer intends to proceed with a committed Outage
shall notify the ETU and any withdrawn outages may only be added to the outage
plans of subsequent months at the sole discretion of the ETU.

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Art 8.176 The ETU may deny, defer or cancel a previously approved outage if it
determines, in accordance with system reliability, security or safety criteria that the
planned outage poses a significant risk to the satisfactory operation of the NITS such
that it would not be prudent for the outage to proceed.

Art 8.177 Where the ETU cancels or denies a planned Outage from proceeding, it shall
inform the affected Grid Participant as soon as practical and cooperate with the Grid
Participant to arrange for the re-scheduling of the activity at the Grid Participant’s
earliest convenience.

Art 8.178 The ETU may, where necessary to maintain the reliability of the NITS in
extreme emergency conditions, recall a planned outage that has already commenced.

Art 8.179 The ETU shall not recall an ongoing planned outage unless it has first
cancelled, deferred or rejected requests for approval of all other planned outages the
cancellation, deferral or rejection of which could eliminate the need to recall the
ongoing planned outage and yet further control action is required.

Art 8.180 A Grid Participant whose ongoing planned outage has been recalled shall
arrange for the accelerated return to service of the facility or equipment in
accordance with the instructions of the ETU.

Restoration or return of equipment into service

Art 8.181 Grid Participants shall coordinate with the ETU in respect of the return to
service of equipment following an outage taking into account the observance of the
necessary safety requirements.

Outage records and reporting

Art 8.182 The ETU shall maintain a record of all submissions to the maintenance/outage
planning and coordination process and of all forced outage notices and associated
forced outage information submitted to it.

Art 8.183 The ETU shall, at the end of every quarter, provide a report indicating the
following with respect to outages and any related disputes :
(a) list of all forced outages that occurred during the period, including
planned outages that have been deemed as forced outages because they

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exceeded their approved duration and differentiating the outage types and
provide the reasons for each outage;
(b) a list of all planned outages;
(c) a list of all outages where the approval of the ETU was withdrawn,
including recalled outages together with the reasons for such withdrawal,
and a record of whether the Grid Participant submitted the matter to the
dispute resolution process;
(d) a list of all outages which were withdrawn by the Grid Participant prior to
commencement of the outage; and
(e) such other outage-related information as may be requested by the ETC.

Art 8.184 Any planned outage that takes place at a time or times other than the time
period approved by the ETU, including outages that extend beyond the time
approved by the ETU, shall be considered and reported as a forced outage and
referred to the ETC.

Equipment testing
Art 8.185 The testing or trial-running of any equipment, plant or facilities which could
adversely affect the stability, reliability or security of NITS services or the safety of
personnel or cause damage to equipment connected to the NITS shall require the
prior approval of the ETU.

Art 8.186 Tests for which the approval of the ETU is required shall include:
(a) the deliberate application of short circuits;
(b) generating plant capacity tests,
(c) stability tests of generation plants, such as turbine over-speed tests,
governor response tests and load-rejection tests;
(d) actions such as line and equipment trip tests;
(e) changes to the configuration of the NITS; and
(f) commissioning tests of new generation facilities and re-commissioning
tests of existing generation facilities.
Art 8.187 A Grid Participant who wishes to engage in any such test, shall submit a
request to the ETU including all the information needed and requested by the ETU

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and any other parties that are likely to be affected to assess the potential impact. As
a minimum, the information provided shall identify:
(a) the rationale for the tests;
(b) the equipment involved;
(c) the test method, system configurations or setup and relevant details
of contracts or agreements as they relate to the test activities;
(d) preferred and alternative dates and times for the conduct of the test;
(e) the expected impact of the test activities on power flows, voltage
and frequency, and of any other network characteristics that could affect
the stability and reliability of the NITS, including details of the steps or
precautions to be taken so as to minimize the negative impact on the
NITS and its users;
(f) details of special readings, curves, plots or observations, as
available; and
(g) the names, designation and affiliation of personnel who will be
involved in the test activities and methods of communication with those
who may be contacted in this respect.

Art 8.188 The request for the proposed test shall be made at least 14 days in advance of
the proposed test date to allow for the needed co-ordination and assessment by the
ETU to take place. No such test shall commence without the specific approval of the
ETU.

Art 8.189 The ETU shall permit a test referred to in this section to be performed unless
the ETU determines that the performance of the test poses an unacceptable level of
risk or that it will have an intolerable adverse impact.

Equipment identification and nomenclature

Art 8.190 In order to ensure the safe and effective operation of the NITS and to minimize
the risk of faults resulting from human error, equipment nomenclature and
identification shall be in accordance with a common standard which shall be
developed and maintained by the ETU.

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Art 8.191 All Grid Participants shall apply the common nomenclature system developed
by the ETU to code, number, and otherwise identify all NITS substations, plant and
equipment that form part of the NITS or are directly connected to the NITS.

Art 8.192 The nomenclature shall be used in all technical drawings, operations,
instructions, notices and other documents.

Art 8.193 A Grid Participant shall use reasonable endeavours to ensure that its
representatives comply with the nomenclature standards in any operational
communications with the ETU.

Art 8.194 A Grid Participant shall ensure that name plates on its equipment at any point
within the NITS conform to the nomenclature standards and that the nameplates are
maintained to ensure easy and accurate identification of equipment.

Art 8.195 The ETU may, by notice in writing, request a Grid Participant to change the
existing numbering or nomenclature of transmission equipment and apparatus of the
Grid Participant for purposes of uniformity, and the Grid Participant shall comply
with such a request provided that if the existing numbering or nomenclature
previously conformed with the nomenclature standards, the ETU shall pay all
reasonable costs incurred by the Grid Participant in complying with the request.

Communication systems and facilities

Art 8.196 The ETU is responsible for maintaining redundant means of communication
which are continuously available with all Grid Participants, particularly, Wholesale
Suppliers, Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers.

Art 8.197 The ETU and all Wholesale Suppliers, Distribution Companies and Bulk
Customers shall provide adequate and reliable telecommunication facilities,
including telephone, electronic mail, internally and with other Grid Participants
(where appropriate) to ensure the exchange of information necessary to maintain
system reliability. When possible, these facilities shall be redundant and diversely
routed.

ETU Communication Procedures

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Art 8.198 Procedures for operator-to-operator communication shall be established by

each Wholesale Supplier or Distribution Company working with the ETU so that
communication between operating personnel is consistent, efficient, and effective
during normal and emergency conditions.

Art 8.199 Operating instructions and procedures shall be established by each Grid
Participant to enable operations to continue during the loss of communication
facilities.

Guidelines and requirements for notification

Art 8.200 All Grid Participants shall provide the names of their contact persons.

Art 8.201 All Grid Participants shall give reasonable prior notice to all who may be
affected by operational actions, such as switching or parameter adjustments that they
intend to execute. The notice shall be given sufficiently in advance to allow others
to consider the impact and prepare.

Art 8.202 A notification of an operation shall, whenever possible, be communicated in

writing and shall be of sufficient detail to enable the recipient of the notification to
consider and analyze the implications and risks arising.

Art 8.203 Where there is insufficient time before the scheduled operation for notification
to be given in writing, then the notification shall be communicated by voice call to
enable the action to be taken without delay followed by a written confirmation of the
notification soon after the action has been completed.

Art 8.204 A notification shall include the name, position and other identification of the
individual issuing the notice.

Art 8.205 The individual issuing the notice shall be competent and capable of discussing
the technical merits, alternatives and implications of the notice.

Art 8.206 The issuing individual shall respond promptly and fully to any questions or
requests for clarification or additional information.

Art 8.207 The recipient of the notification may ask questions to clarify the notification
and the giver of the notification will, as far as is able, answer any questions raised.

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Art 8.208 While in no way limiting the specific requirements for notification as set out in
this section, the ETU and Grid Participants shall review from time to time the
operations and events that require notification.

Notification of planned ETU operations

Art 8.209 Prior to carrying out any operation such as switching or parameter adjustment
on a NITS equipment or device, the ETU shall inform all Grid Participants who may
be affected or the operator of any equipment or network connected to the NITS that
may experience an undesirable operational effect from the intended action.

Art 8.210 The notification shall give details of the operation to be carried out, the
intended time and the expected or possible impact and effect to be experienced.

Art 8.211 The notice shall also suggest the corresponding actions expected of the
recipient of the notification, if any.

Notification of Grid Participant operations

Art 8.212 A Grid Participant shall notify the ETU of any operations within the Grid
Participant’s facility which will or may have an operational effect on the NITS.

Art 8.213 The ETU may use the information gathered from the Grid Participant’s
notification in notifying any other Grid Participant whose facility or operations, in
the reasonable opinion of the ETU, is likely to be affected by the issued (Grid
Participant) notification.

Notification of Alert conditions and events

Art 8.214 Each Grid Participant shall advise the ETU without delay as soon as it becomes
aware of any condition that poses a risk to the smooth operation of the NITS
including the following specific conditions:
(a) Security Emergency: - when civil or public order problems which
may affect grid operations exist.
(b) Operating Reserves:- when the Operating Reserve is less than
required;
(c) Overload:- when there is critical loading or imminent overloading
of transmission lines or equipment;

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(d) Weather Disturbance:- when weather conditions or activities pose a

risk to grid operations; and
(e) Force majeure any Act-of-God event or other relevant condition
that poses a threat to grid operations.

Art 8.215 The ETU shall assess the risks and potential impact on the NITS as soon as it
becomes aware of any condition that poses a risk to grid operations.

Art 8.216 The ETU, if it considers it necessary, shall declare a state of Alert and notify all
Grid Participants who may be affected and the Commission accordingly with such
information as the ETU deems appropriate.

Art 8.217 . A Grid Participant may be furnished with any extra relevant information upon
request.

Art 8.218 For the duration of the Alert, each Wholesale Supplier, Distribution Company
or Bulk Customer in receipt of the Alert notice shall take the necessary steps to place
and maintain its plant or apparatus in the operational mode in which it is best able to
withstand the anticipated disturbance, unless otherwise instructed by the ETU.

Art 8.219 During the period while an Alert notice is still in effect, the ETU may vary the
scheduling and dispatch instructions from those dictated by the merit order
procedures in order to manage the risks.

Reporting of emergency, automatic or unplanned ETU operations

Art 8.220 Under circumstances where it is not possible to provide notification prior to the
execution of an operation or in the event that the ETU needs to carry out an
operation urgently, the ETU shall proceed with the action and thereafter inform Grid
Participants of the occurrence of the operation without undue delay.

Art 8.221 Immediately following an emergency, automatic or unplanned operation of

NITS equipment or devices, the ETU shall inform the Commission and each Grid
Participant whose system may have, or could experience an operational effect and
give details of what has happened.

Art 8.222 The ETU shall also inform the Grid Participant as to the likely duration of the
condition and provide updates, as appropriate. In addition, the ETU shall inform the

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Grid Participant when the condition has ended or as soon as reasonably possible
thereafter.

Routine monthly reporting

Art 8.223 The ETU shall prepare and submit within 15 days of the succeeding month, a
monthly report on NITS operations for the previous month.

Art 8.224 The monthly NITS operations reports shall include an evaluation of events and
other problems that occurred within the Grid for the previous month, the measures
undertaken to address them and the recommendations to prevent recurrence in the
future. In addition the monthly report shall contain data and information on the
following:-
(a) Frequency profile;
(b) Voltage profile at selected NITS Nodes;
(c) Major Generation and Transmission Outages;
(d) Transmission Constraints;
(e) Instances of persistent/significant non-compliance with the Grid Code.

Art 8.225 The monthly NITS operations reports shall be made readily available to Grid
Participants for a period of at least 12 months.

Quarterly and Annual reports

Art 8.226 The ETU shall prepare and submit quarterly and annual reports on the
performance of the NITS to all Grid Participants and the ETC. The quarterly and
annual reports shall evaluate the performance of the NITS against established targets,
standards and benchmarks for reliability, security and quality of service as stipulated
in Section 12 of the Grid Code. It may also indicate constraints, if any, along with
details of the Grid Participants responsible for causing the constraints and any
actions being taken by these Grid Participants to address the constraint.

Disturbance monitoring requirements

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Art 8.227 Disturbance monitoring equipment including sequence-of-event fault recording

and dynamic disturbance recording equipment which are necessary to ensure that
data is available to analyze system performance and the causes of system
disturbances, shall be installed by the NITS Asset Owner at appropriate points within
the NITS as determined by the ETU. The equipment shall also be capable of
capturing power quality information such as voltage and frequency profiles, voltage
dips and surges, and voltage imbalance.

Art 8.228 Recorded information about transmission system faults or disturbances shall
be used to determine the performance of system components and to aid in post-
disturbance analysis. Such information can help to identify equipment malfunctions
and the cause of swings that may have contributed to a disturbance. Protection
system and control deficiencies can also be analyzed and corrective action taken to
reduce the risk of recurring disturbances.

Art 8.229 A Grid Participant may also install disturbance monitoring equipment within
any part of its facility to track any relevant system disturbances that may occur.

Art 8.230 A NITS Assets Owner shall provide information to the ETU on the disturbance
monitoring equipment installed and operational within the NITS and the data/signals
being monitored at each location. Every NITS Assets Owner shall maintain a
database of the disturbance monitoring equipment and shall provide such
information to the ETU on request. Data from transmission system disturbance
monitoring equipment shall be in a consistent, time synchronized format.

Art 8.231 Following a disturbance, data from all recorders shall be systematically
retrieved, preferably automatically, and correlated.

Art 8.232 To provide meaningful data, it is required that the recorders be synchronized to
standard time and equipped with GPS-synchronized clocks, for time and date
stamping.

Art 8.233 Sequence of event recorders shall be provided with time resolution of at most
one hundred milliseconds, to determine the sequence in which events occurred.
Other details of minimum technical specifications, data format and standards for

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disturbance monitoring equipment shall be provided and updated, as necessary, by

the ETU in consultation with Grid Participants.

Monitored data
Art 8.234 The basic data or signals to be monitored and recorded shall include where
applicable, but not be limited to the following:
(a) the transient and dynamic response of each generating unit in terms of
real and reactive power output;
(b) the voltage at the generating unit terminal;
(c) generating plant bus frequency;
(d) generating unit field voltage;
(e) generating unit field current;
(f) the system voltage at the high voltage side of eachtransformer;
(g) power system stabilizer output;
(h) AGC pulses;
(i) active and reactive power flow at a Connection Point;
(j) substation busbar voltage and frequency; and,
(k) circuit breaker and protective device status.

Required Locations of recorders

Art 8.235 The ETU shall determine and recommend the locations for installation of
recorders. It is recommended that all major transmission substations and generating
plants in the NITS be equipped with disturbance monitoring and recording
equipment.

Incident and fault reporting

General
Art 8.236 This section provides procedures to be adopted for reporting faults, forced
outages and significant incidents which may occur in the NITS or a Grid
Participant’s system or facility which has an operational impact on others. It also
describes the procedure for setting up joint investigation of a Significant Incident.

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Reporting of significant incident by Grid Participant

Art 8.237 A Grid Participant shall notify the ETU through a report, as soon as practicable
and in any event within twenty-four (24) hours, of any forced outage, malfunction,
fault or significant incident to a NITS component or the Grid Participant’s facility or
network that may have an impact on other Grid Participants or the quality, reliability
or security of NITS services. The report shall include all the necessary information
on the circumstances of the incident to enable the ETU and the NITS Asset Owner
readily and correctly investigate and remedy any operational deficiency.

Art 8.238 Where the ETU determines that an incident which was reported earlier by a
Grid Participant is significant, or an incident within the NITS is of significance, the
ETU may request the Grid Participant to submit a detailed written report of the
event.

Art 8.239 The ETU is not required to forward the report to other persons, but may use the
information obtained in preparing its report for other Grid Participants who may
have been affected by the incident.

Reporting of significant incidents by the ETU

Art 8.240 The ETU shall notify as soon as practicable and in any event within twenty-
four (24) hours, the relevant NITS Asset Owner or its designated representative of
any Significant Incident to a NITS component. The report shall include all the
necessary information on the circumstances of the incident to enable the NITS Asset
Owner readily and correctly investigate and remedy any operational deficiency.

Art 8.241 If a Grid Participant determines that an incident which was reported earlier by
the ETU is of significance, the Grid Participant may request the ETU to submit a
written report containing details of the incident.

Art 8.242 The Grid Participant shall not pass on the report to other persons.

Guidelines for written reports

Art 8.243 A report prepared under this section may contain a confirmation of oral
notification with more details relating to the significant incident (although it need not

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state the cause of the event) and shall, as a minimum, include the following details of
the incident (where applicable):
(a) time and date of event;
(b) location;
(c) plant and/or equipment directly involved;
(d) description and cause of event;
(e) conditions before the event;
(f) demand and/or generation (in MW) interrupted and duration of
interruption;
(g) all Relevant system data including copies of records of all
recording instruments including Disturbance Recorder, Event Logger,
etc;
(h) sequence of tripping with time;
(i) details of relay operations; and
(j) remedial measures taken.

Investigation of incidents
Art 8.244 A NITS Asset Owner or designated representative shall investigate the causes
of any incident of forced outage or equipment fault/failure and immediately arrange
with the ETU to effect all advisable temporary, containment or remedial actions.

Art 8.245 Upon completion of the immediate or remedy actions the NITS Asset Owner
shall submit its investigation report of the event to the ETU.

Investigation of significant incidents

Art 8.246 The ETU shall at its sole discretion initiate an investigation into any Significant
Incident that occurs on the NITS. The purpose of any investigation shall be to
(a) establish the probable causes of the incident,
(b) analyze the chronology and development,
(c) assess the impact,
(d) draw conclusions and
(e) outline the measures necessary for prevention or impact mitigation of
similar incidents in the future.

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Art 8.247 A Grid Participant who is directly affected by a Significant Incident may
request a joint investigation of the incident. The request for joint investigation shall
be made in writing to the ETU, giving reasons for the request. A joint investigation
shall be undertaken if, in the opinion of the ETU, this is so warranted.

Art 8.248 A joint investigation shall be organized by the parties concerned and
independent experts may be invited to take part in the investigation by mutual
agreement between the parties.

Art 8.249 The form and procedure of joint investigation of a particular incident shall be
agreed upon in advance by the parties concerned.

Art 8.250 The results of the joint investigation shall be recorded in a report, copies of
which shall be lodged with the ETU .

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SECTION 9. RENEWABLE ENERGY SUB-CODE

Background, Purpose and scope

Art 9.0 This Renewable Energy Sub-Code constitutes the basic technical performance
requirements that a Variable Renewable Power Plant (VRPP) needs to comply with
in order to connect its generating facility to the NITS in Ghana.

(a) This Sub-Code defines rules and standards that the ETU shall follow
when connecting VRPPs to the NITS.
(b) Compliance with this Sub-Code is meant to ensure safe, reliable and
secure operation of all NITS connected VRPPs.
(c) The basic technical performance requirements provided in this Sub-Code
applies to all VRPPs connected to the NITS.
(d) The ETU and the VRPP operator shall supply each other with the
necessary data and information about their network or plant that is
required for ensuring compliance with this Sub-Code.

Technical Connection Conditions

Art 9.01 In the implementation of this Sub-Code, the following general rules shall apply:

(a) The interconnection of a VRPP to the NITS shall not deteriorate system
security.
(b) A VRPP shall meet the requirements of this Sub-Code at the connection
point unless otherwise specified in this document or by the ETU.
(c) The design, installation, commissioning, maintenance and operation of
the generation facility shall be conducted in a manner that ensures safety
and security of both VRPP and NITS.
(d) A VRPP operator shall maintain and operate power plants in accordance
with the instructions of the ETU to supply electricity through the NITS to
consumers.

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(e) The ETU shall not assume any responsibility for the protection of a Grid
Participant’s plant or equipment or any other portion of the Grid
Participant’s electrical equipment. A Grid Participant shall be responsible
for protecting its equipment in such a manner that faults or other
disturbances in the NITS does not cause damage to the Grid Participant’s
equipment.
(f) A VRPP shall at all times comply with applicable requirements and
conditions of connection for generating units and in accordance with any
Connection Agreement with the ETU.
(g) A VRPP operator shall permit and arrange the participation of the ETU in
the inspection, testing or commissioning of facilities and equipment to be
connected to the NITS.
(h) At the request of the ETU, a VRPP operator shall conduct equipment
parameter tests to certify specification of power plant from time to time.

Frequency Range of Operation

Art 9.02 A VRPP shall be capable of staying connected to the NITS within the frequency
ranges and times specified in Error: Reference source not found.

Frequency (Hz) Operation

47.5 ≤ F < 48.75 90 Minutes
48.75 ≤ F < 51.25 Unlimited (Continuous Range)
51.25 < F ≤ 51.5 90 Minutes
51.5 < F ≤ 52 15 Minutes
Table 1: Frequency Ranges of Operation (Must remain connected conditions)

Art 9.03 In case of frequencies outside the frequency and time ranges specified in Error:
Reference source not found, a VRPP shall be allowed to disconnect from the NITS.

Art 9.04 There shall be no technical restriction with regard to the delivery of active power
or reactive power within the frequency range of 48.75 Hz to 51.25 Hz and a VRPP
shall be permitted for unrestricted operation within this frequency range.

Art 9.05 The minimum active power output that a VRPP shall be capable of delivering is
depicted in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: Maximum Active Power Capability in Function of Frequency

Note 1: The frequency dependent power limits according to Figure 1 relate to the
technical capability under the condition that sufficient primary energy is available (e.g.
wind speed, solar irradiation). Additional limits due to limited primary energy may apply
but these limits are not frequency dependent.
Note 2: The dashed line displayed for frequencies >50.2 Hz results from the high
frequency response according to Art 10.44 to Art 10.46 and does not represent a technical
restriction.

Voltage Range of Operation

Art 9.06 For a VRPP, no disconnection of any unit within a power park is permitted as
long as voltage at connection point remains within ±10% of nominal voltage or
within IEC-voltage limits for continuous operation, whichever is the narrower
voltage range (Continuous Voltage Range).

Art 9.07 For voltages at the connection point between ±5% of nominal voltage, no
restrictions with regard to the provision of active or reactive power are permitted.

Power Quality
Art 9.08 A VRPP shall ensure that the power it injects into the NITS is within the limits
prescribed in this Sub-Code.

Art 9.09 A VRPP operator shall continuously monitor the power quality in accordance
with Art 9.75and submit periodic report to the ETU.

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Art 9.10 All power quality parameters shall be monitored at connection point and shall
comply with limits presented in this Sub-Code.
Note: For the purpose of this Sub-Code, power quality parameters refer to voltage,
flicker and harmonics.

Rapid Voltage Changes

Art 9.11 During regular switching operations within a VRPP such as switching operation
on a wind turbine within a wind farm or switching of a shunt reactor/capacitor, the
resulting voltage change at connection point shall not deviate more than 2 % of the
nominal voltage.
Art 9.12 The maximum permitted voltage change at any point in the network shall be
limited to 5 % of nominal voltage in respect of changes resulting from
(a) switching of several units within a VRPP;
(b) connection of a complete VRPP; or
(c) disconnection of a complete VRPP.

Flicker
Art 9.13 An ETU shall apportion flicker emission limits to each VRPP based on flicker
planning levels according to Art 12.16of the Grid Code (Plt =0.6 , Pst=0.8), existing
background flicker levels, possible future installations and the total size of a VRPP
to be connected. The methodology for apportioning VRPP-specific flicker limits
shall be in-line with IEC61000.
Art 9.14 In the absence of any flicker limits apportioned by the ETU, flicker caused by a
VRPP shall not exceed the limits depicted in Table 2.

Parameter Emission Limit (HV-EHV)

Pst 0.3
Plt 0.3
Table 2: Flicker limits to be applied in the absence of apportioned limits

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Voltage Unbalance
Art 9.15 A VRPP shall not cause phase voltage unbalance exceeding 1 % in unrestricted
operation range and 2 % when in continuous operation range. A VRPP shall also be
capable of withstanding the same in the NITS.
Note: Voltage unbalance is measured in terms of negative sequence voltage in per cent of
nominal voltage.

Harmonics
Art 9.16 An ETU operator shall apportion individual harmonic distortion limits to each
VRPP based on a planning level for THD according to Art 12.14of the National
Electricity Grid Code, existing background disturbances, possible future installations
and the total size of a VRPP to be connected, according to methodology described in
IEEE std 519-1992.
Art 9.17 In the absence of any apportioned limits, harmonic voltage distortion limits at
connection point according to . shall apply.

Individual Total Voltage

Voltage at connection Voltage Distortion Distortion THD
point (kV) (%) (%)
36 < V ≤ 69 3.0 5.0
69 < V ≤ 161 1.5 2.5
161 < V 1 1.5
Table 3: Harmonic Voltage Distortion limit for Transmission Network connected generators

Reactive Power Capability

Art 9.18 A VRPP shall operate within a power factor within the range of 0.95 leading to
0.95 lagging, measured at the connection point.
Art 9.19 For voltages between 0.9 and 1.0p.u., a VRPP shall provide maximum reactive
support to the system or for voltages between 1.0 and 1.1p.u., a VRPP shall provide
full bucking at the connection point.
Art 9.20 A VRPP shall be capable of varying power factor continuously in the entire
range of 0.95 under-excited to 0.925 over-excited during operation with maximum
active power output and voltage within the Unrestricted Operation Range.

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Art 9.21 A VRPP shall be capable of varying reactive power at the connection point
within their reactive power capability range as defined by Figure 3, when operating
within the Unrestricted Voltage Range and at an active power output level between
5% and 100% of Rated Power.
Art 9.22 If voltage is outside the Unrestricted Voltage Range but within the Continuous
Voltage Range the reactive power capability limits of a VRPP according to Figure 3
can be adjusted to the voltage dependent limits according to Figure 2.
Note: Pn in MW corresponds to the rated installed capacity of a VRPP minus the
sum of the installed capacity of all units being temporarily out of service (e.g. on
maintenance).
Art 9.23 In the case of operation with active power below 5% of Pn, there is no reactive
power capability requirement but in this range, reactive power must be within the
tolerance range of +/-5% of Pn.
Art 9.24

Figure 2: Reactive power requirements for NITS connected VRPPs (corresponding to voltage)

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Figure 3: Reactive power requirements for NITS connected VRPPs at full/partial active power output conditions

Voltage/Reactive Power Control Requirements

Art 9.25 A VRPP shall be equipped with control functions to control reactive power or
voltage at the POC via orders using set-points and gradients. The parameter settings
shall be agreed between the ETU and the VRPP operator or shall be as documented
in the relevant System Operational Manual.
Art 9.26 A VRPP shall support each of the following control functions:
(a) Voltage control (Art 10.28 to Art 10.31)
(b) Q control (Art 10.32 to Art 10.35)
(c) Power Factor Control
Art 9.27 The default control mode of the VRPP shall be with respect to Voltage at the
connection point. Notwithstanding, the choice of control mode and the definition of
target values shall be within the responsibility of the ETU and it must be possible for
the ETU to change control mode and target values at any time during the lifetime of
a VRPP.
Voltage Control

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Art 9.28 A VRPP shall be equipped with a voltage control function that is capable of
controlling voltage at the connection point according to a voltage target specified by
the ETU and according to a droop-characteristic, as defined in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Voltage control function of NITS connected VRPP

Art 9.29 In the case that the ETU chooses a “droop” characteristic, the “droop” shall be
specified by the maximum voltage change in p.u. at maximum reactive power output
(Qmax).
Art 9.30 If the voltage control target is changed by the ETU, such change shall be
completed no later than two (2) minutes after the receipt of the new set-point value.
Art 9.31 The maximum permitted deviation of the actual voltage from the target voltage
shall be no greater than 0.5% (0.005 p.u.), of nominal voltage, two (2) minutes after
change of voltage-target, during steady system conditions.

Reactive Power Control (Q Control)

Art 9.32 A VRPP shall be capable of controlling reactive power at the connection
pointeither to a constant reactive power target (Q-target) or an active power
dependent reactive power target (Q(P)).
Art 9.33 The ETU shall define the actual settings of the Q/ Q(P) control characteristic
(shape of Q(P)-characteristic, target values).

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Art 9.34 If the control target is changed by ETU, such change shall be completed no later
than two (2) minutes after the receipt of the new target value.
Art 9.35 The maximum permitted deviation of actual reactive power from the Q-target
shall be no greater than 2 % (0.02 p.u.), of rated power, two (2) minutes after change
of Q-target during steady system conditions.

Figure 5: Reactive power control function of a NITS connected VRPP (const Q-control and Q(P)-control)

Power Factor Control (cosφ-Control)

Art 9.36 A VRPP shall be capable of controlling power factor at the connection point
either to a constant power factor target (cosφ-target) or an active power dependent
power factor target (cosφ(P)).
Art 9.37 The ETU shall define the actual settings of the cosφ/ cosφ(P) control
characteristic (shape of cosφ(P) - characteristic, cosφ-target).
Art 9.38 If the control target is changed by ETU, such change shall be completed no later
than 2 minutes after the receipt of the new target value.
Art 9.39 The maximum permitted deviation of actual power factor from the cosφ-target
shall be no greater than Δcosφ=0.005, that is two (2) minutes after change of cosφ-
target during steady system conditions).

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Active Power Control

Art 9.40 For system security reasons it may be necessary for the ETU to curtail a VRPP
active power output.
Art 9.41 A VRPP shall be capable of operating at a reduced power level if active power
has been curtailed by ETU, for network or system security reasons;
Art 9.42 The accuracy of the control performed and of the set-point shall not deviate by
more than ±1 % of the rated power.
Art 9.43 The type of communication between ETU and VRPP operator must be agreed
between the parties and specified as part of the bilateral connection agreement (as
specified in Art 9.73).

Frequency Response
High Frequency Response for VRPPs
Art 9.44 During high frequency operating conditions on the NITS, each VRPP shall be
required to operate at reduced active power output in order to stabilize grid
frequency.
Art 9.45 When the frequency on the NITS exceeds 50.2Hz, each VRPP shall be required
to reduce active power as a function of change in frequency as illustrated in figure 6.

Figure 6: Mandatory high frequency response for all NITS connected VRPPs

Note: ‘dP’ in the figure represents percentage of active power by which the output
has to be decreased in case of increasing system frequency.

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Art 9.46 High frequency response must operate with a minimum ramp rate of 100% of
rated power per minute as provided by the primary frequency control time scales.

Primary and Secondary Frequency Control

Art 9.47 Unless otherwise required by the ETU, a VRPP is exempted from primary or
secondary frequency control capabilities except from high frequency response
according to Art 9.44.

Behaviour during Abnormal Voltage Conditions

Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) or High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT)
Capability for VRPPs
Art 9.48 A VRPP shall be able to remain online during voltage disturbances up to the
time periods and associated voltage levels set forth in the requirements below.
Art 9.49 A VRPP shall be designed to have LVRT and HVRT capability as illustrated in .
Art 9.50 For all voltages at the connection point, which are between HVRT and LVRT
according to , no disconnection of a VRPP or of individual units within a VRPP is
permitted.
Art 9.51 The voltage at connection point is defined to be the lowest of the three line-line
or line-earth voltages.
Art 9.52 If the voltage reverts to the Continuous Voltage Range (between Vcmin and
Vcmax) during a fault sequence (e.g. resulting from reclosing), subsequent voltage
drops or voltage spikes shall be regarded as new LVRT or HVRT condition.

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Figure 7: LVRT and HVRT capability for NITS connected VRPPs

Reactive Current Support During LVRT/HVRT Situations

Art 9.53 During LVRT and HVRT situations, both symmetrical and asymmetrical, all
units within a VRPP shall support the voltage by injecting or absorbing additional
reactive current ΔIq at the generator terminals proportional to the change of the unit’s
terminal voltage ΔVt, as depicted in Figure 8.
Art 9.54 The factor of proportionality between additional reactive current and voltage
deviation is named K (ΔIq=KΔVt) and the factor K must be settable in the range of
0≤K≤10.
Art 9.55 The absolute value I of current in each of the three phases of the unit’s terminals
may be limited to rated current (1 p.u.).
Notes:
(a) Voltages and currents in this section are defined to be positive sequence
components of fundamental frequency value of voltages and currents respectively.
This applies to pre-fault and post-fault voltages and currents.
(b) The additional reactive current, ΔIq shall be injected in addition to the pre-fault
voltage.
(c) The positive sign of ΔIq in Figure 8 is voltage supporting injection of
reactive power.

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(d) The voltage deviation, ΔVt is defined by the difference between the pre-fault and
the post-fault voltage.
(e) The pre-fault current and pre-fault voltages are defined by the one (1) minute
average of current and voltage respectively.

Figure 8: Reactive current support ΔIq during LVRT and HVRT situations at the unit’s terminals

Art 9.56 During dynamic performance, after 60ms the additional current must have
settled, meaning that it shall remain within a tolerance band of ±20% around the
value according to Figure 8.
Art 9.57 During LVRT and HVRT conditions, the active current IP shall be reduced in
proportion to the voltage change ΔVt.

Active and Reactive Power Behaviour During Voltage Recovery

Art 9.58 After voltage at connection point has returned into the Continuous Voltage
Range, a VRPP shall restore its active power output to at least 90% of its pre-fault
value within one (1) second.
Art 9.59 During voltage recovery, a VRPP shall not absorb more reactive power than
prior to the LVRT situation.

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Automatic Resynchronization
Art 9.60 Automatic synchronization device and automatic close equipment shall be
installed to allow a VRPP to connect to the NITS automatically, with a delay of (5)
minutes if the NITS is in a Normal State, as defined in Art 8.47.
Art 9.61 During automatic connection or synchronisation, a VRPP must ensure
compliance with “rapid voltage change” requirements according to Art 9.11.

Protection and Fault Levels

Art 9.62 A VRPP operator shall design, implement, coordinate and maintain its
protection system to ensure the desired speed, sensitivity and selectivity in clearing
faults on VRPP’s side of the connection point.
Art 9.63 Protection functions required for protecting the NITS from getting out of normal
operating ranges will be specified by the ETU, including trip-settings, response times
for over-/under-voltage protection, and over-/under-frequency protection.
Art 9.64 A VRPP shall be equipped with effective detection of islanded operation in all
system configurations and shall have the capability to shut down generation of power
in such condition within two (2) seconds.
Art 9.65 The islanded operation with part of the NITS is not permitted unless specifically
agreed with the ETU.
Art 9.66 The coordination among protections at connection point must be agreed between
ETU and the VRPP operator.
Art 9.67 The circuit breaker used for connection switching in NITS connected generators
shall be equipped with a disconnection system to ensure safe operation during re-
connection/re-synchronization to the grid.
Art 9.68 The ETU may request that the set values for protection functions be changed
following commissioning if it is deemed to be of importance to the operation of the
NITS, except that, such a change shall not result in a VRPP being exposed to
negative impacts from the NITS lying outside of the design requirements.
Art 9.69 The ETU shall inform a VRPP operator of the highest and lowest short-circuit
current that shall be expected at the connection point as well as any other
information about the NITS as may be necessary to define the VRPP's protection
functions.

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Art 9.70 Where VRPP’s protection equipment is required to communicate with the
ETU’s protection equipment it must meet the communications interface requirements
specified by the ETU and this Sub-Code.

Communication and Control

Art 9.71 A VRPP shall be equipped to receive target values for control purposes from the
ETU such as voltage/reactive power control according to Art 10.25 to Art 10.27,
active power curtailment according to Art 9.3943 and other control functions as it
may be applicable.
Art 9.72 A VRPP owner shall be responsible for data relating to MW forecast estimates
and a VRPP availability estimates, at least a prediction intervals of two (2) days-
ahead, one (1) day-ahead and four (4) hours-ahead of real time. This data shall be
made available to the ETU by a VRPP operator on a daily basis.
Art 9.73 All further requirements with regard to the exchange of information will be
agreed on between a VRPP operator and the ETU within the bilateral connection
agreement.

Art 9.74

Renewable Generating Facility Forecasting

Art 9.75 A VRPP shall install equipment necessary to automatically communicate to the
ETU the expected and real-time renewable generation output and data for the
purposes of generation forecast.

Art 9.76 The ETU may issue an instruction requiring a VRPP operator to carry out a test
to demonstrate that the VRPP complies with the Sub-Code requirements and the
VRPP operator shall not refuse such an instruction.
Art 9.77 A VRPP operator shall keep records relating to the compliance of the VRPP
with each section of this Sub-Code, or any other Code applicable to that VRPP,
setting out such information that the ETU reasonably requires for assessing power
system performance, including actual VRPP performance during abnormal or
continuous operating conditions.

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Art 9.78 Records generated under Art 9.77 shall be kept for a minimum of five (5) years
unless otherwise specified in this Sub-Code commencing from the date the
information was generated.

Section 10. SSCHEDULING AND DISPATCH SUB-CODE

Background and scope

Art 10.0 Scheduling the operations of generating units is a major component of the
ETU’s activities. The optimal schedule is influenced by factors on both the demand-
side and supply-side as well as the limits and constraints of the NITS .The
scheduling and dispatch process is to ensure that the continuously changing demand
on the grid is met in the most economic manner bearing in mind the limitations on
the transmission system, security requirements, etc.

Art 10.01 The Scheduling and Dispatch Sub-code defines, among others, the following:
(a) responsibilities of the ETU, Wholesale Suppliers, and Bulk Customers in
the scheduling and dispatch process, including suppliers and customers in
the WAPP system;
(b) load forecasting obligations, procedures and methodologies;
(c) operational criteria for the preparation of the generation schedule and
procedures for issuance of dispatch instructions;
(d) the process and requirements for the preparation of the generation
schedule;
(e) the central dispatch procedures; and
(f) requirements relating to the availability for dispatch of sufficient ancillary
services including regulation and reserve services, reactive support and
voltage control and black start services so that the ETU can maintain the

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reliability of the grid, including requirements under emergency

conditions.

Demand Forecast
Art 10.02 The preparation of demand forecasts is essential for operational planning and
to ensure reliable operation and service delivery from the NITS. Demand forecasting
is an integral part of the Generation Scheduling and Dispatch process.

Generation scheduling and dispatch

Art 10.03 The generation scheduling and dispatch process involves the balancing of
available generation with demand at all times, to ensure least cost and reliable
operation of the NITS. The ETU projects demand, considers the generating plants
that are available to provide supply to the NITS, the constraints within the NITS and
then schedules generation in merit-order to meet the projected demand at minimal
cost and in accordance with the NITS Performance and Reliability Standards and
Safety rules and standards.

Purpose
Art 10.04 The overall objective of this part of the sub-code is to:
(a) specify the responsibilities of the ETU and Grid Participants in
generation scheduling and dispatch;
(b) provide general guidelines for the preparation and submission of demand
forecasts for the effective planning of the operations of the NITS.
(c) define the operational principles and criteria for the preparation of the
Generation Schedule and issuance of Dispatch Instructions;
(d) establish the procedures and requirements for the preparation of the
Generation Schedule; and
(e) define the Dispatch procedures.

Responsibilities of the ETU

Art 10.05 The ETU has the obligation to ensure that there is sufficient generation to meet
demand at all times in the most optimal manner, making provision for reserve

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requirements, while maintaining the integrity of the NITS to ensure quality and
security of supply.

Art 10.06 The generation scheduling activity (i.e. determining the unit commitment and
economic dispatch) which shall be undertaken by the ETU requires generating plant
data as its basis, to enable the ETU prepare a merit-order table for use in the
preparation and issuance of the Generation Schedule.

Art 10.07 The ETU shall be responsible for:

(a) Conduct availability test to confirm Availability Declaration data
submitted by Wholesale suppliers
(b) collating and preparing the demand forecast on the NITS;
(c) determining the generating capacity needed to meet the demand
requirements of the NITS, including energy consumption, losses, internal
usage, operating reserves, etc;
(d) the preparation and issuance of the Generation Schedule in
accordance with the procedures described in this Sub-code;
(e) issuing of Dispatch Instructions for the scheduled generating
units following the procedures outlined in this Sub-Code as well as the
Operations Sub-Code;
(f) ensuring that appropriately located generating units are available
to provide ancillary services; and,
(g) fully documenting the operation of the generation scheduling
process, including the principles adopted in making the calculations
required.

Responsibilities of NITS Asset Owners

Art 10.08 All NITS Asset Owners shall provide data on the availability, capability and
operating states of transmission facilities and equipment as the basis for determining
the operational limits of the NITS for generation scheduling and dispatch.

Responsibilities of Wholesale Suppliers

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Art 10.09 A Wholesale Supplier shall comply promptly with an ETU request, to submit
its Capability and Availability Declaration data, Performance Data, Generation
Scheduling and dispatch parameters and any other relevant data as may be requested.

Art 10.10 A Wholesale Supplier shall ensure that all Dispatch Instructions from the ETU
relating to a scheduled generating unit or plant are implemented.

Art 10.11 A Wholesale Supplier nominated to provide Ancillary Services shall be

responsible for ensuring that its generating units are capable of providing the
necessary support when so instructed by the ETU.

Responsibilities of Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers and

other off-takers
Art 10.12 Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers and other off-takers connected to
the NITS shall submit their Demand data to be used in the Demand Forecast process,
and Power Purchase Cost information required for the generation scheduling
program and merit order determination.

Art 10.13 Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers and other off-takers shall implement
all Dispatch Instructions pertaining to demand management control during the period
while an emergency situation persists.

Demand forecast process

Art 10.14 Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers and other off-takers connected to the
NITS shall forecast the total and the net (after deducting embedded generation) of
energy and power demand that they expect to impose at each nodal point of the
NITS.

Art 10.15 A Grid Participant shall prepare and provide to the ETU at least one (1) week
in advance, the forecasted hourly load profiles for each day of the next two (2)
weeks. These forecasts are to provide an indicative estimate of the total generation
capacity and of the corresponding Generation Schedule needed to meet the forecast
demand requirements of the NITS over the relevant periods.

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Art 10.16 The following factors shall be taken into account in the development of the
demand forecasts, to the extent that the factors are relevant to the particular forecast:
(a) historic demand data as recorded, including transmission losses
and station service consumption;
(b) growth patterns in the annual demand and load profiles of
existing loads;
(c) load management expectations and expected energy output from
embedded generating facilities;
(d) demand forecasts for new connections or step increases in the
requirements of existing users;
(e) known weather patterns and forecasts;
(f) major events or anticipated activities which are likely to affect
demand;
(g) expected changes in economic activity; and
(h) any other relevant information provided by Grid Participants.

Art 10.17 The ETU shall collate all demand information provided by the relevant Grid
Participants and in accordance with the timetable prescribed in Technical Schedule
TS-T the ETU shall produce the following schedules and demand forecasts:
(a) dispatch schedule for each hour of the day ahead;
(b) hourly load forecasts for each of days 2 to 7 (inclusive) ahead;
(c) weekly demand forecast for 4 weeks ahead giving the daily
energy forecast as well as the peak and off-peak demand forecasts for
each day; and
(d) monthly demand forecast for the period 12 months ahead of the
current month, giving for each month the energy forecast, peak and off-
peak demand forecasts, including also the typical hourly profiles of total
system load for working and non-working days in the first month only.

Art 10.18 The ETU shall develop a methodology to collate the information obtained and
acquire the appropriate tools to create the indicative demand forecasts for the entire
system.

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Art 10.19 The demand forecasts produced by the ETU shall be indicative only as the
ETU has no direct influence over Grid Participants in the decisions about their levels
of demand.

Art 10.20 The demand forecast shall be adopted and used in operational planning and
more specifically, for the purposes of determining the dispatch schedules, operation
reserves, short and medium term capacity reserve requirements in accordance with
the power system security and reliability standards.

Generation margin
Art 10.21 The NITS shall have adequate Operating Reserve at all times to respond to
normal variations in demand and to respond to a sudden reduction in generation
during emergency conditions, in accordance with the Power System Operating
Criteria specified in the Operations Sub-Code.

Art 10.22 The ETU shall allocate the required spinning reserve to strategically located
generating plants in order to achieve the required levels of primary and secondary
regulation.

Art 10.23 The ETU shall allocate adequate non-spinning reserve to cover uncertainties in
generating plant availability.

Scheduling and dispatch criteria

Art 10.24 The ETU shall take into account the following criteria in scheduling and
dispatch:
(a) the synchronized generating capacity shall be sufficient to match,
at all times, the forecast demand and the required operating reserves to
ensure the security and reliability of the NITS;
(b) the availability of adequate generating capacity so that the grid
will continue to operate in Normal State, even with the loss of the largest
generating unit or power import from a single interconnection,
whichever is larger;
(c) the technical and operational constraints of the Grid and
generating units; and
(d) security and stability of the NITS.

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Scheduling and dispatch data

Art 10.25 A Wholesale Supplier shall submit to the ETU all specified generation data by
10:00hr one day ahead of the Dispatch Day.

Art 10.26 The generation data information to be submitted shall consist of the
Availability Declaration, generating plant scheduling and dispatch parameters and
other relevant generation data, and also including the following:
(a) details of any special factors which may have a significant impact
on the output of a scheduled generating unit;
(b) any temporary change to the registered data of the scheduled
generating unit indicating the duration of the temporary change; and

(c) any temporary change of a generating unit’s availability to

provide Ancillary Services and the duration of the temporary change.

Art 10.27 A Wholesale Supplier shall without delay notify the ETU of any change in the
Capability and Availability Declaration, Generation Scheduling and Dispatch
parameters and other relevant generating plant data.

Art 10.28 The Capability and Availability Declaration data to be provided by a

Wholesale Supplier shall be as specified by the ETU in the System Operations
Manual.

Art 10.29 A Distribution Company or Bulk Customer shall notify the ETU of:
(a) its hourly demand forecast by 10:00hrone day ahead of the
Dispatch Day;
(b) constraints on its distribution system or Grid Participant system
which may need to be taken into account in scheduling and dispatch;
(c) nomination of power plants to meet their hourly forecasted
demand
(d) the requirements for voltage control and reactive power support,
which the ETU may need to take into account for the reliability of the
Grid;

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(e) Ancillary Services which the ETU may need to consider for the
reliability and stability of the NITS.
Art 10.30 The ETU and all entities involved in cross border power exchange shall in
accordance with the WAPP protocol determine the power exchange program for the
day ahead by 10:00h of the preceding day.

Merit order operation

Art 10.31 The ETU shall employ merit order operation to optimally meet the collective
power demand on the NITS on the spot market

Art 10.32 To meet the continuously changing power demand of users on the NITS at the
least cost, generating units in the spot market =shall, as far as practicable be stacked
for dispatch by the ETU in accordance with submitted “price data” or the relative
magnitude of their “operating costs” of producing electricity, excluding their capital
charges and other fixed costs.

Art 10.33 The generating plants with the least operating costs shall be used to meet the
demand for power with the required margin for Operating Reserves.

Art 10.34 Recognizing that the merit-order for generation is dependent upon the chosen
time-frame for optimization, (i.e. the merit-order that produces the least cost for one-
day only is different from that which results in the least cost for the week, the month
or the year), Merit-order dispatch within the NITS shall take into consideration the
various time frames.

Art 10.35 The dominant contribution of hydroelectric energy production within the NITS
also means that annual rainfall and hydrologic events have a major influence in
determining the optimal production proportions among the various sources of supply,
so that, the overriding objective for merit order dispatch of generation plants within
the NITS shall be that Merit-order which delivers the least cost of supply over the
hydrologic year (November 1st to October 31st ) which shall also be regarded as the
Planning Year.

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Art 10.36 The merit order for day-to-day or weekly dispatch shall be from the least cost
generating unit to the highest bearing in mind the objective of achieving the least
cost of supply over the Planning Year.

Art 10.37 For the purposes of merit order dispatch, generating units shall be listed in a
Merit Order Table according to the lowest to highest operating costs..

Merit Order Table

Art 10.38 Using the operating cost or price data submitted by each generating plant in
accordance with the rules of the Wholesale Electricity Market, the ETU shall prepare
a Merit Order Table based on ascending operating costs or prices such that the
scheduled generating unit that has the lowest price, per kWh, shall be at the top of
the Merit Order Table.

Art 10.39 The Merit Order Table shall be updated periodically with the Availability
Declarations submitted by Wholesale Suppliers and in accordance with the
Wholesale Electricity Market Rules.

Art 10.40 The updated Merit Order Table shall be used in selecting the generating unit
that will be committed for the day ahead Generation Schedule.

Generation scheduling procedure

Art 10.41 Generation scheduling procedures include the following:
(a) collation of hourly demand forecast for the next Dispatch Day
by the ETU;
(b) the submission of an Availability Declaration to the ETU by
each Wholesale Supplier;
(c) the submission to the ETU of any revised generation scheduling
data or dispatch parameters for the following Availability Declaration
period by each Wholesale Supplier; and
(d) the use of the information provided by Wholesale Suppliers and
other Grid Participants in the preparation of a Generation Schedule for
the next Dispatch Day.

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Art 10.42 In preparing the Generation Schedule, the ETU shall take into account the
following factors:
(a) NITS system constraints from time to time, as determined by
the ETU and as advised by NITS Asset Owner(s), Wholesale Power
Suppliers and other Grid Participants;
(b) the requirements and standards for voltage control and reactive
power reserves;
(c) the need for operating reserves and the requirements for
maintaining frequency control as specified in the Operations Sub-Code;
(d) the requirements for maintaining frequency control;
(e) availability of Ancillary Services; and
(f) cross-border power exchange transactions as governed by the
WAPP Cooperation Model and other inter-utility bilateral agreements.

Art 10.43 The Generation Schedule, as compiled by the ETU shall, in addition to the
above factors, satisfy the following conditions:
(a) be in accordance with the Merit-Order Table;
(b) be sufficient to match the forecast system demand together with
the required reserve margin as defined by the Operations Sub-Code and
(c) be sufficient to maintain frequency within the required limits.

Preparation of the Generation Schedule

Art 10.44 The ETU shall prepare, each day, an hourly demand forecast, taking into
account system losses, for the next Dispatch Day.

Art 10.45 By 10:00h each preceding day, every Wholesale Supplier shall submit to the
ETU, in writing, generation unit capability and availability declaration data to be
used in preparation of the generation schedule for the next day.

Art 10.46 By 10:00hr each preceding day, all Distribution Companies, Bulk Customers
and other Grid Participants who wish to off-take power or energy from the NITS
shall submit to the ETU in writing the following information for the next day’s
Generation Schedule:
(a) requirements for power and energy;

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(b) requirements for voltage control and reactive power

compensation; and
(c) constraints or conditions on its distribution system or network,
which the ETU may need to take into account.
Art 10.47 Scheduled generating units shall be committed in accordance with the Merit
Order Table, until the total forecast system demand, including system losses are fully
covered. Additional generation shall be committed to cover the Operating Reserve
requirements and at this stage, a day-ahead unconstrained Generation Schedule shall
be developed.

Art 10.48 Following the development of the unconstrained Generation Schedule, the
ETU shall determine the feasibility of the unconstrained Generation Schedule,
considering any constraints within the NITS.

Art 10.49 The unconstrained Generation Schedule shall be adjusted as may be necessary
to develop the final constrained Generation Schedule, after taking the constraint
factors into account.

Art 10.50 The Generation Schedule shall reflect the true operating characteristics of
generating units. If a scheduled generating unit becomes available at a different
capacity the ETU shall be provided with a revised Capability and Availability
Declaration within the prescribed deadlines. If provided within the prescribed
deadlines, the ETU shall take the revised Capability and Availability Declaration
into account in the preparation of the final day-ahead Generation Schedule.

Art 10.51 The Generation Schedule shall be submitted by the ETU to all relevant
Wholesale Suppliers by 16:00h of each preceding day for the next Dispatch Day.

Art 10.52 the Wholesale Supplier that fails to honour a declared availability or fail to
submit the Availability Declaration within the specified time shall be deemed to have
breached the Grid Code and the prescribed sanctions or penalties shall apply.

Adjustments to DispatchSchedule

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Art 10.53 The ETU may deem it necessary to make changes to the output of the
generation scheduling process, before the issue of the Generation Schedule. Such
changes may be necessary due to the following factors:
(a) changes in offered availability and parameters of generating
units, brought to the attention of the ETU after the commencement of the
generation scheduling process;
(b) changes to system demand forecasts;
(c) changes in transmission network configuration and equipment
availability, resulting in constraints not previously foreseen; and
(d) any other condition which in the opinion of the ETU would
result in additional risk to the security of the NITS.

Art 10.54 Any of the factors listed in Article 11.52 may result in a generating unit being
chosen out-of-merit. Any deviation from the use of the Merit Order Table for
dispatch shall be reported by the ETU, including details of the reasons or those
responsible for the deviation.
Art 10.55 If an event on the NITS occurs which requires substantial amendment in the
data being used in preparing the Generation Schedule, the ETU may issue a revised
Generation Schedule to the extent necessary, as a result of such events.

Issuing of Generation Schedule

Art 10.56 The final Generation Schedule for the next Dispatch Day shall be issued by the
ETU at 16:00 hr each day except in the event that a significant incident occurred
while the Generation Schedule is being prepared, where the ETU may extend the
deadline for issuance of the final Generation Schedule.

Art 10.57 The final Generation Schedule shall indicate

(a) Hourly total forecast system demand;
(b) the hourly output of each scheduled generating unit for the following
Dispatch Day;
(c) the generation units that are providing specific Ancillary Services; and
(d) interconnection power transactions.

Dispatch Instructions

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Art 10.58 Dispatch Instructions shall take into account the Forecast Demand, Capability
and Availability Declaration, generation scheduling and dispatch parameters and
other relevant generating plant data supplied to the ETU.

Art 10.59 The ETU shall maintain records of the following Dispatch Instructions in an
electronic format and a written logbook or both:
(a) synchronizing and de-synchronizing Instructions;
(b) MW and MVar Dispatch Instructions.

Art 10.60 For each of the instructions listed in Art 11.58, the required action, time of
issuance of the instruction and the time the action is to be implemented shall be
recorded.

Art 10.61 Dispatch Instructions may be cancelled or varied.

Instruction to Wholesale Suppliers

Art 10.62 The Dispatch Instruction shall contain, at the minimum, the following:
(a) the specific generating unit to which the instruction applies;
(b) the MW and MVar output required;
(c) start and synchronizing time of scheduled generating units;
(d) target time of ramp-up and ramp-down rates for generating
units;
(e) de-synchronizing and stop time of scheduled generating units;
and
(f) the time Dispatch Instruction is issued.

Art 10.63 The Dispatch Instruction may also include:

(a) details of the type of reserves to be carried by each unit,
including specifications of the duration in which that reserve may be
dispatched;
(b) an instruction for generating units to provide operational
requirements and other Ancillary Services;

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(c) target voltage levels at instructed generating capacity level or

the individual reactive power output at the bus or connection point;
(d) requirements for changes in AGC mode; and
(e) an instruction to carry out tests as specified in the Operations
Sub-Code.

Art 10.64 The ETU shall issue to all Wholesale Suppliers and generating plants through
an appropriate means of communication (telephone), the Dispatch Instruction
regarding their day-ahead hourly Generation Schedule.

Art 10.65 The hourly loading as defined by the Generation Schedule and issued to
scheduled generating units shall remain valid, unless superseded by another Dispatch
Instruction.

Art 10.66 A generating plant shall be deemed to have complied with a Dispatch
Instruction when it achieves an output within the allowable tolerance of its declared
available capacity for both active and reactive power and within the time for the
change according to its registered operating parameters and characteristics.

Art 10.67 In the event of two or more generating units having the same price, the ETU
shall dispatch the generating unit that will result in a smaller system loss.

Art 10.68 Generating units that are declared to be available but not included in the
Generation Schedule may be issued with Dispatch Instructions.

Art 10.69 A generating unit that has been declared as available shall be ready to provide
power within 30 minutes of being instructed.

Art 10.70 Where a generating plant has received a Dispatch Instruction to change the
output of a synchronized generating unit, it shall carry out the instruction to achieve
the new target within the unit’s registered operating parameters and characteristics
and within the time specified by the ETU.

Art 10.71 The form and terms to be used by the ETU in issuing instructions are to be
understood by all relevant parties.

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Art 10.72 A Dispatch Instruction for Operating Reserves shall specify the type of reserve
that the generating unit is required to provide.

Art 10.73 A Dispatch Instruction for emergency load reduction shall contain the quantity
and magnitude of load to be dropped and the time the load reduction is to be
implemented.

Art 10.74 In the event that while carrying out a Dispatch Instruction, an unforeseen
problem arises, the ETU shall be notified without delay by telephone.

Art 10.75 Where a Wholesale Supplier is unable to comply with a Dispatch Instruction
correctly issued by the ETU, the Wholesale Supplier shall inform the ETU by
telephone without delay and the Wholesale Supplier shall follow up and issue a new
Declaration.

Art 10.76 The Dispatch instruction to shutdown a generating unit shall specify the
shutdown time.

Art 10.77 Where a Wholesale Supplier has not informed the ETU of the inability to
comply with a Dispatch Instruction, but the ETU assesses that the Wholesale
Supplier is not in compliance with a Dispatch Instruction, the Wholesale Supplier
shall be deemed to have breached the Grid Code and the prescribed sanctions or
penalties shall apply.

Art 10.78 A Wholesale Supplier shall comply with all Dispatch Instructions issued by the
ETU.

Art 10.79 If an unforeseen problem arises, which affects the safety of the plant or
personnel, the Wholesale Supplier may disregard Dispatch Instructions and take
necessary corrective actions and shall notify the ETU.

Art 10.80 Notwithstanding Art. 11.78, the ETU may investigate the veracity of the report
and determine whether the Wholesale Supplier may be declared as non-conforming.

Art 10.81 De-synchronization may take place without the ETU’s prior approval, if it is
done solely to protect plant or personnel safety.

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Art 10.82 De-synchronization of any generating unit without the ETU’s prior approval
shall be reported to the ETU immediately.

Art 10.83 A Wholesale Supplier shall, without delay, notify the ETU of any changes to or
loss (temporary or otherwise) of operational capability of any unit that is
synchronized or instructed to be synchronized or designated for operation as
Operating Reserve.

Art 10.84 Where a Wholesale Supplier or a particular generating unit fails to respond to a
dispatch instruction within a tolerable time and accuracy (in accordance with
generating plant declared technical characteristics and Prudent Utility Practice), the
generating unit shall be declared and identified as non-conforming and the relevant
Wholesale Supplier may face financial penalties or other sanctions imposed under its
license for breach of the Grid Code.

Instruction to Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers

Art 10.85 The ETU shall issue instructions to a Distribution Company or Bulk Customer
for special actions relating to
(a) load transfer,
(b) demand management actions,
(c) disconnection, or
(d) restoration of load.

Dispatch of basic reactive power

Art 10.86 All generation plants shall promptly comply with any dispatch instruction from the
ETU to operate at any power factor within the required limits as a normal requirement in
according with TS-G and the provision of such reactive power by any generating plant
shall be without compensation.

Art 10.87 Failure of a generation plant to provide the normal operational requirement for
voltage control upon the instructions of the ETU shall constitute a breach of the Grid
Code for which penalties may be assessed and applied in accordance with Technical
Schedule TS-C.

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Art 10.88 Provided user loads and generating plants have complied with the normal
reactive power compensation requirements above, it shall be the responsibility of the
ETU to provide whatever additional reactive power compensation that is required to
maintain system voltages within the stipulated range.

Art 10.89 Generation plants shall in addition have reactive reserve capacity (i.e. operate
with power factor at 0.90 leading for up to thirty (30) minutes) and operate within
the generator capability chart for temporary sustenance of system voltage under
contingency conditions.

Dispatch of Supplementary Reactive power

Art 10.90 The ETU may issue Dispatch Instructions to a Wholesale Supplier to adjust the
reactive power output of any scheduled generating unit that has been instructed to be
synchronized.

Art 10.91 The reactive power output of the scheduled generating unit in respect of which
a Dispatch Instruction is given shall then, without delay, be adjusted in accordance
with its Declared operating characteristics to the new target reactive power so
instructed.

Art 10.92 Generating units having achieved the new target reactive power output shall
allow the reactive power output to vary under AVR control in accordance with the
applicable declarations for Ancillary Services and generating unit operating
characteristics.

Art 10.93 Dispatch Instructions in relation to reactive power may include target voltage
levels to be achieved by the generating unit on the transmission system at the NITS
Connection Point and a generating unit so instructed must comply and achieve that
target within a reasonable tolerance.

Art 10.94 Under certain conditions, such as low system voltage, an instruction to achieve
maximum reactive power output at instructed MW output may be given and a
Wholesale Supplier shall take appropriate action to maximize reactive power output

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unless constrained by plant operational limits or on safety grounds relating to

personnel or plant.

Art 10.95 Under certain conditions such as high system voltage, an instruction to achieve
maximum reactive power absorption at instructed active power output may be given
and a Wholesale Supplier shall take appropriate action to maximize reactive power
absorption unless constrained by plant operational limits or on safety grounds
relating to personnel or plant.

Art 10.96 The issue of a Dispatch Instruction relating to reactive power shall be made
with due regard to any resultant change in reactive power capability and may include
reduction in active power generation in order to increase reactive power capability.

Art 10.97 Where an instruction to synchronize is given or where a generating unit is

synchronized and a MW Dispatch Instruction is given, a MVar Dispatch Instruction
consistent with the generating unit’s relevant parameters may also be given. In the
absence of a MVar Dispatch Instruction with an instruction to synchronize, the MVar
output shall be maintained at the minimum possible.

Art 10.98 MVar Dispatch Instructions issued by the ETU shall reflect the limits contained
in the applicable registered generating unit parameters and characteristics.

Art 10.99 Under system fault conditions, where reactive power output is driven outside
its Declared operating characteristic limits, the Wholesale Supplier shall immediately
inform the ETU of the situation. However, if the Wholesale Supplier reasonably
believes that the situation may be dangerous to personnel or plant, then appropriate
action may be taken to remedy the situation.

System emergency conditions

Art 10.100 During periods when the prevailing conditions for the NITS constitute an
Emergency Condition, the ETU shall notify Wholesale Suppliers of the existence of
a System Emergency Condition and under such a condition issue any instructions
necessary to maintain the integrity of the NITS.

Art 10.101 The ETU may instruct a Wholesale Supplier to operate outside the limits
implied by the current Capability and Availability Declarations. When issuing such

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an Instruction, the ETU shall inform the Wholesale Supplier that the instruction is
being issued under a System Emergency Condition.

Art 10.102 Where the ETU has issued an instruction requiring the operation of a
generating unit outside the applicable Capability and Availability Declaration limits,
the Wholesale Supplier shall comply with the instruction unless in the reasonable
opinion of the Wholesale Supplier the safety of personnel and plant will, in
complying with the instruction, be unduly compromised.

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SECTION 11. SAFETY SUB-CODE

Background, purpose and scope

Art 11.0 The electromechanical systems that have been interconnected to form the NITS
are designed so that when operated normally they are safe but they contain inherent
dangers. The personnel of the ETU, Grid Participants and their agents often have to
work on or in close proximity to NITS facilities or equipment connected to the NITS.
In order to ensure safe working conditions for these situations, it is necessary for the
ETU and Grid Participants to operate in accordance with Safety Rules and
Procedures.

Art 11.01 The Safety Sub-Code establishes the principles and arrangements that ensure
safe working conditions for personnel working on or in close proximity to NITS
equipment or personnel who may have to work on or use equipment at the
Connection Points.

Art 11.02 The Sub-Code does not define the Safety Rules to be adopted by the ETU or
Grid Participants, but sets out the principles and arrangements which govern the
interface between the parties.

Preparation of Safety Rules

Art 11.03 All owners of NITS Assets, equipment and facilities as well as owners of
facilities connected to the NITS shall prepare comprehensive Safety Rules which
must be followed to achieve safety from the inherent dangers whenever work is to be
carried out on or near to the facility.

Art 11.04 The Safety Rules shall be based on a philosophy that persons will be protected
from the inherent dangers.

Art 11.05 The Safety Rules shall define procedures and responsibilities for achieving
safety of all persons from the inherent dangers and shall include the following
provisions:
(a) making available the equipment concerned for the work to be carried out;

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(b) establishing safe conditions for work which may be achieved by either
i) limiting the scope of work,
ii) isolation from a system and de-energizing (where necessary), or
iii) adopting specialized procedures required to be applied when the
work has to be done on equipment which remains energized;
(c) authorizing the commencement of work;
(d) receiving the authority to commence work and executing the work;
(e) supervising safety during the work and clearing the authority when the
work is terminated;
(f) cancelling the authority on termination of the work; and
(g) restoring the system to normal operation.
(h) Procedures for accident reporting and investigation
Art 11.06 Safety procedures for personnel working on or in close proximity to the NITS
shall in addition be governed by the ETU requirements for safety coordination, as
may from time to time be in force.

General principles for safety coordination

Art 11.07 The following principles shall be adopted to fulfil the requirements of safety:
(a) The physical arrangement of equipment and facilities at NITS
Nodes shall be designed with safety as a primary consideration.
Standard designs shall be utilized for ease of operation and maintenance
and to also promote standardization of switching procedures. These
arrangements shall also provide means to properly isolate equipment for
maintenance and allow appropriate working clearances for installed
equipment as well as for construction of future facilities. In addition, the
appropriate interlocking device shall be provided.
(b) Grid Participants shall adopt safety procedures in respect of any
service or equipment connection to ensure the safety of personnel or
plant for the performance of works or tests to be carried out by any Grid
Participant.
(c) The primary means of achieving safety when work is to be
carried out on equipment shall be by isolation. In the case of mechanical

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equipment this shall be followed by draining, venting and purging as

appropriate. In the case of high voltage equipment, this shall be
followed by grounding. Wherever practicable the isolating devices shall
be locked and where possible, the grounding devices shall also be
locked.
(d) Approved specialized procedures shall be required for the work
where normal isolation procedures cannot be applied.
(e) Persons shall be formally appointed to carry out defined duties,
where safety is concerned
(f) Application of Safety Rules shall ensure that safety is
maintained within the entire power system.
(g) In the process of safety coordination, the provisions of the
relevant National laws and regulations shall be mandatory.
(h) The ETU shall coordinate the activities of persons responsible
for the testing, monitoring and maintenance of facilities or equipment
connected to the NITS, in order to ensure that testing and maintenance
are carried out in a safe manner.

Safety coordination procedure

Art 11.08 The ETU shall make available to all Grid Participants and the ETC a copy of
its Safety Rules concerning the NITS and Connection Point facilities.

Art 11.09 A Grid Participant shall also make available to the ETU a copy of its current
local Safety Instructions concerning safety precautions on its facilities.

Art 11.10 In the event that a Grid Participant wishes to change the local Safety
Instructions that apply to its facilities, it shall inform the ETU and other relevant
Grid Participants in writing, substantiating the necessity for the proposed change.

Art 11.11 Work or tests on any equipment at the Connection Point shall be carried out
only in the presence of persons designated by the ETU.

Art 11.12 A Grid Participant shall seek authority from the ETU and the relevant NITS
Asset Owner if it wishes to access any NITS equipment.

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Art 11.13 The ETU shall coordinate, establish and maintain the necessary isolation and
grounding when work or tests are to be carried out on NITS facilities or a Grid
Participant’s electrical system that is connected to the NITS.

Art 11.14 When work or tests are to be carried out within the NITS the ETU shall ensure
that the necessary safety precautions are coordinated and implemented on the
systems that may be affected.

Art 11.15 The Grid Participant shall nominate and the ETU shall appoint a Safety
Coordinator who shall, for the stated tasks or period, be responsible for the
coordination of safety precautions on the NITS equipment at their respective sides of
the Connection Point. A second authorized person shall be appointed to act as Safety
Coordinator at any time that the first authorized person is unavailable.

Art 11.16 The Safety Coordinator shall be responsible in all matters concerning safety of
personnel and equipment.

Art 11.17 In the event of a need to replace the person appointed as Safety Coordinator, all
other affected persons shall without delay be notified of the identity of the new
Safety Coordinator.

Art 11.18 The ETU may at its sole discretion delegate or issue Operating Instructions to
agents of Grid Participants to perform required switching operations.

Art 11.19 Operating Instructions shall include, but not limited to:
(a) detailed switching sequences (which meet as a minimum, the
requirements of the ETU Safety Rules) to be followed;
(b) control and operational procedures; and
(c) identification of operational boundaries.
Art 11.20 All switching operations for isolation and restoration of the complete
transmission system equipment or circuit shall be recorded in the sequence of their
performance in the log books of the parties concerned.

Art 11.21 The ETU and Grid Participant shall maintain safety logs in which all messages
relating to safety coordination shall be recorded in chronological order. The safety

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logs shall be in print and electronic format and shall be retained for at least one
(1)year.

Art 11.22 Before any work is carried out at any NITS Node, the ETU and the relevant
NITS Asset Owner shall ensure that t personnel designated to work in such
installations are either competent to work at such installations or are supervised by
competent personnel.

Isolation and grounding principles

Art 11.23 The ETU, the NITS Asset Owner and each connected Grid Participant shall
adopt isolation and grounding principles no less stringent than those outlined in this
section.

Art 11.24 Isolation shall be implemented by any of the following:

(a) a disconnect switch that is secured in an open position by a lock
and affixing a Safety Tag to it or secured by such other method in
accordance with the local Safety Instructions of the NITS Asset Owner
or Grid Participant, as the case may be; or
(b) an adequate physical separation in accordance with the local
Safety Instructions of the NITS Asset Owner or Grid Participant in
addition to placing a Safety Tag at the switching points.
Art 11.25 Where isolation is achieved by means of an isolating device, the device shall
allow the isolating position to be maintained in a manner that minimizes the risk of
inadvertent, accidental or unauthorized operation and that when put in this position, a
notice or “tag” to that effect shall be attached.

Art 11.26 Grounding shall be implemented by any of the following:

(a) a grounding switch secured in a closed position by a lock and
with a safety tag affixed to it or secured by such other method in
accordance with the Local Safety Instructions of the NITS Asset Owner
or Grid Participant as the case may be; or
(b) an adequate physical connection which shall be in accordance
with the methods set out in the Local Safety Instructions of the NITS

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Asset Owner or Grid Participant, in addition to a Safety Tag which shall

be placed at this point of connection and all related switching points.
Art 11.27 Where grounding is achieved by means of a grounding device, the grounding
position shall be maintained in such a manner as to minimize the risk of inadvertent,
accidental or unauthorized operation and that when put in this position, a notice or
“tag” to that effect shall be attached.

Authorization of testing
Art 11.28 If a Safety Coordinator wishes to authorize a test on any NITS equipment, he
shall only do so after the following procedure has been implemented:
(a) confirmation is obtained from the other Safety Coordinators or
other Parties that no person is working on or testing or has been
authorized to work on or test any part of the system within the points of
isolation identified for the test;
(b) all Safety Precautions other than the current Safety Precaution
have been cancelled; and
(c) the other Safety Coordinators of the other Parties agree with him
on the conduct of testing in that part of the system.

Training of Personnel
Art 11.29 All operating personnel of the Grid Participants shall undertake mandatory
training in safety as specified by the ETU.

Art 11.30 All personnel shall undertake a safety orientation from the ETU prior to
commencing any work on the NITS or at any Connection Point.

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PART D: STANDARDS OF
PERFORMANCE

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Section 12. Benchmarks and Indices for Standards of Supply:

Reliability And Quality

Background, purpose and scope

Art 12.0 Power system performance and reliability encompasses all aspects of providing
reliable electricity supply to customers efficiently. The concept of Reliability has
been described as “the degree to which the performance of the elements of the
system result in power being delivered to customers within accepted standards and in
the amount desired”. This definition contains the concepts of adequacy and security.

Art 12.01 Adequacy has been defined as “the ability of the system to supply the
aggregate power and energy requirements of the consumers at all times” and
Security as “the ability of the system to withstand sudden disturbances” .

Art 12.02 Reliability of a power system pertains to its ability to satisfy its load demand
under the specified operating conditions and policies and a reliable power system is
one which only allows few interruptions to customers’ services. Reliability as
regards the NITS is therefore a measure of the ability of the NITS to adequately
perform its designated functions under the conditions within which it has to operate.

Art 12.03 The purpose of this Section of the Grid Code is to:
(a) specify the various indices to be used to monitor the performance of the
ETU and Grid Participants;
(b) define minimum level of quality of electric power supply in the NITS;
(c) define minimum reliability standards, benchmarks and performance
targets for the NITS; and
(d) enable Grid Participants to design, operate and maintain their systems
and equipment to fit the environment within which they operate.

Art 12.04 The reliability of the NITS shall be quantified in terms of probability or
frequency of encountering an outage or inadequate state, or the period of time a
system spends in these states. Reliability may be evaluated by the frequency,
duration, and magnitude of any adverse deviations from stipulated service standards.

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Art 12.05 Maintaining acceptable reliability of the power system means that the power
system is dimensioned and operated so that
(a) the impacts of disturbance situations are minimised,
(b) there are provisions for restoring the power system to the normal state,
and
(c) disturbance incidents are cleared as quickly as possible.

Art 12.06 The ETU shall monitor and report to the ETC the performance of the NITS in
terms of quality and reliability (i.e. adequacy and security) of supply.

Standards for power quality and reliability

Art 12.07 The quality of power supply shall be considered to be acceptable when none of
the following conditions is present:
(a) the system frequency has deviated from the nominal value of 50 Hz by
more than 0.2 Hz or otherwise contrary to the limits stipulated in
Technical Schedule TS-F;
(b) voltage magnitudes are outside the allowable deviation of 5% or
otherwise contrary to the limits stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-E
(c) there is imbalance in the magnitude of the phase voltages or otherwise
contrary to the limits stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-E;
(d) the phase displacement between the voltages is not equal to 120 degrees
or otherwise contrary to the limits stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-E;
(e) voltage fluctuations that cause flicker are outside the allowable limits or
otherwise contrary to the limits stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-E.
(f) voltage harmonics exceed the limits stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-
E.

Art 12.08 The reliability of power supply in any period is acceptable when the total
duration of unacceptable quality of supply is within the limits provided in Technical
Schedule TS-L.

Voltage
Art 12.09 The objective of voltage level and reactive power regulation is to
(a) achieve specified voltage standards,

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(b) prevent over-voltage and under-voltage situations which may pose a

danger to equipment and the security of the grid, and
(c) minimize transmission system losses.

Voltage limits during Normal State

Art 12.10 While the NITS is in the Normal State, the voltage on each electrical bus at
each NITS Node shall be regulated to within ±5% of the nominal voltage and all Bus
voltages and Line voltages shall remain within the prescribed limits, except under
abnormal conditions such as the occurrence of a system fault outside of the design,
planning or operating standards.

Voltage limits during Alert State

Art 12.11 When the power system is in the Alert State, the voltages within the NITS shall
be regulated to within ±10% of the nominal voltages and this situation shall not
persist for more than ten minutes.

Voltage limits during Emergency State

Art 12.12 When the power system is determined to be in an emergency state, voltage
levels within the NITS shall be regulated to within ±10% and this situation shall not
persist for more than thirty minutes.

Voltage unbalance
Art 12.13 The phase voltages of a 3-phase supply at a NITS Node shall nominally be of
equal magnitude and 120 degrees apart in phase angle. Phase voltage unbalance shall
not exceed 1%when the NITS is in the Normal State and 2%when in the Alert State.

Voltage harmonics
Art 12.14 Harmonics shall be defined as sinusoidal voltages and currents having
frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. The maximum
permissible harmonic limits shall be as defined in IEEE 519-2014 - IEEE Recommended
Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems

Art 12.15 A Grid Participant shall take preventive or corrective action, where necessary,
to mitigate harmonic distortions and comply with the specified Standard.

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Voltage flicker
Art 12.16 The maximum permissible voltage flicker limits shall be as defined in IEEE 519-
2014 - IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric
Power Systems

Art 12.17 A Grid Participant shall promptly identify the sources of and implement
corrective actions for voltage depressions and voltage flicker that are in excess of the
maximum permissible limits.

Reactive power and power factor

Art 12.18 Every generating unit shall be capable of operating within the power factor
limits stipulated in Technical Schedule TS-G.

Art 12.19 Upon the instruction of the ETU at any time, a generating unit shall be required
to operate continuously to provide reactive power within the capability limits of the
generating unit.

Art 12.20 It is desirable that loads on the NITS have power factors at or close to unity as
that represents the most efficient use of the NITS capability and minimizes loss of
energy. A Distribution Company, Bulk Customer or any other Grid Participant off-
taking power from the NITS shall operate its system to ensure that the power factor
of its load, measured at the connection point does not fall below 0.90 lagging and not
exceed unity.

Art 12.21 Penalties in addition to compensation payment to the ETU shall be applied for
loads whose power factor fall below the 0.90 limit at rates to be determined and
published by the PURC from time to time based upon the load level and the burden
for extra reactive power support imposed on the NITS.

System frequency limits

Art 12.22 The ETU shall maintain the system frequency at all times between 48.75 Hz to
51.25 Hz, when operating the system in the Normal State. System frequency
variations outside the prescribed limits shall be included in the NITS Performance
Report in accordance with Technical Schedule TS-R only when the duration of the
variation exceeds a continuous period of ten minutes.

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Art 12.23 System operations outside the frequency range defined in Article 12.22 but
within the range of 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz shall be permitted for a period of thirty
minutes when operating the system in the Alert State. All frequency excursions
outside these limits and for a period exceeding the stated durations shall be included
in the NITSh Performance Report in accordance with Technical Schedule TS-R.

Art 12.24 Every generating unit shall be capable of staying connected to the NITS within
the frequency ranges and times specified in #.

Frequency (Hz) Operation

47.5 ≤ F < 48.75 90 Minutes
48.75 ≤ F < Unlimited (Continuous
51.25 Range)
51.25 < F ≤ 51.5 90 Minutes
51.5 < F ≤ 52 15 Minutes
Table #: Frequency Ranges of Operation (Must remain connected conditions)

Art 12.25 During emergency conditions, all generating units shall continue to be
connected to the NITS provided the system frequency remains within the range
stipulated in Article 13.24 except when doing so will result in damage to a
generating unit.

Load shedding scheme

Art 12.26 Each Distribution Company, Bulk Customer, or other Grid Participant off-
taking power from the NITS shall cooperate with the ETU to implement an
automatic load shedding scheme such as the Automatic Frequency Load Shedding
(AFLS) scheme to provide for load disconnection when system frequency decays.

Art 12.27 The automatic load shedding scheme shall be defined from time to time by the
ETU in consultation with other Grid Participants.

Protection relays
Art 12.28 Protective relay systems perform a critical service by detecting and initiating
fault clearing thereby protecting the power system from prolonged voltage
depression, transient instability, and equipment damage. The design and setting of
protective relay systems requires a delicate balance between dependability and

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security. A relay system needs to be dependable enough to initiate a trip for all faults
within its zone of protection and secure enough to avoid initiating trips for faults that
occur outside of that zone. Consequently, protective relay systems shall be designed
and maintained to sufficiently high standards in order to minimize mis-operation.

Art 12.29 The ability of a protection scheme to initiate the tripping of a circuit breaker
associated with faulty equipment measured by the System Protection Dependability
Index shall not be less than 95%.

Monitoring and reporting of NITS performance

Art 12.30 The performance of the NITS shall be assessed with reference to the following
three defined ranges of voltage and frequency at each NITS Node:
(a) a "normal unlimited time operation" range which applies when
the system is in a Normal State;
(b) a “contingency” range when the system is in the Alert State
where continued operation is allowed for a period, although the system is
not in a Normal State; and
(c) an “emergency” range when the system is in an “Emergency
State” typically as the result of an emergency or multiple contingency
condition such that operation is only permitted for a limited correction
period and continued operation of the system in that range is not allowed
.

Art 12.31 A uniform system of recording and reporting of NITS performance shall be
defined by the ETU in consultation with the ETC and implemented by all Grid
Participants.

Art 12.32 The same equipment reliability indices shall be used for all NITS facilities in
similar situations and the Performance Standards as set out shall also be applicable to
all. The benchmarks for service delivery may however vary between NITS Nodes
because of differences in configuration, equipment redundancy and other local
factors.

Art 12.33 The ETU shall compile and submit to the ETCevery quarter, half-yearly and
annually a System Reliability Performance Report for the NITS, giving details of the

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actual levels achieved in respect of the performance and reliability indices defined in
this Sub-Code.

Art 12.34 A copy of the System Reliability Performance Report shall be published or
posted at the ETU’s Website for access by all Grid Participants.

Art 12.35 The performance of the NITS shall be evaluated by the ETU at quarterly, half-
yearly and annual intervals, to compare the actual performance of the NITS with the
benchmarks.

Reliability performance indices

Art 12.36 The ETC shall, from time to time, prescribe indices that shall be used to
evaluate the performance of the NITS. Historical data for the past three years may be
used to derive performance benchmarks to be defined for the reliability indices.

Art 12.37 The following indices shall, at the minimum, be monitored and calculated for
the purposes of assessing the performance of the NITS:
(a) Transmission System Average Interruption Duration Index
(TSAIDI) - Total duration of Connection Point interruptions in a given
period divided by the number of Connection Points in the NITS;
(b) Transmission System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(TSAIFI) - The average interruptions per connection point which is
calculated by dividing the total number of interruptions at all system
Connection Points by the number of Connection Points in the system;
(c) Availability - Percentage of time the entire transmission system
(or a particular class or circuit) is available for the transmission of
electricity and it shall be calculated as the sum of planned, unplanned,
and disturbance outage durations divided by the total hours that the
system or the relevant circuit should have been available in a given
period;

(d) Loss of Supply - A sustained disturbance on the transmission

system, that results in the loss of electricity supply service to one or more
customers. The cause of this disturbance can be initiated either by a

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generation, distribution or transmission event, with the cause being noted

and tracked;
(e) System Minutes Lost - This index is calculated by dividing the
amount of energy not supplied by the system peak demand for that year
and expressing the value in minutes;
(f) Index of Transmission Reliability (ITR) - Represents the
percentage of time that transmission circuits are available for the
transmission of electricity from one terminal to another or others (ITR is
a measure of unplanned unavailability of the transmission system. It is
deduced by using outage time due to unplanned outages or disturbances
on the system and excludes outage time due to planned outages); and
(g) Transmission Line Faults - Number of faults per 100 km of
circuit lines.

Quality performance indices - Voltage

Art 12.38 The ETU shall report on the following for each NITS Node with respect to
voltage and power factor deviations outside the limits stipulated for the Normal,
State:
(a) the number of occurrences of deviation incidents;
(b) the total duration of deviation incidents;
(c) the maximum continuous period of deviation; and
(d) the maximum and minimum values recorded indicating the time and date
of occurrence.

Quality performance indices - Frequency

Art 12.39 The ETU shall report on the following with respect to frequency deviations
from both the normal and emergency limits stipulated:
(a) the number of occurrences of deviation incidents;
(b) the total duration of deviation incidents;
(c) the maximum continuous period of deviation; and
(d) the maximum and minimum values recorded indicating the time
and date of occurrence.

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Efficiency performance indices

Art 12.40 The ETU shall report on the following with respect to energy balance of the
NITS:
(a) total energy received, supplied and net energy at each NITS
Node;
(b) energy used at each NITS Node; and
(c) Transmission Loss percentage which is calculated as the total
transmission system losses divided by the total energy entering the NITS
expressed in percentages.

Event inclusions and exclusions for performance reporting

Art 12.41 A power interruption shall include any outage which may be due to the tripping
action of protective devices during faults or the failure of transmission lines or power
transformers and loss of generation which results in the loss of service to a Grid
Participant or a group of Grid Participants.

Art 12.42 For the purpose of reporting on NITS reliability, the following shall be reported
separately and excluded from calculations of indices:
(a) planned outages where Grid Participants have been notified in
accordance with the relevant notification provisions contained in the
Operations Sub-Code;
(b) outages caused by Force Majeure conditions; and
(c) outages due to fundamental shortage of generation capacity.

Equipment loading reporting

Art 12.43 The ETU shall identify the transmission circuits and power transformers that
are loaded over 85% of their nameplate rating for more than 10% of total operating
time in a given year; and it shall report this to the Commission on an annual basis
along with the plans to relieve such loading problems.

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SECTION 13. Metering Sub-Code

Background and Scope

Art 13.0 This section of the Grid Code sets out the requirements for standards, procedures
and guidelines in respect of metering, at Connection Points within the NITS, in order
to ensure accurate and transparent accounting, billing and settlement for power and
energy generated and consumed.

Art 13.01 The objectives of the Metering Sub-Code are to:

(a) define the minimum acceptable accuracy and minimum
standards for metering at the Connection Points, to facilitate energy
accounting, billing and settlement;
(b) set out provisions relating to design, specifications, installation,
maintenance and testing of metering facility equipment;
(c) describe provisions relating to security and rights of access to
metering data, settlement and auditing; and
(d) define procedures for the resolution of metering disputes.

General metering principles

Art 13.02 The key principles underlying energy metering shall be as follows:
(a) every NITS Connection Point at which energy is injected into or extracted
from the NITS shall have a metering facility for the purposes of energy
accounting;
(b) active and reactive energy, and power demand shall be measured at all
Metering Points in the NITS to determine both the input and output
quantities;
(c) two revenue metering facilities, Main and Check meters, are required at
each Metering Point;
(d) each metering facility shall measure power and energy flow and shall be
arranged to ensure continuous recording even in the event of failure of
one of the metering facilities;

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(e) the ETU shall have responsibility for the provision and installation of the
Main Meter at appropriate locations at all Metering Points and Grid
Participants shall have responsibility for the provision and installation of
Check Meters at appropriate locations at their own expense;
(f) the Main Meter shall be the revenue meter and the Check Meter shall be
used to provide metering data when a revenue meter, current transformer
or voltage transformer is out of service;
(g) the revenue metering facilities shall be located as close as practicable to
the Connection Point;
(h) the NITS Asset Owner or Grid Participant shall provide adequate space in
panels and rooms at substations or Connection Points for installation of
the meters;
(i) the Check Meter installation shall involve the provision of a separate
metering facility using separate current transformer cores and separately
fused voltage transformer secondary circuits, preferably from separate
secondary windings;
(j) the metering facility shall comply with the prescribed standards and
equipment shall be manufactured to prescribed and internationally
recognized quality standards;
(k) metering facility shall be
i) secure,
ii) registered with the ETU, and
iii) capable of providing data for electronic transfer to a metering
database maintained by the ETU;
(l) energy meter data shall be based on units of watt-hours (active energy)
and var-hours (reactive energy) and shall be collated at defined metering
intervals;
(m)every Grid Participant is entitled to access the metering database in
respect of their own production, demand or consumption of power and
energy;

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(n) historical data shall be maintained in the metering database for thirteen
months in accessible format and for six years in archive;
(o) the ETU and the Grid Participant may replace their respective metering
facility at any time after it has been installed, subject to the provisions of
this section of the Grid Code.

Metering facility
Art 13.03 In addition to conformity with the principles specified in Article 14.02, a
metering facility shall:
(a) contain a device which has a visible or an equivalent accessible display
of, at a minimum, the cumulative total energy measured by that metering
facility;
(b) be capable of separately registering and recording flows in each direction
where bi-directional active energy flow occurs;

(c) be capable of communicating from the site of the metering facility to the
metering database located at any site that may be specified by the ETU;
and
(d) include facilities for storing metering data for at least six (6) months.

Art 13.04 A metering facility shall consist of some or all of the following:
(a) current transformers;
(b) voltage transformers;
(c) a secure and protected wiring from the current transformer and
the voltage transformer to the meter;
(d) a revenue class meter (Main and Check Meter) and a data
recorder which may be internal (within the meter) or external to the meter
or a combination;
(e) an appropriately constructed panel on which the meter and data
logger are mounted with a facility to keep the metering facility secure
from interference;
(f) a communication interface equipment such as modem, isolation
devices, telephone service, radio transmitter and data link equipment;

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(g) an auxiliary electricity supply to the meter;

(h) tests links and fusing;
(i) lightning protection;
(j) a totalizing equipment, integrating pulse recorder and time
source;
(k) a monitoring system to alert the ETU of any failure of critical
components of the metering facility.

Use of meters
Art 13.05 Main metering data is to be used as the primary source of metering data for
billing purposes.

Art 13.06 Check metering data is to be used for validation, substitution in the event of
the failure of the Main Meter and account estimation of revenue metering data.

Art 13.07 Energy consumed at a generating station and drawn from the NITS shall be
measured by using a revenue meter and the generating plant shall pay for this energy.
The metering shall be connected to the high voltage side of the supply transformer
and shall be owned by the ETU.

Metering facility equipment standards

Art 13.08 The following are minimum requirements for metering facility equipment. A
Grid Participant may, at its own cost, install a metering facility equipment of higher
level accuracy.

Voltage Transformers
Art 13.09 The voltage transformer shall comprise three units from a three-phase set, each
of which shall comply with the relevant provisions of the IEC 61869-11-2017
Standard or its equivalent national standard for metering, and corresponding to the
accuracy class of 0.2.

Art 13.10 The voltage drop in each phase of the voltage transformer connections of the
same accuracy class shall not exceed 0.2V. The voltage transformer shall be
connected only to a billing meter with a burden that shall not affect the accuracy of
measurement.

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Art 13.11 A voltage changeover scheme shall be provided where more than one voltage
transformer is available.

Current transformers
Art 13.12 The current transformer shall comprise three units for a three-phase set, each of
which shall comply with the relevant provisions of the IEC 60044 Standard or its
equivalent national standard for metering, and corresponding to the accuracy class of
0.2.

Art 13.13 The current transformer’s rated secondary current shall be 1A or 5A. The
neutral conductor of the current transformer shall be effectively grounded at a single
point and shall be connected only to a billing meter with a burden that shall not
affect the accuracy of measurement.

Meters
Art 13.14 Meters shall be solid-state, multifunction meters, of three-phase four-wire type
rated for the required site, and shall comply with the updated and current versions of
IEC 60687 and IEC 61268 Standards or equivalent national standards and
correspond to the accuracy classes as defined in Schedule TS-M.

Art 13.15 The meters shall measure and locally display at least the kW, kWh, kVar,
kVarh and kVA with features for pulse output.

Art 13.16 Main and Check Meters shall be connected to different sets of current
transformers and voltage transformers.

Art 13.17 A cumulative record of the parameters measured shall be available on the
meter and where a bi-directional meter is used, it shall have two such records
available.

Art 13.18 Where a combined active energy and reactive energy meters are provided, then
a separate record shall be provided for each measured quantity and direction.

Art 13.19 The loss of auxiliary supply to the meter shall not erase the cumulative records.

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Art 13.20 A metering facility shall provide a pulse output for each measured quantity.
The pulse output shall be for a three-wire terminal with pulse duration in the range
from 40 to 80 milliseconds, preferably selectable and with selective pulse frequency
or rate. The minimum pulse frequency shall comply with the IEC Standard or its
equivalent national standard for the shortest integration period and the accuracy class
of the meter. Pulse output shall be galvanically isolated from the voltage and current
transformers being measured and from the auxiliary supply input terminals.

Art 13.21 A metering equipment shall be of proven quality, fully type tested,
individually tested and accepted by the ETU. Appropriate test certificates shall be
kept by the ETU or the NITS Asset Owner as the case may be. All metering
equipment shall be supported with evidence of approval from accredited laboratory
recognized under the International Certification Scheme.

Art 13.22 The limits of accuracy for classes of meters shall be as prescribed in Technical
Schedule TS-M.

Integrating Pulse Recorders

Art 13.23 Integrating Pulse recorders shall be capable of recording integrated demand
periods adjustable between fifteen(15) minutes and sixty(60) minutes.

Art 13.24 Each recorder shall be capable of transferring the data through communication
channels to be provided to the metering database by the ETU. A Remote Terminal
Unit shall be installed at the meter location that can be interrogated by the dispatch
centre data acquisition computer.

Art 13.25 The integrating pulse recorder shall provide a record for reference at a future
time. The record shall be suitable for reference for a period of at least one year after
it was generated. The integrating pulse recorder shall be regularly interrogated and
the interrogation record shall be maintained by the recorder for sixty(60) days.

Art 13.26 The recorder’s time and the meter’s time shall be based on the UTC Standard
time. The time reference used with the recorder shall ensure that the accuracy of the
integrating pulse recorder is with a time error no more than ±1 sec.

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Art 13.27 Reprogramming of an integrating pulse recorder shall be done as soon as

possible, within one billing cycle, if there is a time error.

WAPP Interconnections
Art 13.28 All metering facilities at WAPP interconnection points shall, at the least, meet
the requirements of the Grid Code.

Metering Register
Art 13.29 The ETU shall keep and maintain a Metering Register containing static
metering information associated with metering facilities. The register shall facilitate
the following:
(a) the registration of a Connection Point, Metering Point and
affected Grid Participants;
(b) verification of compliance with the Grid Code; and
(c) auditable control of changes to the registered information.

Art 13.30 The ETU shall update the Metering Register from time to time, to ensure that
the accuracy of the Metering Register is maintained.

Metering equipment testing and maintenance

Instrument transformer testing
Art 13.31 Testing of instrument transformers at the Connection Point shall be performed
by the ETU or a party authorized by the ETU during the test and commissioning
stage and then at least once every five years or as the need arises due to questions of
accuracy.

Art 13.32 All tests shall be carried out in accordance with acceptable international
standards. Relevant Grid Participants may witness the tests.

Art 13.33 An instrument transformer shall not be connected to a load beyond its rated
burden and shall be operated at the optimum burden range to achieve maximum
accuracy of the metering system.

Art 13.34 Burden tests shall be conducted during commissioning, re-installation or

relocation or when requested by the Grid Participant /or the ETU. Loading resistors

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for compensating low burdens may be allowed as long as the accuracy level is
sustained.

Meter testing and calibration

Art 13.35 The ETU and the Grid Participant shall test and seal the meters at least once a
year and recalibrate or replace such meters if found to be outside the acceptable
accuracy stipulated in the Grid Code.

Art 13.36 The ETU and the Grid Participant shall notify each other when the Main or
Check meters are due to be tested.

Art 13.37 Suitable isolation facilities shall be provided to facilitate testing and
calibration of the metering facility.

Art 13.38 Suitable drawings and supporting information detailing the metering facility
shall be made available for maintenance, testing and auditing purposes.

Art 13.39 Test equipment used in the calibration of instrument transformers or meters
shall be certified to values of accuracy and precision which are, at least, twice as
accurate as the required accuracy of the equipment under test.

Art 13.40 Solid-state watt-hour standards of 0.2% or better accuracy shall be used in the
testing of watt-hour meters. All watt-hour standards shall be certified as accurate
every twelve months.

Request for tests

Art 13.41 A Grid Participant may request the ETU to arrange for a test of any metering
equipment where it has cause to believe that the performance of the equipment is not
within the accuracy limits specified in the Grid Code. The requested test shall be
carried out by the ETU or an independent party approved by the parties and may be
witnessed by concerned parties if they so wish.

Art 13.42 Where the metering equipment fails the requested test, the ETU shall pay for
the cost of the test; but where the meter equipment passes the test, the party who
requested the test shall pay for the cost of the test.

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Maintenance of metering equipment

Art 13.43 Maintenance of metering equipment shall only be performed at pre-appointed
times after notice has been given to all interested parties.

Art 13.44 Maintenance of the metering equipment at the Metering Point shall be
performed by the ETU for a Main Meter and by the Grid Participant for a Check
Meter in the presence of the other party who may have elected to be present.

Art 13.45 All test results, maintenance programs and sealing records shall be kept for the
life of the equipment. The equipment data and test records shall be made available to
authorized parties.

Art 13.46 A meter shall be considered faulty only if it is determined that the meter does
not comply with the prescribed accuracy standards.

Art 13.47 Upon any Grid Participant or the ETU observing that a meter may not be
operating properly, the other party shall be notified, as soon as reasonably
practicable of the existence of a fault and the length of time the fault may have
existed.

Art 13.48 The meter owner shall ensure that repairs are made to the metering facility as
soon as reasonably practicable after becoming aware of the fault or malfunction.

Art 13.49 Until any meter or metering equipment affected by an outage, defect or
malfunction is repaired, adjusted or replaced, the affected Grid Participants and the
ETU shall ensure that suitable proxy data is obtained or estimated and recorded for
the period of time the fault condition persists.

Metering equipment security

Art 13.50 The ETU and all Grid Participants shall take all reasonable measures to
prevent unauthorized access and interference with the metering facility equipment.

Art 13.51 The ETU shall provide seals and other appropriate devices to prevent or detect
unauthorized interference or possible alteration to settings and calibrations.

Art 13.52 The ETU shall provide appropriate security against corruption of data in
transmission.

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Meter reading and metering data

Art 13.53 The ETU shall download integrating pulse metering data for each Connection
Point at pre-defined intervals for billing and settlement purposes. Each Grid
Participant shall be provided full access to the data for its Connection Point.

Art 13.54 The pulses from two or more meters may be combined into one integrating
pulse recorder provided all the other requirements of this Sub-Code are met.

Art 13.55 The meter pulses that need to be integrated into the recorder are:
(a) active energy and active power demand, exported to and
imported from the NITS; and
(b) reactive energy and reactive power demand exported to and
imported from the NITS.

Art 13.56 Provision shall be made by all Grid Participants to permit on-site as well as
remote interrogation of the Integrating Pulse Recorder.

Electronic data transfer capability

Art 13.57 All metering facilities shall have the capability of electronic data transfer.

On-Site meter reading

Art 13.58 Where on-site meter reading is necessary, it shall be witnessed by authorized
representatives of all concerned parties on the agreed date and time and as stipulated
in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement.

Billing and settlement procedure

Art 13.59 The billing and settlement procedure shall be as specified in the relevant
Power Purchase and Energy Supply Agreements or in accordance with the
Wholesale Electricity Market Rules.

Art 13.60 The ETU and relevant Grid Participants shall agree to adjustments to
metering data to account for system losses and unaccounted-for energy.

Settlement audit procedure

Art 13.61 A Grid Participant shall have the right to request for an audit of the settlement
data related to its account and the right to choose an independent party approved by

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all concerned parties and qualified to perform the audit. Interested NITS Asset
Owners, Grid Participants and the ETU shall cooperate in the auditing process.

Allocation of audit cost

Art 13.62 The defaulting party following an audit conducted under Article 14.61 shall be
responsible for all the costs of the independent auditor, unless otherwise agreed.

Audit results
Art 13.63 The results of an audit conducted shall be issued in a report and discussed with
the ETU who shall issue a response to the Audit Report, including any adjustments
in account billing and payments proposed.

Audit appeals
Art 13.64 Where a Grid Participant disagrees with the ETU’s response to the audit
report, the ETU’s response may be appealed to theCommission.

Confidentiality
Art 13.65 Metering data and associated metering database constitute confidential
information and shall be treated as such at all times. The ETU shall ensure that
metering data is protected from access by unauthorized persons.

Art 13.66 The ETU shall not provide metering data from a metering facility to any person
other than the metered entity to whom the data relates except when:
(a) the data must be supplied for law enforcement purposes or for the
purpose of complying with a regulatory or legal requirement; or
(b) it is otherwise permitted by the Grid Code.

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Section 14. Information & Data Exchange and Disclosure Manual

Background, Purpose and Scope

Art 14.0 The ETU has an obligation to ensure that the NITS is operated in a reliable and
secure manner. To achieve this, the ETU shall obtain from and provide Grid
Participants with power system information needed for the maintenance of system
security. The exchange of information will enable Grid Participants to carry out their
obligations and meet statutory reporting requirements.

Art 14.01 The ETU shall obtain from Grid Participants, the technical and operational
information needed for the discharge of the ETU’s responsibilities in order to
provide open, fair and non-discriminatory access to the NITS for all Grid
Participants.

Art 14.02 The Information and Data Exchange Sub-Code is based on the requirements of
the Grid Code and other statutory requirements. The Sub Code defines the reciprocal
obligations of Grid Participants with regard to the provision of information and
exchange of data for the implementation of the Grid Code.

Art 14.03 The requirements of this Sub-Code are complementary to any information and
data exchange requirements defined in other sections of the Grid Code.

Information exchange interface

Art 14.04 The ETU shall designate an office as its contact office for the exchange of
information pertaining to the real time operation of the NITS.

Art 14.05 A Grid Participant shall designate an office as its point of information and data
exchange and shall provide the ETU with all the relevant details of contact for its
offices.

Art 14.06 A Grid Participant shall identify the following for each type of information
exchange:

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(a) the name(s), title(s)/position(s) and contact details of the

person(s) designated by the Grid Participant to be responsible for
provision of information; and
(b) the purpose for which the information is required.

Art 14.07 Grid Participants shall agree on appropriate procedures for the transfer of
information.

General principles for implementation of information and data

exchange
Art 14.08 A Grid Participant shall keep readily available, complete and accurate records
of all data required for the proper administration of the Grid Code.

Art 14.09 The ETU will provide open and timely exchange of relevant information
among Grid Participants, to facilitate the secure and reliable operation of the NITS.

Art 14.10 The information exchanged between the ETU and a Grid Participant may be
either confidential (bilateral) information or public information intended for all
parties. The provider of the information shall indicate whether the information being
provided should be considered confidential or public.

Art 14.11 The ETU shall make available critical data to allow a Grid Participant to make
rational and informed decisions regarding the operations of the NITS.

Art 14.12 The ETU shall publish all relevant non-confidential information in a timely
manner, or make them accessible by all Grid Participants, in an open and non-
discriminatory manner.

Art 14.13 In the case of electronic data sharing, access to NITS information shall be
provided on read-only basis.

Art 14.14 A Grid Participant shall be responsible for the procurement and maintenance
of the required communication systems as well as the data communication costs of
its systems used for the purpose of Information and Data Exchange.

Information exchange between Grid Participants

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Provision of Information to the ETU

Art 14.15 The ETU may require information of a technical nature, to the extent not
supplied under any other provisions of the Grid Code, to be supplied by Grid
Participants to enable it (the ETU) to undertake the following:
(a) analysis and evaluation of equipment and service performance
of the NITS as well as the preparation of the NITS performance reports;
(b) survey of NITS conditions;
(c) assessment of risks to NITS operations;
(d) analysis of NITS equipment performance; and
(e) analysis and validation of policies of the Grid Code.

Art 14.16 The ETU shall, for the purposes of Article 15.15, send a written request to
a Grid Participant, setting out the information it reasonably requires, the preferred
medium and format for the submission and the time by which it reasonably requires
a response to the request.

Art 14.17 A Grid Participant shall use all reasonable endeavours to provide the required
information in the required format and within the time stated.

Art 14.18 Unless specifically provided in other sections of the Grid Code,
communications with the ETU on all other matters shall be with the Head Office of
the ETU.

Planning information
Art 14.19 A Grid Participant shall provide on a regular basis such information as the
ETU may reasonably request for the purposes of planning and developing the NITS
and to enable the ETU fulfil its statutory or regulatory obligations. Grid Participants
shall submit the information to the ETU without unreasonable delay.

Art 14.20 The Planning Information to be provided shall be as specified in the Planning
Code and any other information which may from time to time be required.

Art 14.21 A NITS Asset Owner shall provide a Grid Participant with information about
equipment and systems installed at HV transmission substations.

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Art 14.22 The ETU shall keep an updated technical database of the NITS for purposes of
modelling and studies on the NITS.

Art 14.23 The ETU shall provide Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers with any
relevant information that may be reasonably required to properly plan and design
their networks and to comply with their obligations under the Connection Sub-Code.

Art 14.24 A Distribution Company or Bulk Customer shall upon request to upgrade an
existing connection or when applying for a new connection, provide the information
specified in the Connection Sub-Code.

Art 14.25 A Wholesale Supplier shall submit to the ETU all maintenance planning
information with regard to each unit at each power station, as specified in the
Operations Sub-Code.

Network information exchange

Art 14.26 A Grid Participant shall promptly provide to the ETU, on request, network
information that is considered reasonable for the security and integrity of the NITS

Art 14.27 The ETU shall communicate network information as required for safe and
reliable operation to the contact points designated by each Grid Participant required.

Art 14.28 The network information exchange shall be both electronic and paper
based and within the time frame agreed upon between the Grid Participants.

Operational communication and data retention requirements

Art 14.29 Adequate communication facilities and procedures shall be established
between the ETU and each Grid Participant to allow the timely transfer of
information.

Art 14.30 The communication facilities for voice and data that are to be installed and
maintained between the ETU and a Grid Participant shall comply with the applicable
IEC and ITU standards for SCADA and Communication equipment.

Art 14.31 The communication facilities shall support data acquisition from Remote
Terminal Units. The ETU shall be capable of monitoring the state of the NITS via
telemetry from the Remote Terminal Unit connected to plant or facility of a Grid
Participant plant or substation.

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Art 14.32 The ETU and Grid Participants may in place of the above systems adopt the
use of new technologies and methodologies for communication of information,
where there is a recognizable benefit in quality, reliability and features and to do so
would be reasonable in the circumstances.

Telephone/fax
Art 14.33 Each Distribution Company, Bulk Customer or Grid Participant shall be
responsible for the provision and maintenance of telephone and facsimile equipment
as required.

Art 14.34 The ETU and all Grid Participants shall provide no fewer than two separate
Public Switched Telephone Network circuits to its Control Room.

Art 14.35 The ETU may provide one or more telephone extensions to be connected to the
ETU’s private operational telephone system. This facility shall be reserved for
operational purposes only and shall be attended by an authorized person and
answered without delay. Grid Participants shall be responsible for optimizing the
reliability and security of this telephone service.

Art 14.36 The ETU shall install and operate a system for recording of all operational
voice communication with Grid Participants. The historical archives of these voice
recordings shall be available for at least one year and shall be made available to
authorized persons when required.

Computer Equipment
Art 14.37 The ETU and all Grid Participants shall provide appropriate Information
Technology and data networking equipment to allow data exchange such as
electronic mail, dispatch instructions, etc between the ETU and the Grid Participant.
The equipment shall only be used by the Grid Participant for operational
communications with the ETU.

File Transfers
Art 14.38 The structure and format for data transfer shall be negotiated and defined by
the supplier and receiver of the information.

Art 14.39 The transfer media shall be mutually agreed by the parties involved.

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Art 14.40 The parties shall make adequate arrangements for data backup purposes so as
to enable the recovery of information in the event of equipment or communication
failure.

SCADA infrastructure
Art 14.41 Each NITS Node shall be accessible to the SCADA system which shall be
used for storage, display and processing of operational data.

Art 14.42 All Grid Participants shall make available outputs of their respective
operational equipment to the SCADA System.

Art 14.43 SCADA Remote Terminal Units shall be installed for the transmission of
signals and indications to and from the ETU. The signals and indications which must
be provided by Grid Participants for transmission by SCADA equipment are those
specified in the Connection Code, together with such other data or information as the
ETU may reasonably request, from time to time, by notice to Grid Participants.

Art 14.44 All SCADA, metering, computer and communication equipment and the data
or information carried by the NITS shall be secure from unauthorized access.
Procedures governing security and access shall be agreed with Grid Participants, but
shall allow for adequate access to the equipment and information by the relevant
Grid Participant and ETU for the purposes of maintenance, repair, testing and
recording of measurements.

Time standard
Art 14.45 The time standard used shall be the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
Standard and all time information shall be referenced to it. To maintain
synchronization, each NITS Node shall be provided with a connection to GPS
satellite receivers that enable all relevant devices to maintain time synchronization.

Data retention and archiving

Art 14.46 The ETU and every Grid Participant shall maintain sufficient records to
support audit and verification requirements and to support monitoring of compliance
with the provisions of the Grid Code. They shall also maintain adequate data and
records, in sufficient detail, to support event diagnostics and trouble shooting.

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Art 14.47 The ETU shall maintain a complete and accurate record of all Operational
Data supplied or maintained under the Grid Code.

Art 14.48 All Operational Data shall be so maintained for a period of not less than five
(5)years, commencing from the date the Operational Data was first supplied or first
created, if earlier.

Art 14.49 The ETU shall allow Grid Participants access to its records of Operational
Data.

Art 14.50 The obligations for data retention and archiving shall be the responsibility of
the information owner.

Art 14.51 The systems for the storage of data and information to be used by the parties
shall be of their own choice and installed at their own cost.

Art 14.52 The ETC may at any time audit the data retention and archiving systems of
Grid Participants.

Art 14.53 A Grid Participant shall store operational information that is kept
electronically for a period of at least five (5)years or for the life of the plant or
equipment concerned, whichever is the longer.

Art 14.54 The ETU and all Grid Participants shall ensure reasonable security against
unauthorized access, use and loss of information. To this end, a Grid Participant
shall, among other things, develop and implement a backup strategy for the
information system equipment.In order to ensure protection of the NITS against
unauthorised access, the ETU and all Grid Participants shall implement cyber
security protocols including anti-virus and firewall protection systems.

Generating plant performance data

Art 14.55 A Wholesale Supplier shall provide the ETU with the performance parameters
of each generating unit at its power plant such as availability, reliability, etc. as
detailed in the Grid Code and the relevant Connection Agreement.

Distribution Company and Bulk Customer performance data

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Art 14.56 The performance measurement of all Distribution Companies and Bulk
Customers shall be supplied to the ETU and NITS Asset Owner(s) in accordance
with the relevant provisions of the Connection Agreement.

NITS performance data

Art 14.57 The following NITS performance indicators and operational information
shall be made available by the ETU to all Grid Participants:
(a) Daily-
i) Power and energy generation by each generating facility registered
with the ETU;
ii) Hourly actual demand of the previous day in MW;
iii) Reserve amounts during the morning and evening peaks of the
previous day in MW
(b) Monthly -
i) Energy balance indicating internal generation, imports, exports,
energy available for sale and transmission losses;
ii) Generating plant Availability;
iii) Number and total duration of frequency excursions outside
statutory limits;
iv) Number and total duration of voltage excursions outside statutory
limits;
v) Outage duration at each NITS Node.
(c) Annually -
i) Annual energy balance for the year;
ii) Annual peak demand in MW, date and time;
iii) Annual minimum demand in MW, date and time;
iv) Outage duration at each NITS Node.

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Art 14.58 A NITS Asset Owner shall also make available all information collected via
recorders installed at substations to the ETU for analysis. The ETU shall make this
information available to affected Grid Participants on request.

Art 14.59 The ETU shall publish each week a report on the power system performance
for the previous week, including a report on Significant Incidents and operating
conditions relevant to the operation of the NITS.

Events reporting
Art 14.60 In the case of a Significant Incident which has been notified by a Grid
Participant to the ETU, the Grid Participant shall provide a written report within
three (3)days of the significant incident to the ETU.

Art 14.61 In the case of a Significant Incident which has been notified by the ETU to a
Grid Participant, the ETU shall provide a written report within three (3)days of the
significant incident to all affected Grid Participants.

Art 14.62 The reports referred to in Articles 15.61 and 15.62 shall, where applicable,
include at least the following:
(a) time and date of Significant Incident;
(b) location;
(c) plant and/or equipment involved;
(d) brief description of the Significant Incident;
(e) Estimated date and time of return to service;
(f) load/generation interrupted and duration of interruption;
(g) generating unit – frequency response achieved;
(h) generating unit – MVar performance achieved;
(i) any other information that the ETU or Grid Participant
reasonably considers may be required in relation to the Significant
Incident

Confidentiality obligations

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Art 14.63 A Grid Participant shall use all reasonable endeavours to keep as confidential
any information classified as such and which comes into the possession or control of
that Grid Participant or of which the Grid Participant becomes aware.

Art 14.64 The information owner may request the recipient of the information to enter
into a confidentiality agreement before information established to be confidential is
provided.

Art 14.65 A Grid Participant shall not:

(a) disclose confidential information to any third party without the
written consent of the owner or provider of the information.
(b) use or reproduce confidential information for any purpose other
than that for which it was disclosed or for purposes contemplated by the
Grid Code; and
(c) permit unauthorized persons to have access to confidential
information.

Art 14.66 A Grid Participant shall use all reasonable endeavours to prevent unauthorized
access to confidential information which is in the possession or control of that Grid
Participant.

Art 14.67 A Grid Participant shall ensure that any person to whom it discloses
confidential information observes the provisions for confidentiality in relation to that
information.

Art 14.68 A Grid Participant shall report any unauthorised disclosure of information that
is governed by a confidentiality agreement as soon as practicable after it has become
aware of the unauthorised disclosure and shall provide all reasonable assistance to
ensure recovery or destruction of that confidential information as may be deemed
appropriate by the information owner or provider.

Exceptions
Art 14.69 The confidentiality provisions in these section of the Grid Code do not prevent
the disclosure, use or reproduction of information,

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(a) if the relevant information is at the time generally and publicly

available other than as a result of breach of confidentiality by a Grid
Participant or any person to whom the Grid Participant has disclosed the
information;
(b) by a Grid Participant for the use of an employee or officer of the
Grid Participant or a related body corporate of the Grid Participant; or a
legal or other professional adviser, auditor or other consultant which
require the information for the purposes of the Grid Code, or for the
purpose of advising the Grid Participant ;
(c) with the consent of the person or persons who provided the
relevant information under the Code;
(d) to the extent required by law or by a lawful requirement of any
government or governmental body, authority or agency having
jurisdiction over a Grid Participant or its related bodies corporate;
(e) if required in connection with legal proceedings, arbitration,
expert determination or other dispute resolution mechanism relating to the
Grid Code;
(f) if required to protect the safety of personnel or equipment; or
(g) of an historical nature in connection with the preparation and
submission of reports under the Grid Code.

Disclosure of confidential information

Art 14.70 A Grid Participant who needs to disclose confidential information shall consult
with the provider of the information prior to its release and inform those affected by
the information disclosure.

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PART E: DEFINITIONS
In this National Electricity Grid Code, unless the context otherwise requires—

Access :means the contracted right to use an electrical system to transfer electrical
energy ;

Agent a person or entity appointed by a ETU to coordinate operations of one or

more of that Grid Participant ’s facilities on its behalf, but only with the
prior written consent of the ETU.

Act The Energy Commission’s Act, 1997, (Act 541)

: Active Energy :means the electrical energy produced, flowing or supplied by an electric
circuit during a time interval, being the integral with respect to time of the
instantaneous active power, measured in units of Watt-hours or standard
multiples thereof: i.e.
1000 Watt-hours = 1 Kilo Watt-hour (kWh)
1000 Kilo Watt-hour = 1 Mega Watt-hour (MWh)
1000 Mega Watt-hour = 1 Giga Watt-hour(GWh)
1000 Giga Watt-hour = 1 Tera Watt-hour (TWh)

Active Power :means the product of the components of the alternating current and the
voltage that equate to true power which is measured in units of watts and
standard multiples thereof, for example:
1000 Watt = 1 Kilo Watt (kW)
1000 Kilo Watt = 1 Mega Watt (MW)
1000 Mega Watt = 1 Giga Watt (GW)
1000 Giga Watt = 1 Tera Watt (TW)
Adequacy :means the ability of the electric system to supply the aggregate electrical
demand and energy requirements of the customers at all times, taking into
account scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outages of system
elements;

Alternating :means an electric current that reverses its direction of flow at periodic
Current intervals, of 50 times per second;

Ampere (amp) :is a unit of measure of an electric current and is proportional to the
quantity of electrons flowing through a conductor past a given point in one

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second;

Ancillary :means a service necessary to support the transmission of energy from

Service supply sources to loads while maintaining reliable operation of the
transmission system in accordance with Prudent Utility Practice and these
services include voltage control , operating reserves, black-start capability,
interruptible loads and frequency control;

Asset Owner :means a person who owns the whole or part of the NITS or any facility
connected to the NITS;
Automatic : means the regulation of the power output of electric generators within a
Generation control area in response to changes in load, system frequency, and other
Control factors to maintain the scheduled system frequency and interchanges with
other control areas;
Automatic :means the continuously acting automatic equipment controlling the
Voltage terminal voltage of a synchronous generating unit by comparing the actual
Regulator terminal voltage with reference value and controlling by appropriate means
the output of an exciter, depending on the deviations;
Availability :is a measure of time a generation unit, transmission line or other facility is
capable of delivering energy to the transmission system at the delivery
point or of providing ancillary services to the transmission system;
Availability : means a notice that declares the availability of the relevant facility;
Declaration
Availability :means a percentage representing the number of hours an equipment or unit
Factor is ready for or in service in a given period, compared to the number of
hours in the period;

Black Start :means the ability of a generating unit to start and synchronize to the NITS
Capability without using supply from the power system;
Bulk Customer :means a customer that purchases or receives electric power or energy of
the amount or level specified by the Board of the Commission;
Bus :is an electrical conductor which serves as a common connection for two or
more electrical circuits and is used to interconnect equipment of the same
voltage. A bus may be in the form of rigid bars or in the form of stranded
conductor overhead cables held under tension;
Capability :means the maximum load a generator, piece of equipment, substation, or
system can carry under specified (standardized) conditions for a given time
interval without exceeding approved limits;
Capability :means a curve developed for generators showing the limits of reactive and

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active power that a generator can produce without overheating or becoming

unstable ;
Curve
Capacity :means the rated continuous load-carrying ability, expressed in megawatts
(MW) or megavolt-amperes (MVA) of generation, transmission, or other
electrical equipment ;
Capacity Factor :means the ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for the
period of time considered to the electrical energy that could have been
produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period ;
Cascading : means the occurrence of an uncontrollable succession of outages, each of
Outage which is initiated by conditions (e.g. instability or overloading) arising or
made worse as a result of the event preceding it. The tendency of a local line
fault to trigger problems elsewhere on the system and lead to a widespread
power outage;
Check Meter : means a meter installed by the transmission customer which provides the
source data for comparison with the Main Meter;
Circuit :means a conductor or a system of conductors through which an electric
current flows or is intended to flow;
Circuit Breaker : means a protective device located on a circuit to interrupt the flow of
current at a particular point and used to disconnect equipment from a power
system which experiences an electrical fault or overload ;
Continuous : means network frequency or voltage operating range, outside normal range
Operation of operation, within which no generating unit is allowed to disconnect and
Range where power output restrictions may exist.
Combined :means the use of a combustion turbine and a steam turbine in an electrical
Cycle generation plant so that the waste heat from the combustion cycle provides
heat energy for the steam cycle to increase its thermal efficiency of the entire
system;

Combustion :means a turbine that generates power from the combustion of a fuel;
Turbine
Commissioning :means a test conducted on equipment that is connecting to the grid for the
Test first time or after modification or major maintenance;
Compensation :means the use of devices like capacitors or voltage regulators to improve
performance of an electric system with respect to some specified
characteristic ;
Conductor : means a material through which electricity is transmitted, such as an

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electrical wire, or transmission or distribution line;

Connection : means an agreement between the ETU and a Grid Participant that seeks
Agreement connection of its facilities to the NITS and sets out the rights, obligations
and liabilities of both parties;
Connection : means an MOU between the ETU and the Grid participant required to be
MOU negotiated and signed prior to commencement of construction of the
connection to the NITS;
Connection : means the point of physical linkage (disconnect switch) to or with the
Point transmission network for the purpose of enabling the flow of electricity as
the boundary between the transmission system and a facility or other
equipment;
Connection ::means the document required to be submitted to the ETU for the purpose of
Proposal a new connection to the NITS;
Constraints : means the physical and operational limitations on the transfer of electrical
power through transmission facilities ;
Contingency :means the possibility of a fault or equipment failure in a power system;
Control Action :means an action, like switching by which the Transmission System is
operated ;
Control Area :means an electric power system or a combination of electric power systems
bounded by interconnection metering and telemetry, capable of controlling
generation to maintain its interchange schedule with other such areas and
contributing to frequency regulation of the interconnection;
Control Centre :means the facility from which a power system is monitored and regulated
where dispatchers use computerized displays to match generation with load
and to respond to faults in the system;
Control System :means the method of monitoring and controlling the operation of the power
system or equipment including generating units connected to a transmission
or distribution network;
Current :means an instrument transformer, with its primary winding connected with
Transformer the conductor carrying the current to be measured, which gives an accurate
(CT) low-current indication in its secondary winding of the high amperage current
in its primary winding. The low-current output is used for relaying, metering
and indication;

Customer :means a person that contracts for an electricity service;

Demand :means the amount of electrical energy delivered to or by the System or part
of the System at a given time and is the sum of both active and reactive

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power, unless otherwise stated;

Demand :means predicted demand for electric power. A forecast may be short term
Forecast (e.g., fifteen (15) minutes) for system operation purposes, long-term (e.g.,
five (5) to twenty (20) years) for generation, transmission, distribution
planning purposes, or for any range in between. A forecast may include peak
demand, energy, reactive power, or demand profile. A forecast may be made
for total system demand, transmission loading, substation/feeder loading,
individual customer demand, or appliance demand;
Demand Profile : means the hour by hour profiles of demand as at each Bulk Supply Point;
Demand : means the instructions by the ETU for the purposes of balancing the load
Management with generation;
Dispatch :means the operating control of an integrated electric system to
(a) assign specific generating units and other sources of supply to meet the
power demand as load rises or falls;
(b) control operations and maintenance of high voltage lines, substations
and equipment, including administration of safety procedures;
(c) operate interconnections;
(d) manage energy transactions with other interconnected control areas;
and
(e) curtail power demand to balance generations.
Dispatch Day :means the day assigned on a daily basis by the ETU for the forecasted
generation and dispatch of power and energy to meet demand;
Dispatch :means an instruction given by the ETU from its System Control Centre to
Instruction the Generator’s approved contact person or location to change the output,
fuel or manner of operation of the Generation Unit;
Distribution : means a person licensed under the Commission Act, 1997 (ACT 541) to
Company distribute electricity without discrimination to consumers in an area or zone
designated by the Board of the Commission;
Distribution : means a system of electric lines and associated equipment (generally at
System/Distribut nominal voltage levels of 36kV or below), which the Distribution Company
ion Network is licensed to use to distribute electricity for supply under its distribution
licence excluding public lighting asset;
Disturbance :means an unplanned event that produces an abnormal system condition or
any occurrence that adversely affects normal power flow in a system;
ECOWAS :means the protocol signed by the Authority of the Heads of State and
Energy Protocol Governments of the ECOWAS on January 6, 2003 which establishes a legal
framework in order to promote long term cooperation in the energy field
based on complementarities and mutual benefits with a view to achieving
increased investment in the energy sector and increased energy trade in the

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West Africa Sub-Region;

Electricity : means the entity charged with operation of the NITS by virtue of the
Transmission Commission Act, 1997 ACT 541);
Utility
Embedded Generation: means production of electricity utilizing a generation facility with a
capacity between 1 and 10MW that is electrically connected directly
to a distribution system and for which the total output of the facility
is distributed and utilised locally;
Emergency :means any abnormal system condition that requires automatic or
immediate manual action to prevent or limit loss of generation
supply or transmission facilities that could adversely affect the
reliability of the electric system;
Emergency Transfer Capability: means the overall capacity of interregional or international
power lines, together with the associated electrical system facilities,
to transfer power and energy from one electrical system to another
under emergency conditions;
Energize : means the action of connecting a component to a source of power by
the movement of an isolator, breaker or switch enabling it to transfer
active and reactive power;
Energy Storage :means the process for storing, or converting energy from one form to
another, for later use;
Event :means an unscheduled or unplanned occurrence on, or relating to, a
system including, faults, incidents and breakdowns;
Event Reporting : means the procedure set out for reporting events;
Fault : means an event occurring on an electric system such as a short circuit,
a broken wire, or an intermittent connection;
Feeder :means an electrical supply line, either overhead or underground, which
runs from the NITS Node. It is the start of a distribution circuit,
usually less than 36kV , which carries power from the substation.
Also, a line from a generating plant or an interchange point between
a transmission system and a load or distribution system;
Firm :means guaranteed or assured;
Flicker : means a fast fluctuation in voltage leading to quick intermittent coming
on, of an appliance and gives the impression of unstable visual
sensation induced by a light stimulus with luminance or spectral
distribution that fluctuates with light;
;

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Forced Outage : means removal of service, the temporary de-rating, restriction of

use, or reduction in performance of, equipment other than those
specified as a scheduled outage;
Frequency : means the number of alternating current cycles per second (expressed
in Hertz) at which a system is running;
Frequency Control :means the retention of the frequency on the power system within
acceptable limits;
Frequency Regulation :means the automatic adjustment of active power output by a
generation unit, initiated by free governor action in response to
continuous minor fluctuations of frequency on the power system;
Force Majeure............Any act of God, act of the public enemy, war, insurrection, riot, fire,
storm, flood, earthquake, explosion, any curtailment, order,
regulation or restriction imposed by governmental, military or
lawfully established civilian authorities or any other cause beyond
the reasonable control of the ETU or Grid Participant which could
not be avoided through the exercise of Prudent Utility Practice.
Gas Turbine :means a combustion turbine that converts energy of hot compressed
gases (produced by burning fuel in compressed air) into mechanical
energy that can be used to generate electricity ;
Generating Unit : means equipment for producing electrical energy from other forms of
energy;
Generation (electricity): means the process of producing electric energy from other forms
of energy expressed in watt-hours (Wh);
Generation Schedule :means a statement prepared by the ETU setting out which generating
units are anticipated to be required to ensure, so far as practicable,
that the integrity of the Transmission System, the security and
quality of supply and that the generating units assigned are sufficient
to meet demand at all times (to extent practicable) together with an
appropriate margin of reserve;
Governor System : means the automatic control system which regulates the speed of the
power turbine of a generating unit through the control of the rate of
entry into the generating unit of the primary energy input (for
example, steam, gas or water);
Grid Participant : means a Wholesale Supplier, Distribution Company or Bulk Customer
with facilities that are connected to the NITS;
Grid :means an interconnected network of transmission lines of the NITS
including associated equipment for the transfer of electric energy
between points of supply and points of demand;

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Grid Code :means this code that contains the technical and operational rules of
practice and standards of performance rules developed and approved
by the Board of the Commission to facilitate the operations related to
the bulk transmission of electricity within the NITS;
Harmonic :means a sinusoidal wave having a frequency that is an integral multiple
of a fundamental frequency;
High Voltage : means descriptive of transmission lines and electrical equipment with
voltage levels greater than 36 kV;
Imbalance : means a condition where the generation and interchange schedules do
not match demand;
Impedance : means a characteristic of an electric circuit that determines its
hindrance to the flow of electricity and measured in ohms;
Inadvertent Interchange: means the difference between a control area’s net actual
interchange and net scheduled interchange.
Independent System Operator (ISO): means a neutral operator licensed by the Commission
responsible for maintaining instantaneous balance of the NITS by
controlling the dispatch of generating units to ensure that loads
match resources available to the system and is effected in a safe,
reliable, economic and non-discriminatory manner;

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD): means the ratio between RMS value of the
individual harmonic content and the RMS value of the fundamental

voltage expressed in percentage.

Insulator : means a material usually a ceramic, porcelain, elastic polymeric rubber,

or fiberglass which is designed to support a conductor physically
and to separate it electrically from other conductors and supporting
material;
Interchange :means electric power or energy that flows from one entity to another;
Interchange Schedule :consists of an agreement between the ETU and the Grid Participant
on the amount, start and end times, ramp rate, and degree of firmness
for the purpose of an arrangement to transfer electric power;
Interconnected System: means a system consisting of two or more individual electric
systems that normally operate in synchronism and that have
connecting tie-lines;

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Interconnection Transmission Lines: means the linkage of transmission lines between two
utilities, enabling power to be moved in either direction;
Interruptible Load :means load which can be automatically disconnected by the use of
under frequency relay or other means;
Island :means a portion of a power system or several power systems that is
electrically separated from the interconnection due to the
disconnection of transmission system equipment;
LI 1934 .....................Electricity transmission (Technical, operational and standards of
performance ) Rules, 2008
LI 1935......................Electricity Supply and Distribution(Standards of performance)
Regulation, 2008

Line Voltage :means the voltage present between any two of the conductors in a
three-phase system;
Load : means the amount of power carried by a utility system or subsystem,
or amount of power consumed by an electric device at a specified
time;
Load Factor : means the ratio of the actual electrical energy produced/consumed to
the possible maximum electrical energy that could be
produced/consumed in any defined period;
Load Flow Studies :means computer simulations of the transmission system, with
representations of the complete electrical transmission system along
with loads and different generation schedules to meet the loads and
used by engineers to study various operating conditions and to plan
future system additions to assure reliable service to customers;
Load Following :means an electric system’s process of regulating its generation by
selected generators to follow the changes in demand;
Load Forecasts : means predicted demand for electric power which may be short-term
like for a duration of one hour for system operation purposes or
long-term for five (5) to twenty (20) years for generation and
transmission planning purposes;
Load Management : means methods to reduce or reshape or redistribute electrical loads to
match available resources designed to influence the timing and
amount of electricity that customers may use and it generally
attempts to shift loads from peak periods to low use periods;

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Load Shedding : means the process of deliberately removing pre-selected loads from a
power system, usually done automatically by relays, in order to
maintain the integrity of the system under unusual conditions;
Losses :means electric energy losses in the electric system which occur principally
as energy transformation from kilowatt-hours (kWh) to waste heat in
electrical conductors and apparatus;
Main Meter : means the meter installed by the ETU which provides source data
for the accounting and billing function for NITS supply and services;
Major Power System Operational Incident :means an incident that requires capital
equipment to fix or remedy such as substation blasts, cable blasts,
damaged transformer, damaged switichgear, etc;
Maintenance Outage :means the removal of equipment from service availability to
perform work that can be deferred for a while, but requires the
equipment be removed from service before the next planned outage;

Merit-order : means the ranking in order of which generation plant should be used,
based on ascending order of price together with amount of electricity
that will be generated;
Merit-order Dispatch :means the allocation of demand to individual generating units to
effect the least cost production of electricity for customers. The
process of determining the desired generation level for each of the
generating units in a system in order to meet consumer demand at
the lowest possible production cost given the operational constraints
on the system;
Meter :is a device for measuring and recording units of electrical quantities;
Metering is the method of applying devices to measure and record the amount
and direction of electrical quantities with respect to time;
Metering Data :means the data associated with a metering point;
Metering Database :is the system for the storage of data for meters and associated
equipment in the NITS to facilitate easy retrieval;
Metering Equipment : means equipment used for metering including meters, time
switches, measurement transformers, metering protection and
isolation equipment, circuitry and their associated data storage and
data communications equipment and wiring which are part of the
active energy and reactive energy measuring equipment at or related
to a metering point;
Metering Facility :means a combination of metering equipment;

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Metering Intervals :means the time between electricity meter consumption recordings;
Metering Information :means data related to a metering facility that is prescribed by the
ETU for record in the metering register;
Metering Point :means a point in the NITS at which a meter and its accessories are
located refer to TS Single Line Diagram;
Metering Register :has the meaning assigned to it under Art 13.29;
Metering System :includes metering equipment, processes associated with metering,
roles and activities related to metering;
Multiple Contingence :means the failure or outage of an element of the power system and
the coincidental unexpected failure or outage of any other related
element of the power system;
Nameplate Rating :means a manufacturer’s guaranteed performance of an equipment in
the power system under standardized conditions and is usually
expressed in amperes, volts, kilovolt-amperes, kilowatts or other
appropriate units usually indicated on a nameplate attached to the
individual machine or device;
Network :means the plant and equipment used to convey, and control the
conveyance of electricity to customers
NITS Node :see substation;
Node :means a point in the NITS where active or reactive power or energy
can be injected or withdrawn;
Nominal Voltage :means the voltage by which the system is designated and to which
certain operating characteristics are related, and the voltage at which
the system operates and is normally about 5 to 10 percent below the
maximum system voltage for which system components are
designed;
Non-spinning Reserve :has the meaning assigned in Art 9.22;
Off-peak :means the hours or other periods defined by contract or other agreements
or guide as the periods of lower electrical demand. Off- peak
normally refers to a period of relatively low demand on an electric
system and is typical to occur in the middle of the night;
On-peak :means the hours or other periods defined by contract or other agreements
or guide as the periods of higher electrical demand. On- peak
normally refers to a period of relatively high demand on an electric
system;
Open Access :means the equal right to connect or use a system to transfer electrical
energy provided established requirements are met;

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Operating Criteria :means the fundamental principles of reliable interconnected systems

operation;
Operating Procedures :means a set of policies, practices, or system adjustments that may
be automatically or manually implemented by the ISO within a
specified time frame to maintain the operational integrity of the
interconnected electric systems;
Operating Reserve :means the additional megawatt output required from a generation
unit or demand reduction which must be realizable in real time
operation to contain and correct any potential power system
frequency deviation to an acceptable level;
Operating Standards :means the established measureable criteria for determining the
performance of obligation within a control area or a power system;
Operational Data :means the data required by the ETU for the purpose of satisfactorily
operating, planning and managing the NITS;
Operational Planning :means planning through various time scales, the matching of
Generation Output with forecast Demand together with a reserve of
Generation to provide a Margin, taking into account Outages of
certain Generation Units and of parts of the Transmission System
carried out to achieve as far as possible, the required level of System
Security;
Outage :means a scheduled or unexpected period in a power system, during
which a facility or component ceases to provide its full functioned
capability and in relation to a generation unit, a total or partial
reduction in availability such that the generation unit is unavailable
to achieve its full registered megawatts capacity in accordance with
its registered operating characteristics;
Outage Need :means the time and periods specified by the Grid Participant for
planned and maintenance outage;
Overload :means operation of equipment in excess of its normal, full load
rating or operation of a conductor in excess of ampacity, which if
continued for a sufficient length of time, would cause damage or
overheating;
Peak Demand :means the maximum load during a specified period of time;
Performance Standard : means a set of standards for the purpose of monitoring the
performance of the ETU and the Grid participants in the delivery of
their services;
Performance Data : means data showing heat rate of generation unit at different
generation capacities;

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Planned Outage :means the removal of the equipment from service availability for
inspection or the general overhaul of a major equipment and is
usually scheduled well in advance;
Planning Year :means the period between 1st November in one year to 31st October
in the ensuing year;
POC:means Connection Point;

Power factor :means the ratio of the active power to the reactive power at a metering
point;
Power Flows :See ‘load flow studies’;
Power Pool :means two or more interconnected electric systems planned and
operated to supply power for their combined demand requirements;
Power System :means the interconnected system of generating units, transmission
and distribution networks operated as an integrated arrangement for
the supply of electricity;
Prudent Utility Practice :means the generally accepted design, practices, methods, and
operation of a power system, to achieve safety, dependability,
efficiency, and economy, and to meet utility and industry codes,
standards, and regulations;
Ramp Rate :means the rate at which the power output of a generator or can be
increased or decreased (in MW/min);
Rated Power : means the rated installed power capacity of a generating unit that is
connected to the network and whose output is continuously available
to the network
Reactive Energy : means the integral with respect to time of the instantaneous reactive
power produced, flowing or supplied by an electric circuit during a
time interval measured in units of Varh or standard multiples
thereof;
Reactive Power : means the product of voltage and current and the sine of the phase
angle between them measured in units of volt-amperes reactive and
standard multiples thereof;
Reactive Power Capability Curve :is a diagram, which shows the MW and MVar
capability limits within which a generation unit will be expected to
operate under steady state conditions;
Reactor :means a device specifically arranged to be connected within the
transmission system during periods of low load demand or low
reactive power demand to counteract the natural capacitive effects of

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long transmission lines in generating excess reactive power and so

correct any transmission voltage effects during these periods;
Reliability :means the degree of performance of the elements of the electric power
system that results in electricity being delivered to customers within
accepted standards and in the amount desired. It is a measure of the
ability of a power system to provide uninterrupted service, even
while that system is under stress. Reliability may be measured by the
frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects on the electric
supply;
Remote Terminal Unit(RTU): is a device that collects, codes and transmits data;
Reserve :means an ancillary service that consists of a generation capacity that
is available , or a load that can be interrupted by the Utility in the
event of an unexpected outage of a scheduled plant;
Reserve Margin: :means the difference between an electric utility’s system capability
and anticipated peak load during a specific period, measured either
in megawatts or as a percentage of peak load;
Safety Procedures :means processes defined by safety rules;
Safety Rules :means the rules which ensures that persons and equipment are
safeguarded from hazards arising from the System;
Security :means the ability of the electric system to withstand sudden disturbances
like electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system facilities;
Shunt Capacitor :means an equipment connected to a network to generate reactive
power;
Shunt Reactor :means an equipment connected to a network to absorb reactive
power;
Significant Incident :means an event;
Single Contingence :includes the singular
(a) sudden, unexpected failure or outage of a power system or of
an element like generating unit, transmission line and
transformer; or
(b) removal from service of an element of the power system like
generating unit, transmission line or transformer as part of the
operation of a remedial action scheme, the occurrence of which
shall not affect the normal operation of the NITS;
Spinning Reserve : has the meaning assigned in Art 9.21
Stability :means the ability of an electric system to maintain a state of equilibrium
during normal and abnormal system conditions or disturbances;

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Static VAR compensation :means a controllable VAR supply, that consist of a complete
system of static components like capacitors, reactors and solid-state
switches combined in one device, to provide rapid and continuously
controllable reactive power compensation;
Substation :means a facility at which two or more lines are switched for
operational purposes and which may in addition have one or more
transformers to enable some connected lines operate at different
nominal voltages in relation to others;
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition: means a computer system that allows an
electric system operator to remotely monitor and control elements of
an electric system;
Surge :means a transient variation of current, voltage, or power flow in an
electric circuit or across an electric system;
Switchgear : includes the combination of various switching and interrupting
devices used in a power system such as disconnect switches, circuit
breakers, and automatic circuit reclosers;
Synchronize :means the process of connecting two previously separated alternating
current apparatuses after matching frequency, voltage, phase angles
such as paralleling a generator to the electric system;
System Emergency Condition: means a partial shutdown or total shutdown or any other
physical operational condition or occurrence on the power system
which is
(a) imminently likely to endanger life or property; or
(b) imminently likely to impair
i) the ETU’s ability to discharge its obligation, or
ii) the safety and reliability of the power system;
System Protection Dependability :means a measure of the ability of protection to initiate
successful tripping of circuit-breakers which are associated with a
faulty part of apparatus. It is calculated using the formula:
Dp =1-F1/A
Where:
A= Total number of system faults
F1= Number of system faults where there was a failure to trip
a circuit breaker;
Tie-line :means a circuit connecting two or more control areas or systems of
an electric system;
Time Error :means an accumulated time difference between control area system
time and the time standard and is caused by a deviation in
Interconnection frequency from 50.0 Hertz;

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Time Error Correction :means the offset to the interconnection’s scheduled frequency to
correct for the time error accumulated on an electric clock;
Total Harmonic Distortion: THD shall be defined as the ratio of the RMS voltage of the
harmonic content to the RMS value of the fundamental voltage,

expressed in present.

Transfer capability :means the amount of power, that can be transmitted between one
system and another and which power flow and stability studies can
determine under various outage, system loading and system
operating conditions;
Transformer :means a device that consists of a magnetic core on which there are
two or more windings which can be used to transfer electrical
energy from one circuit to another by magnetic induction, usually
between circuits of different voltages;
Transient Stability :means the ability of an electric power system to maintain
synchronism between its parts when subjected to a disturbance of a
specified severity and to regain a state of equilibrium following that
disturbance;
Transmission system:means an interconnected group of electric transmission lines and
associated equipment for moving or transferring electric energy in
bulk between points of supply and points at which it is transformed
for delivery over the distribution system lines to consumers, or to
other electric systems;
Turbine :means a machine to generate rotary mechanical power from the
energy of a stream of fluid such as water, steam, or hot gas;
Unit commitment :means the process of determining which generator will be brought
on-line to meet load or provide ancillary services for the next
generation schedule;
Unrestricted Operation Range :means normal network frequency or voltage operating
range during which no generating unit is allowed to disconnect and
where there is no technical restriction with regard to the delivery of
active power or reactive power;
Unrestricted Voltage Range: means voltages range at the connection point where no
restrictions with regard to the provision of active or reactive power are permitted;

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VAR : means a single unit of reactive power;

Variable Renewable Power Plant (VRPP) :means renewable power plant with
continuously varying power output following the availability of
primary energy without any storage (wind and solar).
Voltage :means the electronic force or electric potential difference between
two points that gives rise to the flow of electricity;
Voltage collapse :means an event that occurs when an electric system does not have
adequate reactive support to maintain voltage stability and which
may result in the outage of the components of the power and the
interruption in service to customers;
Voltage control :means the control of transmission voltage within acceptable limits
through adjustments in generator reactive output and transformer
taps, and by switching;
Voltage stability :means the condition of an electric system in which the sustained
voltage level is controllable and within predetermined limits;
VRPP Applicant/VRPP Owner: means the owner of a Variable Renewable generating
facility seeking connection to the NITS to interconnect their facility
with NITS.
VRPP Operator: :means Operator of a VRPP already connected to NITS
Watt:is the electrical measuring unit for active power;
Watt-hour (Wh) :means the unit of electrical energy equal to one (1) watt of power
supplied to, or taken from, an electric circuit steadily for 1 hour;
Wheeling :means the use of the facilities of one transmission system to transmit
power and energy from one power system to another; and
Wholesale Supplier :means a person licensed under the Commission Act, 1997 (Act 541)
or Renewable Energy Act, 2011 (Act 832) to install and operate a
facility to procure or produce electricity for sale to a bulk customer
or to a distribution company for distribution and sale to consumers.

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PART F: TECHNICAL SCHEDULES

TS - A AFLS Philosophy
TS - B (left blank – for future use)
TS - C Offences and Penalties
TS - D Declaration: Capability and Availability Declaration
TS - E Voltage limits
TS - F Frequency limits
TS - G Power factor and reactive power limits
TS - H (left blank – for future use)
TS - I (left blank – for future use)
TS - J (left blank – for future use)
TS - K (left blank – for future use)
TS - L Limits for Operating Parameters
TS - M Accuracy Classes of Meters

TS - N (left blank – for future use)

TS - O Standard Data (Outage and Planning)
TS - P Detailed Data (Outage and Planning)
TS - Q (left blank – for future use).
TS - R Reliability Requirement.
TS - S Security Requirement.
TS - T Timetable for Data and Information Submissions.
TS - U (left blank – for future use).
TS - V (left blank – for future use).
TS - W (left blank – for future use).

TS - X (left blank – for future use).

TS - Y (left blank – for future use)
TS - Z (left blank – for future use)

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Technical Schedule TS – A: AFLS Philosophy

Introduction
1. Power system frequency is controlled mainly by the generation. Small frequency
excursions occur continually as generation is controlled to match changing loads. The
frequency is stable when generation and load match. Frequency is normally controlled
by the following:
(a) generator govenors
(b) automatic generation control (AGC)
(c) System operators/Dispatchers

2. When these actions fail, the system is in danger of a total blackout and a final safety
net is the Automatic Frequency Load Shedding (AFLS) scheme.

Justification
3. The intent of the AFLS Program is to provide a last resort system preservation
measure during severe frequency declines that can result from an extreme disturbance
or a condition where load substantially exceeds generation. An AFLS program can
minimize the risk of total or partial system collapse, prevent damage to generation and
transmission facilities, provide for equitable load shedding, and, improve the overall
reliability of the power system.

Philosophy
4. An Automatic Frequency Load Shedding (AFLS) program shall be developed,
coordinated, and documented by the ETU. All Distribution Companies and bulk
customers are obligated to participate in the AFLS program, in accordance with good
utility practice.

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5. The AFLS Program shall be coordinated between all Participants and with
interconnected utilities, as necessary. The AFLS Program shall also be coordinated
with generation protection, any tie-line tripping schemes, etc.

6. Loads shed during AFLS operations shall not be restored except with the approval of
the ETU.

7. The AFLS Program shall be in steps, set to drop predetermined blocks of load at
discreet frequency steps and for each step, the following shall be defined:
(a) the frequency and/or rate of frequency decay settings and time delays;
(b) the substation or location of loads to be shed;
(c) the estimated magnitude of loads/percentage of load to be shed for both
peak and off-peak periods.

8. The AFLS program shall be determined by the ETU following consultations with
relevant Grid Participants and published in a Demand Management Guidelines
Manual by 1st November each calendar year, to cover the immediately following
twelve-month period.

9. The ETU shall ensure that, as far as is practicable, the burden of load shedding is
fairly distributed among Participants.

10. The AFLS program shall be reviewed annually or as and when necessary, by the
ETU.

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Technical Schedule TS – C: Offences and Penalties

REFERENCED DESCRIPTION OF
REGULATION BREACH PENALTY

Art. 4.02, 4.06, Failure to submit non-compliance As specified under Rule 31

4.07, 4.08 listing under this Code. of LI 1934.
Configuration of
equipment and
installations
Art. 5.01, 5.02, The ETU conducts itself in a manner As specified under Rule 31
5.03, 5.04, 5.05 that contravenes requirements under of LI 1934.
Conduct of the the Code.
ETU

Art. 5.18 Failure of the ETU to submit quarterly

Timely performance report to the ETC within Penalty = D/20 X ALF
submission of stipulated period. where
quarterly report D = Number of days of
by ETU delay
ALF= Annual Licence Fee.

Art. 5.35 Failure of affected parties to a As specified under Rule 31

Response to complaint to provide the complainant, of LI 1934,
complaints by the ETU and ETC with their views,
affected parties comments and responses, within three
months of receipt of a complaint.

Art. 7.16 & 7.18 Failure of the Grid participant to

Timely provision provide the ETU with standard and As specified under Rule 31
of Grid planning detailed planning data as specified in of LI 1934,
data to ETU the Technical Schedules TS-O and TS-
P.
Art 8.06 ETU contravenes any of the stated As specified under Rule 31
Obligations of obligations of LI 1934.
ETU

Art 8.07 NITS Asset Owner contravenes any of As specified under Rule 31
Obligations of the stated obligations of LI 1934.
NITS Asset
Owner

Art 8.08 Wholesale supplier contravenes any of As specified under Rule 31

Obligations of the stated obligations. of LI 1934.

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Wholesale
Supplier

TS-C Continued
REFERENCED DESCRIPTION OF
REGULATION BREACH PENALTY

Art 8.09 Distribution or Bulk customer As specified under Rule 31

Obligations of contravenes any of the stated of LI 1934, Art 31.
Off-takers obligations.
Art 8.32 Failure of the ETU to evaluate the
Timely processing application and inform applicant of As specified under Rule 31
of application for its acceptability or otherwise of a of LI 1934,
connection by Grid participant’s proposed
ETU development within 60 days from
the date of submission of completed
application.

Art 8.133 Failure of a Grid participant to give ETU compensated as

Grid Participant six months prior notice in writing determined by Electricity
notification to to the ETU of participant’s Market Rules
ETU of intention to permanently disconnect PLUS
disconnection of a facility from the NITS node in Payment of penalty
facility from the contravention of Connection specified under Rule 31 of
NITS node Agreement. LI 1934 or Rule 39 of LI
1937.

Art 9.27, 9.38, & Failure of a Wholesale supplier’s ETU compensated as

9.45 generating unit to provide normal determined by Electricity
Response to ancillary service requirements when Market Rules,
provision of called upon by ETU. PLUS
compensation payment of penalty to the
requirements Commission as specified
under Rule 31 of LI 1934 or
Rule 39 of LI 1937.

Art 9.40, 12.21 Failure of a Distribution company, ETU compensated as

Adherence to Bulk Customer or any other NITS determined by Electricity
power factor limit Off-taker to maintain its reactive Market Rules
requirements by power requirement or power factor PLUS
NITS Off-takers within the stipulated range Payment of penalty

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specified under Rule 31 of

LI 1934 or Rule 39 of LI
1937.

TS-C Continued
REFERENCED DESCRIPTION OF
REGULATION BREACH PENALTY

Art. 10.83 Failure to comply with this Sub- As specified under Rule 31
Testing, Code. of LI 1934.
Inspection and
Compliance
Monitoring

Art. 10.75, 10.77, Failure of a Wholesale supplier or ETU compensated as

10.79, 10.82 & Generating unit to respond to a determined by Electricity
10.83 dispatch requirement within a Market Rules
Notice of inability tolerable time and identified as non- PLUS
to comply with conforming. Payment of penalty
dispatch specified under Rule 31 of
instructions LI 1934 or Rule 39 of LI
1937.

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Technical Schedule TS – D: Capability and Availability Declaration

1. Capability and Availability Declarations shall contain the following information:
(a) The average active power expected to be available for each hour during the
following day (including start time and date)

(b) Estimated initial conditions (time required for notice to synchronize within the
Technical Limits and Plant Performance Characteristics), last on or off time,

(c) Generating Unit run-up rates in MW for each level of warmth (cold, warm or
hot starts);

(d) Unit run-down rates;

(e) The reactive power capability of each unit

(f) Minimum load for each Unit; and

(g) Any maintenance which is planned during the period that could reasonably
affect the available power.

Definitions

Cold Start: More than 96 hours since the last shutdown

Warm Start: 8 hours or up to 96 hours since the last shutdown

Hot Start: Less than 8 hours since the last shutdown

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Technical Schedule TS – E: Voltage Limits

1. NITS voltage magnitudes shall be kept within the following limits:

(a) ±5% of the nominal voltage at all times under Normal State;

(b) ±10% of the nominal voltage under Alert State for a period not exceeding
10 minutes;

(c) ±10% of the nominal voltage under Emergency State for a period not
exceeding 30 minutes.

2. Imbalance in phase voltage magnitude shall not exceed 3%.

3. Phase displacement between voltages shall be within the limits stated in the
Operational Manual of the ETU.

4. The maximum permissible voltage flicker limits shall be in accordance with IEEE
Standard 519-1992.

5. The maximum permissible harmonic limits shall be in accordance with IEEE

Standard 519-1992.

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Technical Schedule TS – F: Frequency Limits

NITS frequency shall be maintained as follows:
(a) Between 49.8 to 50.2 Hz at all times, under Normal State of operation;

(b) Between 49.5 to 50.5 Hz for a period not exceeding ten (10) minutes
under Alert State;

(c) Between 49.0 to 51.0 Hz for a period not exceeding thirty (30) minutes
under Emergency State.

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Technical Schedule TS – G: Power Factor and Reactive Power

Limits
1. Distribution Utilities, Grid Participants and all off-takers of power from the NITS
shall maintain their power factor at values not less than 0.90 at all times.

2. All generating units shall be operable between power factors of 0.85 lagging and
0.95 leading.

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Technical Schedule TS – L: Limits for Operating Parameters

The following indices and limits shall be measured or determined and used in the
monitoring and reporting of the performance and reliability of the NITS:

1. NITS frequency shall be maintained as follows:

(a) Between 49.8 to 50.2 Hz at all times, under Normal State of operation;
(b) Between 49.5 to 50.5 Hz for a period not exceeding ten minutes under
Single Contingency State of operation;
(c) Between 49.0 to 51.0 Hz for a period not exceeding thirty minutes under
Emergency State.

2. NITS voltage magnitudes shall be kept within the following limits:

(d) ±5% of the nominal voltage at all times under Normal State;
(e) ±10% of the nominal voltage under Single Contingency State for a period
not exceeding 10 minutes;
(f) ±10% of the nominal voltage under Emergency State for a period not
exceeding 30 minutes.

3. All off-takers of power shall maintain their power factor at values not less than
0.95 at all times.

4. Imbalance in phase voltage magnitude shall not exceed 3%.

5. Phase displacement between voltages shall be within the limits stated in the
Operational Manual of the ETU.

6. The maximum permissible voltage flicker limits shall be in accordance with latest
revision of IEEE Standard 1453.

7. The maximum permissible harmonic limits shall be in accordance with latest

revision of IEEE Standard 519

8. All generating units shall be operable between power factors of 0.85 lagging and
0.95 leading.

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Technical Schedule TS – M: Accuracy Classes of Metering

Equipment

Connection Capacity < 50 MVA > 50MVA International

Interconnections
CT 0.2S 0.2S 0.2S

VT 0.5 0.2 0.2

Active Energy Meters 0.2S) 0.2S 0.2S

Reactive Energy Meters 0.5 0.5 0.5

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Technical Schedule TS – O: Standard Planning Data

Energy and Power Demand Forecast
3. The Grid Participant shall provide its energy and power demand forecast at each
Connection Point for the ten 10 succeeding years, accompanied by a short description
setting out the basis for the forecast

4. The forecast data for the first year shall include monthly forecast for energy and power
demand, while the remaining nine years shall include only one annual energy and
power demand forecast.

5. The Grid Participant shall provide the ETU with forecasted hourly load profiles for
typical Weekday, Saturday, Sunday and holiday.

6. Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers shall provide the values of energy and
power demand forecasts (coincident and non-coincident) for their Facilities at each
Connection Point.

Distribution Companies and Bulk Customers having embedded generation shall specify
the energy and power demand forecasts as well as the forecast embedded generation
separately.

7. Wholesale Suppliers shall submit to the ETU the projected energy and power to be
generated by each Generating Plant.

Generating Unit Data

8. Each Wholesale Supplier of power shall provide the ETU with data relating to its
generating units, including a brief description of the configuration of the generation
facilities, power station name and location, type of plant (combined cycle, gas turbine,
hydro, etc) and number for each type.

9. The following information shall be provided for the generating units of each
generating plant:

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(a) Rated capacity (MVA and MW);

(b) Rated voltage (kV);

(c) Maximum Dependable Capacity in MW;

(d) Minimum stable load (MW)

(e) Type of generating unit and expected running mode(s);

(f) Direct axis sub-transient reactance (%); and

(g) Rated capacity, voltage and impedance of the generating unit’s step-up
transformer

Grid Participant System Data

10. Each Grid Participant shall provide the updated electrical diagrams and connection
point drawings of the Grid Participant System and the Connection Point that have
been modified. Where no modification has been made, the Grid Participants shall
indicate same. The diagrams and drawings shall indicate the quantities, ratings and
operating parameters of the following:
(a) Equipment (e.g. Generating units, transformers, circuit breakers, motors
and drives, etc);

(b) Electrical circuits (e.g. Overhead lines and underground cables);

(c) Substation bus arrangements;

(d) Grounding arrangements;

(e) Phasing arrangements;

(f) Switching facilities.

11. The Grid Participant shall provide the values of the following circuit parameters of
overhead lines or underground cables from the Grid Participant substation to the
connection point with the NITS:

(a) Rated and operating voltage (kV);

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(b) Positive sequence resistance and reactance;

(c) Positive sequence shunt susceptance;

(d) Zero sequence resistance and reactance;

(e) Zero sequence susceptance.

12. If the Grid Participant is connected to the NITS through a transformer, the
following data for the power transformer shall be provided:
(a) Rated MVA;

(b) Rated voltages, HV, LV, Tertiary (kV);

(c) Winding arrangement;

(d) Positive sequence resistance and reactance (at maximum, minimum and
nominal tap);

(e) Zero sequence reactance for three-winding core transformer;

(f) Tap changer range, step size and type (on-load or off-load); and

(g) Basic lightning impulse insulation level (kV).

13. The Grid Participant shall provide the following information for the switchgear,
including circuit breakers and disconnect switches at the substation of the Grid
Participant:
(a) Rated voltage (kV);

(b) Rated current (A);

(c) Rated symmetrical RMS short circuit current (kA); and

(d) Basic lightning impulse insulation level (kV).

14. The Grid Participant shall provide the details of its system grounding. This shall
include the rated capacity, the impedances of the grounding equipment and the
date of measurement.

15. The Grid Participant shall provide the data on reactive power compensation
equipment at the connection point or at the substation of the Grid Participant. This
shall include the following information:

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(a) rated capacity (MVar)

(b) rated voltage (kV);

(c) available capacity (MVar)

(d) type (e.g. shunt capacitor, shunt reactor, static var compensator, etc);

(e) resistance/reactance/susceptance of all components of the compensation

device; and

(f) operation and control details (fixed or switched, automatic or manual)

16. If a significant portion of the Grid Participant’s demand may be supplied from
alternative connection point(s), the relevant information on the demand transfer
capability shall be provided by the Grid Participant, including:
(a) The alternative connection point;

(b) The demand normally supplied from each alternative connection point;

(c) The demand which may be transferred from or to each alternative

connection point;

(d) The control (manual or automatic) arrangements for transfer including the
time required to effect the transfer for forced outage and planned
maintenance conditions.

17. If a Grid Participant system has embedded generating plants, the short circuit
contribution of the embedded generating plants shall be provided by the
Distribution Company or Bulk Supply customer. The short circuit currents shall be
calculated in accordance with the IEC Standards or their equivalent national
standards.

General Information

18. For each new connection from a distribution company or bulk supply customer, the
following information is required:
(a) load build-up curve (in the case of a new connection);
(b) supply date start (start of load build-up);

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(c) load type (residential, commercial, factory, etc);

(d) annual load factor;
(e) power factor;
(f) special requirements (e.g. Quality of supply);
(g) other information required to enable the ETU provide a Grid Participant
with an appropriate supply.

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Technical Schedule TS – P: Detailed Planning Data

Generating Unit and Generating Plant Data
1. The following additional information shall be provided for the generating units at
each generating plant:
(a) Generating Unit Manufacturer;
(b) Rated power factor (over-excited and under-excited);
(c) De-rated capacity (MW) on a monthly basis if applicable;
(d) Additional capacity (MW) obtainable from the generating unit in excess of
net declared capability;
(e) Generator performance and efficiency data and curves;
(f) Minimum stable loading (MW);
(g) Reactive power capability curve;
(h) Stator armature resistance;
(i) Direct axis synchronous, transient and sub-transient reactances;
(j) Quadrature axis synchronous, transient and sub-transient reactances;
(k) Direct axis transient and sub-transient time constants;
(l) Quadrature axis transient and sub-transient time constants;
(m)Turbine and generating unit inertia constant (MWsec/MVA);
(n) Rated field current (A) at rated MW and MVar output and at rated
terminal voltage; and
(o) Short circuit and open circuit characteristic curves.

2. The following information for step-up transformers shall be provided for each
generating unit:
(a) Rated MVA;
(b) Rated frequency (Hz);
(c) Rated voltage for both primary and secondary (kV);
(d) Voltage ratio;
(e) Winding connection and vector group;
(f) Positive sequence resistance (at maximum, minimum and nominal tap);

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(g) Positive sequence reactance (at maximum, minimum and nominal tap);
(h) Zero sequence reactance;
(i) Magnetizing curve;
(j) No Load Loss
(k) Tap changer range, step size; and type (on load or off load); and
(l) Transformer test certificates from which actual technical detail can be
extracted as required are to be supplied on reasonable request.

3. The following excitation control system parameters shall be provided for each
generating unit:
(a) Voltage regulator model name;
(b) DC gain of excitation loop;
(c) Rated field voltage;
(d) Maximum field voltage;
(e) Minimum field voltage;
(f) Maximum rate of change of field voltage (rising and falling)
(g) Functional description and block diagram showing transfer function of
individual elements of the excitation system and the automatic voltage
regulator;
(h) Dynamic characteristics of over excitation limiter; and
(i) Dynamic characteristics of under excitation limiter

4. The following information shall be provided for Power System Stabilizers (PSS):
(a) Functional description and block diagram showing transfer function of
individual elements of the PSS;
(b) Report on methodology in deriving the PSS setting, including simulation
results and tuning procedures;
(c) Commissioning tests or other filed results
The following information shall be provided for Automatic Generation Control (AGC):

5. The following speed governing system parameters shall be provided for each
generating unit:

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(a) Governor deadband - Maximum setting, normal setting, minimum setting;

(b) Time constant of steam or fuel governor valve or water column inertia;
(c) Governor valve opening limits;
(d) Governor valve rate limits;
(e) Time constant of turbine; Governor block diagram showing transfer
function of individual elements including acceleration sensitive elements
in accordance with IEEE Standard Models;
(f) Detailed description of setting calculation for each of the governor system
functions; and
(g) Documents describing the performance of the overall governor system and
each governor function for which a setting is derived

6. The following plant flexibility performance data shall be submitted for each
generating unit:
(a) rate of loading from a cold start-up condition;
(b) rate of loading from a warm start-up condition;
(c) rate of loading from a hot start-up condition;
(d) block load following synchronization;
(e) time from minimum stable load to full load (minutes)
(f) rate of load reduction from normal rated MW;
(g) regulating range;
(h) load rejection capability while still synchronized and able to supply load;
(i) power required for unit auxiliaries

Grid Participant System Data

7. The ETU and each Grid Participant shall exchange information, including details of
physical and electrical layouts, parameter, specifications and functional description
and settings of generating unit protection and other data needed for power system
studies.

8. Each Grid Participant shall provide additional planning data that may be requested
by the ETU.

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Note: All data to be provided shall be in per unit magnitude with MVA base specified.
Generating unit and generating unit’s step up transformer data shall be provided in rated
MVA capacity base.

Technical Schedule TS – R: NITS Performance Report

Performance Benchmarks
1. Benchmarks for system performance and reliability indices shall be determined by the
Commission on the basis of computations of the 3-year record of historical
operational performance data submitted by the ETU.

2. The Commission shall, taking into account the historical performance trends,
committed reliability improvement projects, system performance requirements,
industry and international standards and other considerations, and in consultations
with the PURC and relevant Grid Participants, determine the benchmarks for defined
reliability indices specified under the Grid Code.

3. The benchmarks shall be defined and become effective, not later than six months
following the establishment of the Grid Code.

4. The performance and reliability benchmarks shall be reviewed annually by the

Commission.

Information in Performance Report

5. A NITS Performance Report prepared by the ETU shall, in the least, provide
information relating to the performance in relation to the following:

A. System Efficiency Performance Indices

(i) Maximum System Demand
(ii) Total energy received
(iii) Total energy supplied
(iv) Net total energy dispatched
(v) Average power dispatched
(vi) Load Factor (%)
(vii) Transmission losses (%)

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(viii) System Capacity Factor (%)

(ix) Utilization Factor (%)
(x) Equipment Loading reporting > 85% of rated capacity, time of occurrence
& duration

B. Availability
(i) Availability Factor for a line segment (%)
(ii) Availability Factor for group of transmission line segments (%)
(iii) Equivalent Availability Factor for a line segment (%)
(iv) Equivalent Availability Factor for a group of line segments (%)

C. Reliability
(i) System Time error
(ii) System Average Interruption Duration Index
(iii) System Average Interruption Frequency Index
(iv) System Minutes Lost
(v) Index of Transmission Reliability
(vi) Transmission line faults/100km of circuit line

D. Quality
Index Normal State Alert State Emergency State
Frequency deviations
(a) No. of occurrences
(b) Total duration of incidents
(c) Maximum continuous period
(d) Max Value/Time/Date
(e) Min Value/Time/Date
Voltage profile
(a) No. of occurrences
(b) Total duration of incidents
(c) Maximum continuous period
(d) Maximum Value/Time/Date
(e) Minimum Value/Time/Date

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E. Events reporting
(i) Planned outages - Time/Date/Duration
(ii) Forced Majeure conditions
(iii) Generation capacity shortage outages - Time/Date/Duration/Amount/Causes

Technical Schedule TS – S: Security Requirement

1.0 Criteria for Normal System Conditions
Normal conditions are considered to exist if system voltages, line and equipment loadings
are within normal limits and an emergency does not exist on the system or externally.
Criteria used to define Operating Security Limits for the normal system conditions are
summarized below and must satisfy the conditions in paragraph 4.0.
(a) A permanent three-phase fault on any generation, transmission line,
transformer, or bus section excluding those bus sections contained in (e),
cleared in normal time, with due regard to reclosing facilities;
(b) Simultaneous permanent phase to ground faults on different phases on each
of two adjacent transmission circuits on a multiple transmission circuits,
tower, cleared in normal time, with due regard to reclosing facilities;
(c) A permanent phase to ground fault on any generator, transmission circuit,
transformer, or bus section with delayed clearing and with due regard to
reclosing facilities;
(d) Loss of any element without a fault; and
(e) A permanent phase to ground fault (between current transformers) on a
circuit breaker, cleared in normal time, and with due regard to reclosing
facilities.

2.0 Criteria for Emergency System Conditions

Emergency conditions are considered to exit when observance of Normal Operation
Limits would require load cuts or restriction in interconnection transactions during
capacity or energy emergencies on the system or externally. Capacity or energy
emergency exists when firm loads may have to be cut due to insufficient power or energy
is available in the area. Criteria used to define Emergency Security Limits are
summarized below and must satisfy the conditions in paragraph 4.0.

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(a) A permanent three-phase fault on any generation, transmission circuit,

transformer, or bus section, cleared in normal time and with due regard to
reclosing facilities.
(b) Loss of any element without a fault.

3.0 Criteria for Areas Not Affecting Interconnections

Portions of the network where instability will not significantly affect the interconnected
systems may be operating within Security Limits based on the following criteria and must
satisfy the conditions in paragraph 4.0.
(a) Loss of any element without a fault.
(b) A normally cleared phase-to-phase to ground fault on any generator,
transmission circuit, transformer or bus section, with due regard to re-
closure.

4.0 Operating Limits

(a) The system must be stable with all un-faulted elements remaining in service
except those associated with normal fault clearance and generation rejection
if employed.
(b) The post-contingency steady-state loading of system elements must be within
their 15-minute Limited Time Rating unless a pre-planned course of action
exists to return the loading to continuous rating within shorter time period.
Where a pre-planned course of action exists, the post-contingency steady-
state loading must not exceed the five-minute Limited Time Rating on any
system element.
(c) The system must be able to withstand manual energization of the faulted
element without prior readjustment of generation levels unless specific
instructions to the contrary are provided. Such instructions will be embodied
in Operating Security Limits and will normally apply only under specified
conditions of loading in instances where post-contingency conditions would
present a radical departure from the normal system configuration.
(d) The post-contingency voltage levels must be within acceptable limits.

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Technical Schedule TS – T: Timetable for Data & Information

Submissions

Ref. Market Player / Description of submission Deadline for

Article Entity submission
responsible
4.02 Grid Participants/ Non-compliance List 3 months after
Asset Owners Submission and ETU commencement of the
compilation Grid Code

4.08 ETU Compiled Compliance 9 months after

Plans commencement of the
Grid Code

5.18 ETU Quarterly report on NITS 14 days after the end of

performance the quarter

5.23
ETU comments on Grid 3 months after receipt of
ETU Code revision proposal proposal
5.28
Comments on lodged 3 months after receipt
Grid Participants complaint of complaint
5.35
Publication of minutes of 10 working days after
ETC meeting the meeting
6.11(d)
Standard Planning Data 1st July each year
Grid Participants
7.16 Detailed Technical Data 30 days after the request
Grid Participants by the ETU
7.18
Evaluation of development 60 days after the receipt
ETU plan as part of connection of the plan
8.32 application

Detailed planning data as 30 days after the signing

Grid Participants part of connection proposal of the MOU
8.37

Response to statement of 14 days after receipt of

ETU readiness to connect the statement
8.50

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Design information of new 4 months prior to the

Grid Participant or replacement equipment planned commissioning
8.56 date

Comments on proposed 20 working days after

ETU parameter settings the receipt of design
8.57 parameter information

Commissioning program 3 months prior to

Grid Participant including test procedures commencement of
8.59 for new or replacement commissioning
equipment

Notification of Grid 15 working days after

ETU/NITS Asset Participant on decision of receipt of the advice of
8.60 Owner commissioning program readiness

Revised electrical diagram One month prior to

Asset Owner/Grid of a NITS -connected addition or change of
8.78 Participant equipment equipment

Notice of intention to At least 2 working days

Grid Participant inspect NITS facility not notice
8.84 owned by participant

Inspection report after 7 days after first entry

Grid Participant exercising right of entry
8.90
Report on any relevant 2 weeks after carrying
Grid Participant’s tests carried out out the test
8.98 Testing officer
Report on remedial actions Next following monthly
Wholesale undertaken to correct report
8.104(c) supplier detected problems

Proposal to conduct test on 5 days prior to the

Grid Participant own equipment planned date for test
8.112 except in an emergency

Periodic testing of Intervals of at least 12

ETU generating unit to assess months
8.121 performance

Notification of date of At least 15 days

ETU performance test on
8.122 generating unit

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Notification of intention to 6 months prior notice

Grid Participant disconnect facility from the
8.133 NITS permanently

Notification of load 60 minutes after the

ETU shedding incident action
9.91
Review of NITS At least annually
ETU Restoration Plan
9.135
Submission of outage 15th June each year
Grid Participant needs for the next three
9.161 years to ETU

Circulation of Initial 15th August each year

ETU Outage Plan for the next
9.165 year and Provisional
Outage Plan for a further
two years

Issue Committed Outage 1st December each year

ETU Plan for the next year
9.167
Submission of outage 30 days before the
Grid Participant request for each month commencement date of
9.171 planned work

Quarterly report on 15 days after the quarter

ETU outages, disputes etc.
9.181
Request for carrying out 14 days before the
Grid Participant proposed test proposed date of test
9.187
Monthly report on NITS 15 days after the end of
ETU operation the month
9.222
NITS Performance 2 months after the end
ETU (Quarterly & Annual) of the quarter or year
9.225 Report

Notification of forced 24 hours after the

Grid Participants outage occurrence of the
9.236 incident

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Report of significant 24 hours after the

ETU system incident occurrence of the
9.239 incident

Forecast hourly load 1 week in advance

Grid Participants profiles for each day of the
10.15 next two weeks

Hourly day-ahead dispatch As determined by

ETU schedule Market Rules
10.17(a)
Days 2-7 ahead load As determined by
ETU forecasts Market Rules
10.17(b)
Weekly demand forecast As determined by
ETU for 4 weeks ahead Market Rules
10.17(c)
Monthly demand forecast As determined by
ETU for 12 months ahead Market Rules
10.17(d)
Dispatch Day generation One day ahead of
Wholesale data scheduled day
10.25 Supplier
Dispatch Day hourly One day ahead of
Off-taker demand forecast Dispatch Day
10.29
Generation unit capability 10:00h of each
Wholesale and availability declaration preceding day
10.44 supplier data

Requirements for power, 10:00h of each

Off-taker energy, voltage & reactive preceding day
10.463 power compensation, and
system or network
constraints

Generation schedule for the 15:00h of each

ETU next day preceding day
10.57
NITS Reliability & 2 months after the end
ETU Performance (Quarterly & of the quarter or year
12.33 Annual) Report

System overload report 2 months after the end

ETU with relief plans of the year
12.43

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System performance report Monday of every week

ETU for previous week
14.60
AFLS program 1st November of the
ETU determination and preceding year
TS-A publication of the Demand
Management Guidelines
Manual

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Technical Schedule TS – U: Single Line Diagram

Connection Point

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