CURRENT ELECTRICITY Mobility : It is defined as the

magnitude of drift
velocity
per unit electric field It is denoted by U .
.

Electric Current :It is defined as the rate of flow of electric u =

(d) SI unit = m2V's-1
of the conductor E
charge through a cross-section .

if the current is flowing through

#charge
Ohm's Law :Et states that the current (i)
steady
a

i conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (1)

a
=

across the ends of the conductor provided , physical conditions

Current is scalar
⑭ a
quantity o the conductor such as temperature ,
mechanical strain

Si unit is IA 6 23x10'8 electrons

⑪
ampere (A) 1 etc are kept constant.
.
= = .

- -
direction of current
D
# Vai = V = RI
the
charge
A

, 8 R =
constant of proportionality R is
Y
V

O
direction of called resistance of the conductors
-
ve
charge current
↑
Note : The current is same for all cross section of a conductor R =
=

um

of non uniform cross section . o(Slope of I-Y)

#Itr 4 Ltr 4 Ltr 4 Ltr

slope-tano
la Y 51 unit is ohm (-)
#Current in different situation is due to motion of different

charge carriers. # The resistance of a conductor is

Conductors/vacuum Electrolyte Semiconductor discharge tube R m1
Pe where = sunit
= =

due to motion of to due to the due to motion due to tre ions net A net
8-ve ions of 200 Holes o
negative e . P =
Specific resistance or resistivity of the conductor .

Ate: Discharge tube--

containing atomic gases
.
↳ depends upon material of the conductor .

# Current density at a point inside the conductor is defined if length of a given metallic wire of resistance R is stretched

as the amount of current flowing per unit area around that to n times , its resistance becomes neR but its
resistivity remains

point of the conductor , unchanged

.
R
ie R = =
en) =

n =

⑪ Note : Mass of the material

#n
remain constant.

thenSunil Jangra Physics

if area A is not normal to the current but makes an angle Conductivity reciprocal : The of resistivity is known as

O with the direction of current , conductivity specific or conductance It is denoted ·

by
J =
or i =
JACOSO =
J A o
u =
1 = nett siunit-a'm
coso P
#Current density is M
a vector
quantity
↳ SI unit =
Am ? O Relationship between 5, E-FrE
or i =
55.s Eas is small area of given surface areay .

↳ Ohmic Conductors : Those conductors which Obey Ohm's law

velocity with which free
# Drift
average velocity
: The are known as ohmic conductors ·

Cog metals· For ohmic conductors,

electron drifted towards the positive end of the
get the graph between current and potential difference is a
straight
conductor under the influence of an external electric line passing through the origin .
Field
. E
CE-
+

byTj
* O
⑭
= -E
-

Given = -

t *
↳ Non-ohmic Conductors : Those conductors which do not
D

·
In
8

+ -

Obey Ohm's law are known as non-ohmic conductors

·

T time of relaxation +

junction
g diode value
=
e .
diode .

Fondu
,

e =

charge of electron
I A A xi(mA) 1
I
m mass of electron cor

1
=

-
-
E =
applied Electric field .

Y V
Relation
8 ·
between i & Vd
⑭
S
⑭

* ⑪
8 y Y

i An eva Y
there is than
↳Without electric field (eA) more
=
=>
=

The relation between

V and I depends one value of V for
·

I'moving randomly V8 i is non-linear.

the same current :
· i =
0 ; i= 0
on the of v.
sign
 => Effect of temperature on resistance and resistivity Mixed Group ing
, :
- M
Segne reg nr
=

⑭The resistance of a metallic conductor tes Pes in Temp

with Er Er
.

m
E, r
Rt Ro[l + at]
=
⑭ R
i
=

Er E r = ne
, Er
R+
Rt =
Resistance at ·
C Ro =
Resistance at 0C
°

·
#
Ar
& Temp coefficient of resistivity .
(SE unit = K or °C" : Y &x
Er Eit Er
Ro
For Metals : is the Res with rise in Thes ↑ - I
Current in the circuit

For insulators and semiconductors : -L is negative will be maximum R = nr

T
i e resistance decreases with rise in
.

Temperature
Kirchhoff's Law

# Electrochemical Cell : It is device which converts chemical First law It states that
a
,
Kirchhoff's the
algebraic sum of

into electrical energy maintains the flow of

charge junction is
energy in currents meeting at a zero ·

a circuit: is i +
is t in= in + is
is
Electromotive force of a cell : The potential difference between
⑮
"in Kirchhoff's first law supports the
the two terminals of a cell in an open circuit i . .
e when no
iz law of conservation of charge.
current flows
through the cell .
It is denoted by symbol .
E
11
↑
iz
Also called Junction Rule or Current Law
SI unit -
joule/conlomb or volt .

# The emf of a cell depends upon the nature of electrodes , ⑪ Kirchhoff's second law : It states that in a closed loop,
nature and the concentration of electrolyte used in the cello the algebraic sum of the emfs is equal to the algebraic sum

its temperature. of the products of the resistance and the respective currents

#Terminal Potential Difference :It is defined as the potential difference flowing through them
. &E =
ZiR
O

between two terminals of a cell in a closed circuit

. + - L
* ⑰

H L H L
.
i e when current is flowing through the cell .
It is denoted by V. Ro

V =
2 - ip Sign convention
H %Li- Ve L Ho we
# Internal resistance of a cell : It is defined as the resistance

offered by the electrolyte and electrodes of a cell when the Wheatstone bridge : It is arrangement of four resistances

currents flow P, O , R and s connected as shown B

through it

-
.

m
=>
Internal resistance of a cell depends upon the in figure ↓

#Their A C
⑭
Distance between the electrodes values are so adjusted that

-
.

G shows
·
The nature of the electrolyte ·
the galvanometer no deflection
R

Sunil Jangra Physics

Y9
The nature of electrodes When this happens the points B & D
· O
>
1X
-
.

, D

④ Area of the electrodes , immersed in the electrolyte potential : are at the same .
E
Relationship
· This is called
# between E ,
V and r. balancing
r
condition .
R3
r =
1
M
-

E Joule's Law of Joule's

O

1 Y
·

N
I
Heating : According to
heating effect

R- External Resistance R of current the amount of heat produced (H) in

,
a conductor

M
*
During discharging of a cell of Resistance (R) , carrying current i for time t is

V =
3 -

ir H =
irt (in Joule)
Where I is joules mechanical
>
-

During charging of a cell v =

E + ir or H = irt (in Calorie)
*

J equivalent to heat ( 4 = .
2 j(cal)

Grouping of cells Electric Power : The rate at which Electric Energy : The total work

Parallel grousingSeg=e
() . Series
grouping (2) o work is done by the source of done by the source of emf in
on cell
emf in maintaining maintaining
reg= the current the current in an

Er 3,r E, r
E , r in the electric current: electric circuit for a
given time e.
Ro
Electric work done

=
MX
p = E = PXt S1 unit-- joule (J)
E, r time taken commercial unit is kilowatt hour
Eeg ne rea nr
= =
.

"
P VI FPR Va 1 kWh 1000 Wh 3 6 X10s
special
= = =
cases -
= = .

i =
n3 Ro R
if Rnr one unit of electricity consumed
R + ur
i special cases
3) unit (W) ↳ No of unit consumed
2 Watt
= = · .

it
RKi EIR Practical unit kilowatt (KW) n = total wattage x time in hour
=
=

if R no then i =
ne and horse power (hp) . 1000
R
i
if
R m
=