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Expt 7

The document describes an experiment to design and implement a Schmitt trigger circuit. The objective is to build the circuit using an op-amp and resistors and observe its hysteresis behavior. The theory section explains how positive feedback in the circuit creates two switching thresholds rather than one, called the upper and lower threshold points. This hysteresis prevents oscillation. The procedure instructs how to build the circuit, set the threshold points, apply a test signal, and compare experimental and simulated results. Questions ask about the purpose of the circuit and characteristics of its feedback and thresholds.

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Abhishek Verma
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20 views3 pages

Expt 7

The document describes an experiment to design and implement a Schmitt trigger circuit. The objective is to build the circuit using an op-amp and resistors and observe its hysteresis behavior. The theory section explains how positive feedback in the circuit creates two switching thresholds rather than one, called the upper and lower threshold points. This hysteresis prevents oscillation. The procedure instructs how to build the circuit, set the threshold points, apply a test signal, and compare experimental and simulated results. Questions ask about the purpose of the circuit and characteristics of its feedback and thresholds.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment Name: Design and implement Schmitt Trigger.

Objective: In this practical, the implementation of Schmitt Trigger is done.


Theory:
If the input signal, VIN is slow to change or electrical noise is present, then the simple op-amp
comparator may oscillate switching its output back and forth between the two saturation
states, +VCC and -VCC as the input signal hovers around the reference voltage, VREF level. On
way to mitigate the problem is to apply a positive feedback for feeding back a part or fraction
of the output signal that is in phase to the non-inverting input of the op-amp via a potential
divider set up by two resistors with the amount of feedback being proportional to their ratio.
The use of positive feedback around an op-amp comparator means that once the output is
triggered into saturation at either level, there must be a significant change to the input
signal VIN before the output switches back to the original saturation point. This difference
between the two switching points is called hysteresis producing what is commonly called a
Schmitt trigger circuit. Consider the inverting comparator circuit below.
Inverting Schmitt Trigger Comparator Circuit:
For the inverting Schmitt Trigger comparator circuit shown in Figure 1, VIN is applied to the
inverting input of the op-amp. Resistors R1 and R 2 form a voltage divider network across the
comparator providing the positive feedback with part of the output voltage appearing at the
non-inverting input. The amount of feedback to the non-inverting input is determined by the
resistive ratio of the two resistors used and which is given by Equation 1.
When the input signal is less than the reference voltage, VIN < VREF , the output voltage will be
HIGH, VOH and equal to the positive saturation voltage. As the output is HIGH and positive,
the value of the reference voltage on the non-inverting input will be approximately equal
to: +β*V called the Upper Threshold Point or UTP.
As the input signal, VIN increases it becomes equal too this upper trip point voltage, VUTP level
at the non-inverting input. This causes the comparators output to change state becoming
LOW, VOL and equal to the negative saturation voltage as before.
But the difference this time is that a second trip point voltage value is created because a
negative voltage now appears at the non-inverting input which is equal to: -β*V as a result of
the negative saturation voltage at the output. Then the input signal must now fall below this
second voltage level, called the Lower Threshold Point or LTP for the voltage comparators
output to change or switch back to its original positive state. We can see that when the output
changes state, the reference voltage at the non-inverting input also changes creating two
different reference voltage values and two different switching points. One point being called
the Upper Threshold Point (UTP), while the other is called the Lower Threshold Point (LTP).
The difference between these two trip points is known as hysteresis.
Figure 1: Schmitt Trigger and its Hysteresis curve

𝑅1
β= (1)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
VUTP = +β ∗ V (2)
VLTP = ─ β ∗ V (3)

Equipment:
1. Oscilloscope
2. Dual DC power supply
3. DMM

Components:
(1) Op-amp (741)
(2) Resistor (Different values): __________________ __________________ __________________

Schematic

Figure 2: Schmitt Trigger


Procedure:
1. Assemble the circuits of Figure 2 on the breadboard using op amp (741).
2. Set the upper threshold point (UTP) and lower threshold point (LTP) by properly selecting
the resistor values.
3. Set the function generator to a 1 kHz sine wave, 4 peak. Apply the generator input to the
inverting input. Observe the output voltage of the comparator and save a copy of the
oscilloscope display of the output wave form.
4. Evaluate the experimental values of UTP and LTP.

Computer Simulation:
5. Build the circuit given in Figures 2 on LT Spice simulator.

6. Perform Transient Analysis following steps (2-4). Compare the results of the waveforms
generated experimentally and through simulation.

7. Also plot the Hysteresis curve.

Questions:
1. Which circuit converts irregularly shaped waveform to regular shaped waveforms?
2. Which type of feedback is used in Schmitt Trigger.
3. Can UTP and LTP be different?

Reference:
James M. Fiore, Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits: Theory and Application,
Laboratory Manual, 3rd Edition. Published via dissidents. ISBN13: 978-1796855623.

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