Design of Beam:

Calculation:
Cross section of beam = 230mm x 420mm
lo1 = 8100mm-40mm = 8060mm
lo2 = 3000mm-30mm = 2970mm
The bending moments are calculated according to the theory of elasticity. The span (BC) is subjected to the
trapezoidal load from the two-way slab B2-3. Therefore, the calculation of the equivalent load is as follows:

Span AB:

Permanent load transferred from two-way slabs:

Trapezoidal to uniformly distributed load
Secondary beam self-weight 0.23×(0.42-0.1)×25×1.2=2.20 kN/ m
Secondary beam painting 0.02×17[(0.42-0.1) ×2]×1.2=0. 26kN/m
Total: g = 2.46kN/m
Variable load design value: q = 0.5×3 .6×1.4 = 2.52kN /m
Total load design value: g + q = 2.46+2.52 = 4.98kN /m
Span BC:
Permanent load transferred from one-way slabs: 2× (4.98×1.35)×3.6/2 = 24.20kN/m Secondary beam self-
weight: 0.2× (0.42-0.1)×25×1.2=2.20kN/m Secondary beam painting:
0.02×17[(0.42-0.1) ×2]×1.2=0.26kN/m
Total: g = 26.66kN/m
Variable load design value: q = 0.5×3 .6×1.4 = 2.52kN /m
Total load design value: g + q = 26.66+2.52 = 29.18kN /m
Calculation of moment design values and shear force design values
We use the moment distribution method from structural mechanics to obtain the maximum bending moment at
each support sections of the continuous beam and the superposition method to obtain the maximum mid-span
moment values. The mid-span, support bending moments and shear forces are calculated and listed in the table
below:

Bending moment kN.m Shear force kN

C 1 B 2 A C B A
-50.99 25.49 -37.29 -6.536 13.064 54.42 49.8 19.192
 50.99

37.29

6.536

25.49
13.064

Bending Moment Diagram (KN.m)

54.42
49.8
19.192

44.21

Shear Force Diagram (KN)

Bearing capacity calculation

Flexural bearing capacity of normal section

When calculating the flexural bearing capacity of the normal section, the concrete of the slab is also subjected to
pressure in the mid-span. Therefore, according to the T-shape section calculation, the flange width is taken as the
minimum value among b’f = l0/ 3 = 8060/3=22686.67 mm, b’f = b + sn = 220 + 3380 = 3600 mm, and b’f = b
+12 h’f= 220 + 12×120 = 1660 mm. Take b’f = 1660 mm. The flange height is slab thickness h’f =120mm. The
longitudinal reinforcements are arranged in one row at each support section. The environmental category is class
I, the minimum concrete cover of slab is c = 20mm. Assuming a stirrup diameter of 10mm and a longitudinal
reinforcement diameter of 20mm, then the effective height of the section is h0 = 420-20-10-20/2= 380 mm.

For C30 concrete grade, = 1.0, f =14.3N / mm 2 , f = 1.43N / mm2

Using HRB335 for reinforcements and stirrups, f = 360N / mm2 . The inner cross-sections belong to type I of T-
sections. We have:
1fcb' f h' f (h0 − h' f / 2)= 1.0 x 14.3 x 1660 x 120 x (380-120/2)

= 911.539 KN.m > Mmax = 50.99 kN/ m.

Critical section C 1 B 2 A
Moment ( kN.m ) -50.99 25.49 -37.29 -6.536 13.064
s = M / fc bh2 0.017 0.021 0.019 0.003 0.0102
=1-√ 1−2 αs 0.27 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.023
As = bh01 f c / f y 234.54 369 273.43 244.63 293.55
Actual area of 2C14 2C14 3C14 3C14 2C14
reinforcement As= 308 As= 308 As= 462 As= 462 As = 308
(mm2)
See the table below for the calculation process of the flexural bearing capacity:

The calculation results show that of the support sections is less than 0.35, so it conforms to the principle of
redistribution of plastic internal force. However, the calculated reinforcement cross-sectional area is too small to
meet the structural requirements, so structural reinforcement should be used in construction.

As/bh = 308/230x420 = 0.32%, which is larger than 0.45 (ft / fy) = 0.45 (1.43/360) = 0.18% and at the same time
greater than 0.2%, which meets the requirements of the minimum reinforcement ratio.

Shear capacity of inclined section:

The calculation of the shear capacity of the inclined section includes:

The checking of V  Vu,max = (0.2 ~ 0.25)c fcbh0 for the dimension of the section
The checking of Asv/bs  sv,min = 0.24 f t / f yv.
For the minimum stirrup ratio, hw = h0 – h’f = 380-120 = 260mm.
Because hw/b = 260/230 = 1.13 < 4 so the thickness of the web is checked by the following equation:
Vumax = 0.25c fcbh0 = 0.25 x 1 x 14.3 x 230 x 380 = 312.455 KN > Vmax= 54.52 KN, the section size meets the
requirements.
Check if the stirrups should be arranged according to the calculations by the following formula:

0.7ftbh0 = 0.7 x 1.43 x 230 x 380 = 87.49 KN > Vmax = 54.52 KN. therefore the stirrups should be arranged
according to the detailing requirements. We select the two-legged stirrups of diameter 8mm with spacing s =
250mm.

From the “Code for Design of Concrete structures GB50010-2002”, when stirrups are not required according to
the calculation results and the height h of the beam ranges between 150mm and 300 mm, stirrups can be
provided only at the ends, whose lengths are equal to one-fourth of the span.

Checking of the stirrup reinforcement ratio:

The minimum limit of the required stirrup reinforcement ratio is: 0.3ft /f yv = 0.31.43 / 360 = 0.12%.
π 2
x8
sv =Asv /bs = 4 = 0.54% > 0.12%
2x
250 x 230
The minimum stirrup ratio meets the requirements.

Design Calculations for Column:

The environmental category is class I, strength grade of concrete is C30, the minimum concrete cover of slab is c
= 20mm. Assuming that the longitudinal reinforcement diameter is d = 20mm and the stirrup diameter d=10mm.
The longitudinal reinforcement of each section is arranged in one row. The cross-sections of A and D columns
are 350mm × 350mm, then the effective height is h0 = 350-20-10-20/2 = 310mm. The cross-sections of B and C
columns are 450mm × 550mm, then the effective height is h 0 = 550-20-10-20/2 = 510mm. The control sections
of the column are the top and bottom of the column. For C30 concrete grade,  = 1.0, f =14.3N /mm2 , f
=1.43N /mm2 , using HRB335 reinforcements, f = 360N/mm2.

Maximum axial force of frame column:

In frame structures, the limit value of the column axial compression ratio of seismic level III is 0.85. The
checking formula of the axial compression ratio is:c = N /( fcA) and the checking process is shown in the
following Table. According to the result of the checking calculations, the seismic adjustment coefficient is
selected, and the combined seismic load value is multiplied by the seismic adjustment coefficient and compared
with the static combination value. Thus, the maximum axial force on the column is selected. Empirical
calculation shows that the axial compression ratios of the columns are less than 0.85, which meets the
requirements.

Combined
Combined Axial
static load
Section Floor seismic load compression g RE N1g RE (kN)
value N2
value N1(kN) ratio
(kN)
1 -1124.91 0.54 0.80 -899.93 -445.72
2 -800.73 0.38 0.80 -640.59 -352.64
3 -515.14 0.24 0.80 -412.11 -256.31
A
4 -274.63 0.13 0.75 -205.97 -160.23
5 -92.92 0.05 0.75 -69.69 -64.31
6 -32.52 0.43 0.80 -24.39 -22.51
1 -1800.92 0.32 0.80 -1440.73 -1298.41
2 -1336.02 0.21 0.80 -1068.82 -1019.66
3 -912.62 0.12 0.75 -730.10 -744.22
B
4 -530.49 0.05 0.75 -397.87 -468.52
5 -202.78 0.38 0.80 -152.09 -192.65
6 -70.97 0.29 0.80 -53.23 -67.43
1 -1613.74 0.20 0.80 -1291.00 -1331.81
2 -1212.45 0.12 0.75 -969.96 -1046.55
3 -842.89 0.05 0.75 -674.31 -763.39
C
4 -500.86 0.45 0.80 -375.64 -480.08
5 -195.95 0.33 0.80 -146.97 -196.66
6 -68.58 0.21 0.80 -51.44 -68.83
1 -943.15 0.12 0.75 -754.52 -487.97
2 -681.53 0.24 0.75 -545.22 -386.47
3 -450.66 0.13 0.80 -360.53 -282.81
D
4 -250.95 0.05 0.80 -188.22 -179.30
5 -92.73 0.43 0.80 -69.55 -75.91
6 -32.45 0.05 0.75 -24.34 -26.57

Adjustment of column end bending moment

According to the clause 6.2.3 of the code, the design value of the combined bending moment of the lower end of
column at the bottom story of the frame structure assigned to Grades I, II, III, and IV shall be multiplied by the
increasing coefficient of 1.7, 1.5, 1.3 and 1.2 respectively.
 M c
 c  M b

M c : the sum of the design values of the combined bending moments of the upper and lower
column ends sections in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

M b : the sum of the design values of the combined bending moments of the left and right beam
end sections in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction
c : the moment increasing coefficient at the column end of frame.

According to the clause 6.2.3 of the code, the design value of the combined bending moment of the
lower end of column at the bottom story of the frame structure assigned to Grades I, II, III, and IV
shall be multiplied by the increasing coefficient of 1.7, 1.5, 1.3 and 1.2 respectively. In this project the
increasing coefficient is 1.3; the longitudinal reinforcement of columns at the bottom story should be
configured according to the most unfavorable situation of the upper and lower ends.

Adjusted
Adjusted column
Column Floor Column bottom Column top column
top
bottom

1 132.01 110.41 171.61 143.53

2 85.15 90.19 110.70 117.25
3 71.26 76.43 92.63 99.37
A
4 50.26 56.95 50.26 56.95
5 24.35 32.28 24.35 32.28
6 8.52 11.30 8.52 11.30
1 141.45 128.79 183.88 167.42
2 117.26 119.27 152.44 155.06
3 96.54 100.98 125.50 131.27
B
4 72.64 77.89 72.64 77.89
5 42.56 49.20 42.56 49.20
6 14.90 17.22 14.90 17.22
1 138.93 124.26 180.61 161.53
2 109.11 111.86 141.85 145.42
3 90.42 95.41 117.55 124.04
C
4 68.31 74.26 68.31 74.26
5 40.30 47.61 40.30 47.61
6 14.10 16.66 14.10 16.66
1 129.07 104.03 167.79 135.24
D 2 74.66 81.01 97.05 105.31
3 63.89 69.61 83.05 90.49
 4 44.87 52.45 44.87 52.45
5 21.48 30.15 21.48 30.15
6 7.52 10.55 7.52 10.55

Calculation of normal section bearing capacity:

According to the "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" (GB50010-2010), it can be known that the calculated
length of the bottom frame column of the cast-in-situ floor is 1.0h, and the calculated length of the remaining
floor frame columns is 1.25h. The bottom column height (h) is the distance from the top of the foundation to the
first-floor slab and the remaining column heights are the distances between the upper and lower floor slabs.
Clause 6.2.4 of the code stipulates that the bending moment design value of the control section of other
eccentrically compressed members, except bent structures, after considering the second-order effect of axial
pressure in the flexural member shall be calculated as follows:

M  CmnsM 2
Cm  0.7  0.3M1 / M 2
0.5 fc A

c
N
Where:
Cmns — is less than 1.0, take 1.0.

Cm — is the eccentricity adjustment coefficient of the end section of the member, which
is taken as 0.7 when it is less than 0.7.
ns —bending moment increasing factor.
N—design value of axial pressure corresponding to design value of bending moment M2 ;
ea —additional eccentricity, its value is taken as the larger of 20mm and 1/30 of the
maximum dimension of the cross-section in the eccentric direction.
 c —section curvature correction coefficient, which is 1.0 when greater than 1.0.

h — section height

h0 —effective height of section.

A — cross-sectional area of the member.
M1, M2—the combined bending moment design value at the column end, the smaller
moment absolute value is M1, and the larger moment absolute value is M2.
 In this design, there are two types of columns with cross-section dimensions
350mm x 350mm and 450mm × 550mm.

A and D columns:
h0  350  20 10  20 / 2  310 mm

B and C columns:
h0  550  20 10  20 / 2  510mm

When   b , it is a large eccentrically

compressed section, when eccentrically
compression section.

For column A and B:

= 1 x 14.3 x 310 x 350 x 0.518 = 803.77 KN

For Column B and C:

= 1 x 14.3 x 510 x 450 x 0.518 = 1699.99 KN

When N  Nb , it is a large eccentrically compressed section, when N  Nb it is a small eccentrically

compression section.
e0 = M / N
ei = e0 + ea
e = ei + h / 2 − as
e'= ei − h / 2 + a's
When x > 2a's, As = A' s = [Ne −1 fcbx(h0 − x / 2)]/ f y '(h0 − a' s )
When x < 2a's, As = A' s = Ne'− f y (h0 − a' s )
According to the clause 6.3.7 of the "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" (GB50010- 2010), the minimum
total reinforcement ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement of the middle columns and side columns of a grade III
frame structure should not be less than 0.7% ( HRB400 reinforcement is selected ). At the same time, the
reinforcement ratio on each side should not be less than 0.20%.

Calculation of the normal section bearing capacity of column A

floor 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00

section top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom
M 11.30 8.52 32.28 24.35 56.95 50.26 99.37 92.63 117.25 110.70 143.53 171.61
(kN.m)

N(kN) 24.39 29.28 69.69 83.65 205.97 219.93 412.11 426.07 640.59 654.54 899.93 913.89

hc 3825.00 3825.00 3825.00 3825.00 3825.00 3867.50

(mm)

hc / h 9.56 9.56 9.56 9.56 9.56 9.67

h0 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00 306.00

Cm 0.79 0.79 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.81

zc 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

e0 472.48 393.74 235.02 204.94 155.58 135.57

ea 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00

ei
410.74 252.02 221.94 172.58 152.57

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

hns
2.30 2.32 2.32 2.33 2.08

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cmhns
2.13 2.24 2.28 2.29 1.98
M
81.12 149.91 225.24 267.18 400.06
e
1142.40 771.66 617.58 507.53 563.48
e’
870.40 499.66 345.58 235.53 206.48
Failure type

x 0.03 0.10 0.20 0.31 0.26

 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

-55.82 -31.99 4.05 43.99 12.78

x - 2a's
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

As = A's (mm 2 , x < 619.48 1051.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

2a's )
0.00 0.00 1462.94 1684.69 1858.42

As = A's (mm 2 , x <

2a's )
0 0 0 0 0

One side reinforcement 4C22 4C22 4C25 4C25 4C25

One side reinforcement

0.95% 0.95% 1.36% 1.36% 1.39%
ratio

Total reinforcement 12C22 12C22 12C25 12C25 12C25

Total reinforcement
2.85% 2.85% 4.09% 4.09% 4.16%
ratio

Calculation of the normal section bearing capacity of column B

floor 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00

section top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom
M 27.55 23.83 49.20 42.56 77.89 72.64 131.27 125.50 155.06 152.44 167.42 183.88
(kN.m)

N(kN) 107.89 122.62 192.65 218.97 468.52 494.84 744.22 770.53 1068.82 1095.13 1440.73 1467.05

hc 3825.00 3825.00 3825.00 3825.00 3825.00 3867.50

(mm)

hc / h 5.88 6.73 7.58 8.43 9.28 10.13

h0 518.50 519.35 520.20 521.05 521.90 522.75

Cm 0.82 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.82

zc 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

e0 421.92 281.06 251.69 210.94 212.22 135.57

ea 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42
 ei 528.411
440.34 299.48 272.65 229.36 230.47
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
hns
2.0706
1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.74
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cmhns
1.9788
1.65 1.69 1.70 1.72 1.70
M 114.75
95.63 154.92 222.59 265.24 367.72
e 819.111
682.59 541.73 514.90 471.61 472.72
e’ 237.711
198.09 57.23 30.40 -12.89 -11.78
Failure type 0

0.05304
0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.34
x
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-49.266
-41.06 -2.47 36.08 81.48 138.15
x - 2a's
0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

As = A's 262.5582
(mm 2 , x < 218.80 153.73 0.00 0.00 0.00
2a's ) 0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
As = A's
(mm 2 , x < 0
2a's ) 0 0 206.72 170.714 484.245
One side
reinforcemen 4C18 4C18 4C18 4C18 4C18 4C18
t
One side
reinforcemen 0.31% 0.31% 0.31% 0.31% 0.31% 0.31%
t ratio
Total
12C1
reinforcemen 12C18 12C18 12C18 12C18 12C18
8
t
Total
reinforcemen 0.93% 0.93% 0.93% 0.93% 0.93% 0.93%
t ratio

Adjustment of column end shear force:

According to the clause 6.2.5 of the "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" (GB50010- 2010), for frame of
seismic grade I, II, III, and IV, the design value of combined shear force for frame columns and frame-supporting
columns should be adjusted as follows:
Where:
V — combined shear force design value of column end section
Hn —the clear height of the column
M t , M b —the combined bending moment design values of the upper and lower ends of the c c column in
clockwise or counterclockwise direction respectively.
vc —increase coefficient of column shear force, which can be selected as 1.2 for a grade III frame.
Shear force adjustment at column ends

M b (kN.m) M t (kN.m)
Axis Floor Hn (m) V (kN)
c c

1.00 158.41 132.49 3.87 76.72

2.00 102.19 108.23 3.06 70.14
3.00 85.50 91.72 3.06 59.08
A
4.00 60.32 68.34 3.06 42.88
5.00 29.22 38.73 3.06 22.65
6.00 24.84 32.92 2.60 19.25
1.00 169.74 154.55 3.87 85.53
2.00 140.72 143.13 3.06 94.61
3.00 115.85 121.18 3.06 79.01
B
4.00 87.17 93.47 3.06 60.21
5.00 51.07 59.04 3.06 36.70
6.00 43.41 50.18 3.87 31.20
1.00 166.72 149.12 3.87 83.29
2.00 130.93 134.23 3.06 88.39
C
3.00 108.51 114.50 3.06 74.33
4.00 81.97 89.11 3.06 57.03
 5.00 48.36 57.13 3.06 35.16
6.00 41.10 48.56 3.87 29.89
1.00 154.88 124.83 3.87 73.77
2.00 89.59 97.21 3.06 62.26
3.00 76.66 83.53 3.06 53.40
D
4.00 53.85 62.93 3.06 38.93
5.00 25.77 36.18 3.06 20.66
6.00 21.91 30.76 3.06 17.56

Section size checking calculation:

height of the column and the calculation formula is:  = Hn / 2h0
Minimum shear span ratio of the first floor:  = Hn / 2h0 = 3.87/ 20.31 = 6.24
Minimum shear span ratio for 2nd ~ 6th floors:  = Hn / 2h0 = 3.06/ 20.51 = 3
According to clause 6.2.9 of the code, for reinforced concrete frame structures, the design value of the combined
shear forces of columns with shear-span ratio greater than 2 shall satisfy the following equation:
A axis and D axis:

V = 0.20 x 14.3 x 310 x 350/ 0.85

= 365.070KN
C and D axis:

V = 0.20 x 450 x 510 x 14.3 /0.85

= 772.2KN
Calculation the inclined section bearing capacity:
According to the clause 11.4.9 of the "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" (GB50010- 2002): the inclined
section shearing load-bearing capacity of the column of frame and the column of braced frame considering the
combination of the earthquake action should comply with the following stipulations:
 —Calculated shear span ratio of frame columns, when  < 1.0, take  =1.0, when  > 3.0, take  =3.0;
N — Design value of axial compressive force of frame column considering the seismic action combination.
When N >3.0 fc A, take N=3.0 fc A.

Calculation of the inclined section bearing capacity of column A

Floor 6 5 4 3 2 1

V (kN) 19.254625 22.6525 42.8825 59.075 70.142 76.721

g REV (kN) 16.364625 19.2525 36.448 50.218 59.619 65.212

N(kN) 59.237775 69.6915 205.972 412.114 640.5855 899.929

3.0 fc
495.924 583.44 583.44 583.44 583.44 911.625
A

Shear span ratio l 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55

1.05 ftbh0 /(l +1) +

42.374625 49.8525 57.477 69.0285 78.6165 123.7855
0.056 N

Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement

arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement
according to the according to according to according to the according to the according to
code for seismic the code for the code for code for seismic code for seismic the code for
design of seismic design seismic design design of design of seismic design
building of building of building building building of building
 f yv Asvh0 / s(kN)

C10@150 C10@150 C10@150 C10@150 C10@150 C10@150

Actual column stirrup in

non- encryption area
（4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs）

Column volume stirrup

ratio in
0.52% 0.52% 0.52% 0.52% 0.52% 0.42%
non-encryption area

Actual column stirrup in

C10@100 C10@100 C10@100 C10@100 C10@100 C10@100
encryption area
（4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs） （4 legs）

Column volume stirrup

0.78% 0.78% 0.78% 0.78% 0.78% 0.63%
ratio in
 Design calculation for Staircase:

Basic parameters of stairs:

The structural form of the staircase is cast-in-situ slab stairs. The height of each floor is
3.6m, the width is 3.0m, the depth of LT1 is 5.6m, and the depth of LT2 is 5.8m.

Number of steps: n = 22
Tread: b = 260mm Riser:
h = 3600/22 = 164mm

Stairway length: L = b [(N / 2) - 1] = 260 [(22/2) - 1] = 2600mm

Stairwell width is 170mm, and the stairway width is: a = (3000-120-170) /2=1355mm

Select the landing width: D1 = D1’ = 1365mm > a = 1355mm so fulfills the landing
width requirements.

The floor platform width D2 of LT1:

D2 = B - D1 - L= (5600-120)-1365-2400 =1715mm > 2h+b = 588mm.
The floor platform width of LT2:
D2’ = B-D1’-L= (5800-180)-1365-2600 =1655mm > 588mm.

Staircase design (LT2):

Except that the floor of LT2 is slightly larger than LT1, the other structural arrangements
are completely the same, so LT2 can be used for calculations.

Design of stairway slab:

The stairway slab thickness h = (1/30~1/25) × 2600 = 86.67~104mm, take h=104mm.
The tangent of the slab is tan = h/b =164 / 260 = 0.63 , = tan−1 (0.63) = 32.21 ,
cos = 0.808.
Load calculation

Standard value of permanent load of stairway slab

Step floor ceramic tiles (0.24+0.164)×0.35/0.24=0.59kN/m 2
Triangular step 0.63× (0.24×0.164 )×25
/0.24=2.58kN/m2 100mm cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slab 0.1
×25/0.827=3.02kN/m2
20mm bottom plastering 0.02×17/0.827=0.41kN/m2

Total = gk = 6.603 KN/ m2

Standard value of live load of stairway slab According to the Load code, the standard
value of uniformly distributed load on stairs is：
qk = 4.5kN/m2

1.35gk + 0.7×1.4qk = 1.35×6.603+0.7×1.4×4.50 = 13.31 KN/m2

1.2gk + 1.4qk = 1.2×6.603+1.4×4.50 = 14.22 KN/m2

Therefore, the live load plays a controlling role. Take g =1.2 and q =1.4.
Taking 1m wide strip we have:
q = 4.50kN / m2 1m = 4.50kN / m
g = 6.603kN / m2 1m = 6.603kN / m

Cross-section design:
The minimum concrete cover of slab is c = 15mm.
Assuming that the longitudinal reinforcement diameter is d = 10mm. For C30 concrete
grade:

1 = 1.0, fc =14.3N / mm 2 , ft =1.43N /mm2 ,

HPB250 reinforcements are used, fy = 250N /mm2

The horizontal effective span of the stairway slab is l n = 2600 mm, the design value of
the mid-span bending moment is: M = pl2 /10 =14.222.62 /10 = 3.75 kN.m.
The effective height of the stairway slab is: h0 =104 − 20 = 84mm

= 3.75 x 106 / 1 x 14.3 x 1000 x 842

= 0.037

= 1− √ 1− ( 2 x 0.037 )=0.038

As = 0.038 x 1000 x 84 x 1 x 14.3 /250

As = 183mm2

7A8@ 200 for the longitudinal steel bars, and the actual area is As = 352mm2.
The short steel bars A8@200 are arranged at the supports to resist negative bending
moments, and the length of the steel bars is ln/ 4=2600/4=650 mm.
Checking of the minimum reinforcement ratio:
The calculation results show that  is less than 0.35, so it conforms to the principle of
redistribution of plastic internal force.

As/bh = 352/1000 x 104

= 0.33%, which is larger than 0.45 f t / fy = 0.45 x 1.43/250 = 0.25%. and at the same
time greater than 0.2%, which meets the requirements of the minimum reinforcement
ratio. Use one distribution bar 1A8 for each step.
Design of landing slab:
The thickness of the landing slab is the same as that of the stairway slab h=104 mm.
The type of reinforcements and concrete grade used are the same as those of the stairway
slab.
Load calculation
Standard value of permanent load of landing slab

Floor ceramic tiles 0.35kN/m2

20mm cement mortar screed 0.02×20 = 0.40kN/m2
100mm cast-in-situ reinforced concrete slab 0.10 ×25 = 2.50kN/m2
15mm bottom plastering 0.015×17 = 0.255kN/m2
Total: gk = 3.51kN/m2

Standard value of live load of landing slab:

According to the Load code, the standard value of uniformly distributed load on the
stairs is.
qk = 3.50kN/m2.
1.35gk + 0.7 × 1.4qk = 1.35×3.51 + 0.7×1.4×3.50 = 8.17kN/m2
1.2gk + 1.4qk = 1.2×3.51 + 1.4×3.50 = 9.11kN/m2
Therefore, the live load plays a controlling role.
Take wide strip we have q = 3.50kN / m2 1m = 3.50kN / m
 g =1.2 and  q =1.4.
Taking gk = 3.51kN / m2 1m = 3.51kN / m
The design value of the total load of the landing slab is:
p =1.23.51+1.43.50 = 9.11kN/m

Cross-section design
The minimum concrete cover of slab is c = 15mm.
Assuming that the longitudinal reinforcement diameter is d = 10mm.
For C30 concrete grade:  = 1.0, f = 14.3N / mm 2 , f =1.43N / mm 2 HPB250
reinforcements are used, f = 250N /mm2

The effective span of the landing slab is: l 0 = 1470-270=1200mm, the design value of the
mid-span bending moment is:
M = pl2 /10 = 9.111.22 /10 =1.31 KN.m
The effective height of the landing slab is: h0 = 104 − 20 = 84mm

= 1.31 x 106 / 1 x 14.3 x 1000 x 842

= 0.012

¿ 1− √ 1− (2 x 0.012 )=0.012

As = 0.012 x 1000 x 84 x 1 x 14.3 /250 = 57.65mm2

Because the calculated cross-sectional area of the reinforcement is too small to meet the
structural requirements, structural reinforcements should be used in construction. Select
8A7 @ 150 for the longitudinal steel bars, and the actual area is As =308 mm 2. The short
steel bars A6@ 200 are arranged at the supports of the one-way landing slab to resist the
negative bending moments, and the length of the steel bars is: l 0/4=1200/4=300 mm. The
long-side reinforcement is reinforced according to the structural requirements.

Foundation Design Calculations:

The foundation design is carried out for the transverse frame of axis 6. Due to the small
spacing of columns in the transverse frame, a rectangular double-column combined
foundation is set. C30 grade concrete and HRB400 grade steel reinforcements are used.
Under the foundation, 100mm thickness C15 fine aggregate concrete cushions are used.
Load internal force calculation:
Calculation of the top load of A-axis column foundation:
Internal force from the column:
M1= -171.6065 KN.m
N1 = 913.886 KN
M = −1/12 x ql2 = −1/12(2.79 + 5.65)1.82 = −2.27kN.m
Dead load:N21 =18.95+1.85+ 27.29+18.96 + 4.54 = 71.59kN
Live load: N22= 10.33 KN
Foundation combination
MA = M1 + M2 = −171.6065 −2.27 = −173.88kN.m
NA = N1 +1.2N21 +1.4N22 =918.886 +1.2 71.59 +1.410.33 =1019.25 kN
Based on the known site engineering geological data, the foundation bearing stratum
was determined to be the hard plastic silty clay soil with a buried depth of 2.1m. The
characteristic value of bearing capacity of the soil is fak =270kPa.
Embedment depth d of foundation
If the foundation buried depth is 2.1m, and the indoor and outdoor ground height
difference is 0.45m so the embedment depth of the foundation d is calculated as: d =
(2.1+2.55) /2 = 2.32m.
Adjusted characteristic value of foundation bearing capacity:
the embedment depth of the foundation is 2.32m > 0.5m, the characteristic value of the
bearing capacity of the foundation needs to be adjusted according to the following
formula:

It is assumed that the bottom width b of the foundation is less than 3m, so the correction
factor of the foundation width is not considered.
According to table 5.2.4 of the “Code for Design of Building Foundations” (GB50007- 2002),for
cohesive soil with e and IL all less than 0.85, the load-bearing capacity correction coefficients of
embedment depth of foundation and that of the width of foundation are respectively:

d = 1.6 ,b = 0.3.

Weight of soil above the bottom of the foundation:

Miscellaneous fill: 1 = 17kN / m3

and h1= 1.5m. Silty clay: 2 = 18kN/m3 and h2 = 0.2m.

We have:  =（1 h1 + 2 h2 ) /(h1 + h2 ) =17.11kN /m3

The adjusted characteristic value of foundation bearing capacity is:

= 270 + 0.3 x 17.11 x (2.32-0.5) = 279.34 Kpa

Determination of the size of the combined foundation:

Xo = 0.73m
base length is calculated as l = 2(0.5 + x0 ) = 2(0.5 + 0.73) = 2.46m
Due to the large load on the foundation, the base length is taken as 5.0m.
Calculation of the base width of the foundation:
 (999.7615+1602.4625)/1.35
b=
4 (297.5−20 x 1.7)
b = 1.25m
Calculation of foundation height
The foundation height should be as follows.
H= (1/6~1/4) ×1400=233mm~350mm
For convenience, let select the height H=1200mm, then the effective height of the foundation is:
h0 = 1200-50=1150mm.
Calculation of the foundation plate:
Calculation of punching shear force, and taking column B for checking calculation, strength
grade of cushion C10 with thickness 100mm.
Fl =1602.46 − 260.219 (0.5 + 20.95)(0.65 + 2 0.95) = 9.91 kN
um = bc + h0 = 0.5 + 0.95 = 1.45m
0.7hp ft um h0 = 0.7 0.981.431450 1150
= 1635.78 > F1 = 9.91 KN
Calculation of shear capacity:
V =949.7985− 650.5475(0.285 + 0.95) = 146.37 KN
0.7fbh = 0.7 x 2 x 2000 x 1050 = 294 KN > V
Reinforcement calculation
Longitudinal reinforcement Using HRB400 reinforcement, f = 300N / mm2 , so the maximum
positive bending moment M= 693.345kN m requires a steel reinforcement area of:

= 693.345 / 0.9 x 300 x 1050

= 2445.6mm2
Select 18B13@120mm, As = 2581mm2
Minimum reinforcement ratio:  = 2581/(10502500) = 0.98%  min = 0.15%
The minimum reinforcement ratio meets the requirements. The longitudinal reinforcement on the
top surface of the foundation is reinforced according to the structural requirements, and B6@
200 reinforcement is used.
References:
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