MATH 106 Fall 2023

Homework I Solution
√
Z Z π/2
2
1. Evaluate the integrals (a) x − 3 · (x + 4) dx; (b) cos(2t + π/3) dt;
−π/4
Z 2 Z 2p
3
(c) |x − x| dx; (d) 4 − y 2 (5 − y 3 ) dy.
−1 −2
Z √
√
Z
2
Solution. (a) Let t = x−3. Then dt = dx and x − 3·(x +4) dx = t (t2 +6t+13) dt =
2/7 · t7/2 + 6 · 2/5 · t5/2 + 13 · 2/3 · t3/2 + C = 2/7 · (x − 3)7/2 + 12/5 · (x − 3)5/2 + 26/3 · (x − 3)3/2 + C.
Z π/2 Z 4π/3
(b) Let z = 2t + π/3. Then dt = dz/2 and cos(2t + π/3) dt = cos(z) dz/2 =
" √ −π/4 −π/6
  π  1
# √
1 4π 3 1 1− 3
sin − sin − = − + = .
2 3 6 2 2 2 4
3
(c)
Z 2 Let f (x) = x Z 0− x. Then f (x)
Z 1 ≥ 0 on [−1, Z 0]
2
∪ [1, 2] and f (x) ≤ 0 on [0, 1]. Hence
|x3 − x| dx = (x3 − x) dx + (x − x3 ) dx (x3 − x) dx = (x4 /4 − x2 /2)|0−1 + (x2 /2 −
−1 −1 0 1
4 11
x /4)|10 4
+ (x /4 − x 2
/2)|21 = .
4
Z 2 p Z 2 p Z 2 p
3
(d) 2
4 − y (5 − y ) dy = 5 2
4 − y dy − y3 4 − y 2 dy = 10π, since the first in-
−2 −2 −2
tegral is equal to 5 areas of half a circle of radius 2, that is 5 · 1/2 · π · 22 , whereas the second
integral is zero because its integrand is odd.
0 √
2. (a) Solve the differential equation y = y 2 x sin x2 subject to the condition y( π) = 1.
dy 1
Solution. Separating of variables gives 2
= x sin x2 dx. After integration we have − =
y y
1 √ 2
− cos x2 + C. If x = π, y = 1 then −1 = 1/2 + C. Hence C = −3/2, y = .
2 cos x2 + 3
Rx
(b) Find a function f = f (x) if f 2 (x) = 0 f (t) cos t dt and f (π/2) = 1.
Rx
Solution. We differentiate both parts of the equation f 2 (x) = 0 f (t) cos t dt. According to
the fundamental theorem of calculus, 2f · f 0 = f · cos x or f · (2f 0 − cos x) = 0. Since f is not
identically zero, we have f 0 = cos(x)/2 and f (x) = sin(x)/2 + C. The condition f (π/2) = 1
implies C = 1/2 and f (x) = (sin x + 1)/2.
n √
X k
(c) Find lim √ . Hint: this limit is a definite integral of some function.
n→∞
k=1
n n
n
1X √
Solution. The sum above has the form f (k/n) for f (x) = x. It is a partial sum for
n k=1
n √ Z 1
X k √ 2 2
the integral of f on the interval [0, 1]. Therefore, lim √ = x dx = x3/2 = .
n→∞
k=1
n n 0 3 3
3. Find the area of region between the curves
(a) x − y = 1 and 2 y 2 = x + 2

Solution. The region is located between the lines x = 2 y 2 − 2 and x = y + 1. The points of
intersection of these curves are (0, −1) and (5/2, 3/2). Therefore the area is
Z 3/2  
2 2 3 1 2 3/2 125 5
[y + 1 − (2 y − 2)] dy = − y + y + 3y |−1 = =5 .
−1 3 2 24 24
√ √
(b). x + y = 3 and x + y = 9.

Solution.
√ The lines intersect each
√ other at points
√ (9, 0) and (0, 9). If 0 ≤ x ≤ 9 then the first
√ 2
curve x + y = 3 or y = (3 − x) = 9 − 6 x + x is below the straight line y = 9 − x. Hence
the area is
Z 9 Z 9
√ √
 
2 3/2
[9 − x − (9 − 6 x + x)] dx = (6 x − 2x) dx = 6 · x − x |90 = 27.
2
0 0 3
√
Z x
4. Consider the function f (x) = sin(πt2 ) dt.
0
(a) Find x that maximizes the value of f on the interval [0, 2].
(b) Find f 00 (1/4).

Solution. (a)√ According to the fundamental theorem of calculus and the chain rule, f 0 (x) =
sin(π x) · (2 x)−1 . There is only one critical point x = 1 inside (0, 2). Since f 0 (x) > 0 for
0 < x < 1 and f 0 (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 2, the maximum value of f is attained at x = 1.
π−2
(b) Here, f 00 (x) = π · cos(π x) · 12 x−1/2 + sin(π x) · 21 · (− 12 ) · x−3/2 and f 00 (1/4) = √ .
2
5. Find the domain and range of the given function f , show that it is invertible, find its in-
verse f −1 . Then find the derivative of f at the point x0 and the derivative of f −1 at the point
y0 = f (x0 ). Verify that (f −1 )0 (y0 ) = 1/f 0 (x0 ).
(a) f (x) = 2x3 + 1, x0 = 1 (b) f (x) = ln(ex − 1), x0 = ln 3.

Solution. (a) Both domain and range of f are R. Since f strictly increases, it is injective and
 1/3
−1 −1 y−1
3
f exists. If y = f (x) = 2x + 1 then x = f (y) = . Here, y0 = 3, f 0 (x) = 6x,
2
 −2/3  2/3
0 −1 0 1 y−1 1 1 2
so f (x0 ) = 6. On the other hand, (f ) (y) = · · = with
3 2 2 6 y−1
1
(f −1 )0 (3) = .
6
ex
(b) Df = {x : ex − 1 > 0} = (0, ∞), Rf = R, y0 = ln 2. We have f 0 (x) = x with
e −1
f 0 (x0 ) = 3/2. Since f 0 (x) > 0 in Df , the inverse function exists. Now, y = ln(ex − 1) implies
ey
x = f −1 (y) = ln(ey + 1) with (f −1 )0 (y) = y . Thus, (f −1 )0 (y0 ) = 2/3.
e +1
6 (a). Sketch the graph of f (x) = ln(x2 + 1).

Solution. The function f is defined and continuous for each x. Hence, Df = R and f has no
vertical asymptotes. Also, f is even, f (x) ≥ 0, and f (x) = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0. Hence at x = 0 the
function has its absolute minimum. If x → ∞ then f (x) ∼ 2 log |x| → +∞, so Rf = R+ . Dif-
2x 1 − x2
ferentiation gives f 0 (x) = 2 , f 00 (x) = 2 2 . Since f 0 (x) < 0 for x < 0 and f 0 (x) > 0
x +1 (x + 1)2
for x > 0, the function decreases on (−∞, 0) and increases on (0, +∞). Consequently, there
are no local extrema for f . Also, f 00 (x) < 0 ⇐⇒ |x| > 1. Therefore, f is convex on (−1, 1) and
concave on (−∞, −1) and (1, +∞) with the inflection points x = −1, x = 1, where f (±1) = ln 2.

2.5

1.5

0.5

−4 −2 2 4

3
6 (b). Find the area of region bounded by the graphs of y = ex , y = e−x+2 and y = e 2 .
3
Solution. The curves y = ex and y = e−x+2 intersect each other at x = 1. Also, y = e−x+2 = e 2
for x = 1/2. Hence, the desired area is
Z 1 Z 3/2
3
−x+2 3 3 1 3 1 3/2 3
(e − e
2 )dx + (e 2 − ex )dx = e 2 · + e2 · e−x |11/2 + e 2 · − ex |1 = 2e − e 2 .
1/2 1 2 2