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Chain Rule

This document summarizes several key calculus concepts: 1. The chain rule for finding derivatives of composite functions F(x) = f(g(x)). 2. Implicit differentiation, which is used to differentiate equations with two variables when one variable cannot be explicitly defined in terms of the other. 3. Higher order derivatives and notation for up to the fifth derivative. 4. Indeterminate forms that arise in limits, such as 0/0, ∞ - ∞, and techniques like L'Hopital's rule for evaluating them.

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12 views3 pages

Chain Rule

This document summarizes several key calculus concepts: 1. The chain rule for finding derivatives of composite functions F(x) = f(g(x)). 2. Implicit differentiation, which is used to differentiate equations with two variables when one variable cannot be explicitly defined in terms of the other. 3. Higher order derivatives and notation for up to the fifth derivative. 4. Indeterminate forms that arise in limits, such as 0/0, ∞ - ∞, and techniques like L'Hopital's rule for evaluating them.

Uploaded by

kenneth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAIN RULE

𝐹(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑔′(𝑥)


𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiate each side of an equation with two variables by treating one of the variables
as a function of the other. This technique is used when we cannot explicitly define a
variable as a function of the other variable.
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

First Second Third


Fourth Derivative Fifth Derivative
Derivative Derivative Derivative

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
( ) ( ( )) ( ( ( ))) ( ( ( ( ))))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑4𝑦 𝑑5𝑦


𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 5

𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓′′(𝑥) 𝑓′′′(𝑥) 𝑓 (4) (𝑥) 𝑓 (5) (𝑥)

𝐷𝑥 𝑦 𝐷𝑥2 𝑦 𝐷𝑥3 𝑦 𝐷𝑥4 𝑦 𝐷𝑥5 𝑦

𝑦′ 𝑦′′ 𝑦′′′ 𝑦 (4) 𝑦 (5)

INDETERMINATE FORMS

0 ±∞
∞−∞ 0⋅∞ 00 ∞0 1∞
0 ±∞

L’HOPITAL’S RULE

𝑓(𝑥) 0
lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 0
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) ±∞
lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) ±∞

CRITICAL POINTS

𝒙 = 𝒄 is a critical point of the function 𝒇(𝒙) if 𝒇(𝒄) exists and either 𝒇′ (𝒄) = 𝟎 or 𝒇′ (𝒄) 𝑫𝑵𝑬

MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES

Absolute (or global) maximum at 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒄) for every x in the domain

Relative (or local) maximum at 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝒇(𝒄) for every x in some open interval
Absolute (or global) minimum at 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝒄) for every x in the domain

Relative (or local) minimum at 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝒄) for every x in some open interval

EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

𝒇(𝒄) is absolute maximum


𝒇(𝒙) is continuous on the interval [a, b] and
𝒂 ≤ 𝒄 and 𝒅 ≤ 𝒃
𝒇(𝒅) is absolute minimum

FINDING ABSOLUTE EXTREMA

1. Verify that the function is continuous on the interval [a, b].

2. Find all critical points of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval [a, b].

3. Evaluate the function at the critical points and the end points.

4. Identify the absolute extrema

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