ABSTRACT

This report presents the design, construction, and testing of water Desalinator that utilizes
reverse osmosis technology to produce potable water from seawater. The Desalinator
consists of a pre-treatment system, high-pressure pump, reverse osmosis membranes, and a
post-treatment system. The pre-treatment system includes sand and carbon filters to
remove suspended solids and organic compounds, while the post-treatment system
involves a UV sterilizer and a re-mineralization stage to ensure water quality and taste. The
Desalinator was tested under various operating conditions, including varying feed water
salinity and temperature. The results indicate that the Desalinator was able to consistently
produce potable water with a TDS level below 500 ppm, meeting the World Health
Organization's drinking water standards. The Desalinator demonstrated a high degree of
reliability and performance, making it a viable solution for communities facing water
scarcity and dependence on saline water sources.
 TABLE OF CONENTS

DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. INTRODUCTION 1.

2. EXISTING SYSTEM AND PROPOSED SYSTEM 8.

3. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE 21.

4. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION 23.

5. RESULT 25.

6. CONCLUSION 26.

7. REFERENCE 27.
ABBREVIATIONS

MD MEMBRANE DESALINATION

TVC THERMAL VAPOUR COMPRESSION

MSF MULTI STAGE FLASH

ED ELECTRO DYLASIS

RO REVERSE OSMOSIS
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

l Length of the tank, m

b Breadth of the tank, m
h Height of the tank, m
T1 Initial temperature, ◦C
T2 Final temperature, ◦C
ΔT Change in temperature, ◦C
V Volume of water, Lt
◦ C Degree Celsius
 Page |1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

General

Freshwater and energy are two indivisible and basic items for continuing human life on
earth. Quick populace development and industrialization, particularly in creating nations in
the ongoing past, have put squeezing requests for both freshwater and vitality. Both are to
be moderated and protected for the reasonable improvement of the world. Then again,
there is an intense deficiency of both vitality and water, particularly in the
underdeveloped nations. Just under 1% of the water is accessible for the general public for
direct use, out of which the most extreme portion has been dirtied due to non-reasonable
mechanical advancements. Because of the quick increment in the total populace, the
requirement for the vitality increments quickly.

Desalination of ocean water or other salty ground waters is a useful and demonstrated
strategy for delivering new water where it is required. The principle issue for this
desalination procedure is an ease, situation cordial, promptly accessible vitality to drive
the procedure. Solar vitality is a standout amongst the best wellsprings of this sort and
it is plenteous during the time particularly in solar belt locale at which a large portion of
the water shortage is endured by around 5 billion individuals. Solar water desalination is an
outstanding and demonstrated strategy which has been utilized for quite a while at remote
territories and spots experiencing lack of consumable quality water.

Solar-powered desalination unit, gadget that changes salt water into drinking water by
changing over the Sun’s energy to warm, straightforwardly or by implication, to drive the
desalination procedure. Solar desalination imitates Earth’s characteristic water cycle (the
procedure that creates precipitation) and has been polished by people as a simple water-
treatment process since the season of the antiquated Greeks.
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Indirect system

Most of the large solar desalination plants are driven by indirect solar energy. Indirect
solar desalination systems can be classified into thermal, mechanical or electric driven
technologies. Solar energy is collected through concentrating (PTC, LFC, TSC, SDC) or
non-concentrating (FPCs, HPC, SP) collectors to run thermal desalination processes such
as MSF, MED, thermal vapor compression (TVC) and membrane desalination (MD).
Another indirect use of solar energy in desalination system is producing electric- it from
solar irradiation via PV panels and use to run ED which is the only desalination
technology using electricity directly to produce fresh water. RO and freezing desalina-
tion techniques require mechanical energy which can be obtained from solar energy
through heat engines (Rankine, sterling and brayton) or PV panels.

Figure 1.1: Desalination techniques used for generating consumable water

 Page |3

Direct system

Direct solar desalination techniques utilize the warmth energy contained in the solar
illumination directly to deliver crisp water without relationship with some other me-

chanical or electrical gadgets. Direct frameworks are ease and appropriate for little
applications. Since their activity temperature and steam weight is low, they have lit-
tler generation rates than indirect desalination frameworks. There are for the most part
two kinds of direct desalination system, for example, humidification-dehumidification
technique and solar stills. Solar stills have additionally two variations as dynamic and
detached refining strategies.

Literature Survey

This paper presents the study of a water chemical new style process operating with the
humidification-dehumidification (HD) technique exploitation alternative energy. This
process was developed in order to boost the productivity of the solar multiple condensation
evaporation cycle unit which is located at the national school of engineering of Sfax,
Tunisia, by integrating into the later a flat-plate solar air collector and a humidifier. The
HD process is essentially composed of a fat-plate solar air collector, a flat-plate solar water
collector, a humidifier, an evaporation tower and a condensation tower. A general model
based on heat and mass transfers in each component of the unit has been developed in a
steady-state regime. The obtained set of ordinary differential equations has been
converted to a set of algebraic system of equations by the functional approximation method
of orthogonal collocation. The developed model is used to simulate the HD system in order
to investigate the steady- state behaviour of each component of the unit and the entire
system exposed to a variation of the door- way parameters and environmental condition.
The availability of drinking water is the very important for all. Plenty of water sources
square measure offered on the world however just one of the Earth’s water is in an
exceedingly contemporary, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both
pathogens and toxic chemicals. Though there are many physical and chemical processes
 Page |4

like reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, multi effect d e s a l i n a t i o n t o t re a t s e a w a t e r

, Solar Energy is chosen due to its economic viability. Combining renewable solar energy
and desalination would generate a sustainable source of fresh water as well as energy.
This combination is very valued because it limits and cut back pollution emissions and
greenhouse gases generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. So, we are able to say that
star distillation looks to be a promising technique and realize an alternate thanks to turn
out H2O. Several solar stills designs are planned and many have them found vital
applications. This article reviews single slope star still and up to date studies on the star
still systems for utilized for method chemical change process. The review includes basic
principles of solar distillation and different modifications (optimization) suggested for
improvement in distiller yield. General mathematical, modeling, methodology of solar
stills. The potency and performance of the only slope solar still are given [2]. This paper
tries to categorize star stills into six kinds supported the look pointers employed in each
device. The properties of those style pointers square measure careful and evaluated from
the angle of enhancing the productivity of star stills. Preferred design guidelines are
recommended for various cli- mate conditions. Fundamental heat and mass transfer method
analyses square measure bestowed to supply a comprehensive understanding of style
principles and to function a theoretical guide for structure modification. Most of in style
heat and mass transfer correlations in literatures square measure summarized and
evaluated here. The coupling of a double-effect absorption heat pump and a multi-
effect distillation unit was demonstrated at the Platform a Solar de Almeria (CIEMAT),
Spain, within a solar desalination research project. Improvements that were identified have
been implemented in a new prototype within the framework of the European project
entitled AQUASOL (March 2002 —February 2006). The epitome, which will be
tested during the demonstration phase of this project, is expected to consume about
half of the multi-effect distillation unit but at a higher temperature,180◦C. This paper points
out different ad- vantages of coupling an absorption heat pump to a multi-effect distillation
system which could significantly increase the competitiveness of both conventional and
solar powered multi-effect distillation plants. In addition, this paper shows that intensive
analysis ought to be administrated for optimizing and assessing such a desalinization
system. This research-review paper provides a critical review on current energy storage
 Page |5

options for different desalination processes powered by various renewable energy and
battery energy storage systems. Principles of energy storage (thermal and electrical energy)
are discussed with details on the design, sizing, and economics for desalination process
applications. In this context, seawater desalination seems to be a potential solution to meet
the water supply and demand balance in Iran as the country is surrounded by three
main water bodies of the Caspian ocean at northern and gulf and Sea of Asian country at
the southern borders. Annually, about 120 million cubic meter of freshwater supply is from
conventional desalination plants centralized in the southern coastal regions of Iran. The
fossil-fuel powered desalination systems are no longer sustainable to overcome the water
crisis in the country due to both depletion risks of available energy resources and increase
of greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper the potential use of other energy for the natural
action of brine at intervals the geographic area is evaluated. Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)
natural action desires large amounts of energy, whereas Reverse diffusion (RO) natural
action is extra energy economical. Solar distillation may well be a very easy and direct
technique which can be used, requiring solely giant decree areas of land, having no
running energy prices and being terribly appropriate for remote areas. Photovoltaic’s is
another promising renewable energy offer for brine natural action at intervals the
geographic area. It is best fitted to the synthetic language and Electro dialysis (ED) ways
in which the chemical change plant does not ought to run unendingly, and thus no storage
batteries area unit needed. Diesel and / or gas is also used as a backup energy. A seawater
desalination process separates saline seawater into two streams: a fresh water stream
containing a low concentration of dissolved salts and a concentrated brine stream. The
process requires some type of energy to desalinize, and utilizes several different
technologies for separation. Two of the most commercially vital technologies are
supported the multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation and reverse osmosis (RO) processes.
Although the desalinization technologies area unit mature enough to be a reliable supply
for water from the ocean, a significant amount of research and development (RD) has
been carried out in order to constantly improve the technologies and cut back the value
of desalinization. Various RO MSF combinations will be Studied. Current status of RO
MSF hybrid desalination systems will be reviewed. The potential advantages of RO MSF
 Page |6

Hybrid desalination systems together with the future trends will be discussed. The
appropriate mixtures of artificial language MSF hybrid desalinization systems rely upon
the native conditions and power/water needs. The required power to water quantitative
relation and products water quality are among the vital factors within the choice of the
optimum artificial language MSF schemes. The use of membrane chemical process has
increased as materials have improved and prices have attenuated. Today, reverse
osmosis membranes are the leading technology for new desalination installations, and they
are applied to a variety of salt water resources using tailored pre-treatment and membrane
system design. Two distinct branches of reverse diffusion chemical process have emerged:
brine reverse osmosis and briny water reverse diffusion. A numerical model based on
solution-diffusion theory was developed in Mat lab Stimulant and used to analyze the
design and performance of an R O system. The effect of feed water temperature,
pressure, salinity and recovery ratio on the efficiency of the whole RO system was
investigated for a wide range of design considerations. The design of associate degree
RO system for this application was optimized and economic assessment allotted. The use
of membrane desalination has increased as materials have improved and costs have
decreased. Today, reverse osmosis membranes are the leading technology for new
desalination installations, and they are applied to a variety of salt water resources
using tailored pre-treatment and membrane system design. Two distinct branches of
reverse osmosis desalination have emerged: seawater reverse osmosis and brackish water
reverse osmosis. In this study, RO systems for seawater desalination were theoretically
investigated to provide insight into the optimum process design. A simple model
supported the solution-diffusion theory and multiple fouling mechanisms was developed
and accustomed analyze the performance of artificial language systems. The impact of
recovery magnitude relation and permeate flux on the potency of the complete
artificial language system was investigated for a good vary of operational conditions.
The model was conjointly applied to optimize the planning of RO process for low energy
demand and high atomic number 5 removal. In addition, rejection of boron by seawater
RO membranes is generally not adequate in one pass systems without pH elevation.
 Page |7

Further, environmental problems stay an- other major limitation of H2O chemical action,
e.g., impingement/entrainment, energy consumption, and brine discharge. This study can
explore numerous mixtures of nanofiltration (NF), briny water artificial language
(BWRO), depression artificial language (LPRO), and H2O artificial language (SWRO)
membranes to additional expeditiously and effectively manufacture potable quality
water from sea water.

The sea water (NF permeate water) produced by this process is considerably different in
composition from (Gulf) seawater, and quality-wise is far superior to it as a feed to
seawater desalination plants, and moreover without the problems normally associated with
high concentration in seawater of scale forming ions, high TDS, high turbidity and
microorganisms. This made it possible to operate both the SWRO and MSF pilot plants at
high water recovery: 70% and 80%, respectively. It also allowed for the successful
operation of the MSF unit at top brine temperature of 120 C without the addition to the
make-up of or acid or anti-foam. The aforesaid desalinization arrangements result in
important improvement within the H2O desalinization processes by lowering their
energy consumption, by concerning 25-30%, and reducing chemical consumption thereby
creating the method friendlier to the marine environment.
 Page |8

CHAPTER 2

EXISTING SYSTEM AND PROPOSED SYSTEM

Existing system

The models which are by and large at present utilized in this procedure of desalination of
water are excessively costly and they are not dependable for transportation starting with
one spot then onto the next dependent on their created structure. The models which are
right now being utilized is either immediate sun powered desalination or backhanded sun
oriented desalination. Among this the most well-known strategy being utilized for
desalination is sunlight based still technique. The other being utilized are either too costly
to even think about manufacturing or excessively costly to for running fixes because of
the costly parts being utilized in the creation.

Figure 2.1: Solar desalination

Both the above figure shows previous model of solar water desalination in which
fig 1 shows electrical energy is being used and in fig 2 large number of solar panels are
being used.
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Figure 2.2: Solar desalination unit

Figure 2.3: Analysis for solar —thermal desalination

Figure 2.4: Projected Costing

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Projected desalination costing

As the graph suggests that improvement in the future models for desalination can affect
the overall costing by decreasing the expense over desalination.

Methods to achieve pure water

Figure 2.5: Methods to achieve pure water

The above figure demonstrates distinctive methods for accomplishing

unadulterated water, yet the most effortless and cost solid strategy is to improve
new innovation with a superior methodology.

Overall costing

Figure 2.6: Overall Costing

As should be obvious the above figure unmistakably portrays the two greatest part of
speculation incorporates fixed charges and power charges. The past model expended
greater power, so the general productivity diminishes when all cost and yield proportion
is thought about.
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Typical capacities and costs for most common options of solar and wind
seawater desalination

Figure 2.7: Capacity and costing

Limitations of present models

Manufacturing and working expense: It’s frightfully costly to make and work com-
pound procedure plants. Contingent upon their area, assembling a plant will an incentive
from 300 million to 2.9 billion. When operational, plants require tremendous
measures of vitality. Vitality costs represent third to normal division of the entire benefit
of assembling desalinated water. Since vitality is such an expansive part of the all-out
cost, the expense is likewise incredibly influenced by changes in the cost of vitality. It is
measurable that a 1 penny increment inside the estimation of a kilowatt-hour of
vitality raises the cost of 1 cubage unit of desalinated water by 50.

Environmental Impact: The natural effect is another detriment to water concoction

process plants. Transfer of the salt far from the water could be a noteworthy issue.
This release, called brackish water, will change the saltiness and lower the amount of gas
inside the water at the transfer site, pushing or murdering creatures not used to the more
elevated amounts of salt. Likewise, the desalinization procedure uses or delivers different
synthetic substances together with gas, CO2, hydrochloric corrosive and Anti- sealants
that can be unsafe in high focuses.
 P a g e | 12

Waste Disposal: Like some other strategy, substance p r o c e s s h a s side-effects that

Must be dealt with. The procedure of compound procedure needs pre-treatment and
tidy up synthetic concoctions, that square measure intercalary to water before substance
procedure to make the treatment extra prudent and made. These synthetic substances
incorporate chlorine, hydrochloric corrosive and hydrogen peroxide, and they can be
utilized for just a constrained measure of time. When they’ve lost their capacity to scour
the water, these synthetic compounds is dumped, which turns into noteworthy natural
concern. These synthetic concoctions normally understand their way into the sea,
wherever they poison plant and creature life.

Brine Production: Salt water is that the aspect result of synthetic procedure. While the
refined water proceeds to be prepared and put into human use, the water that is left
finished, which has a super immersion of salt, must be discarded. Most synthetic proce-
dure plants siphon this brackish water into the sea that shows another natural weakness.
Sea species aren’t prepared to manage to the quick change in saltiness brought about by the
release of brackish water into the domain. The super-immersed salt water conjointly
diminishes gas levels inside the water, making creatures and plants choke.

Ocean Populations: The living beings most normally covered with saline solution and
synthetic release from compound procedure plants square measure living being and
vegetation, that caring the base of all marine life by framing the base of the natural pecking
order. Desalination plants therefore have the adaptability to adversely affect the number
of inhabitants in creatures inside the sea. These impacts unit of estimation further created
through the drawbacks brought about by compound activity "impinge- ment" and
"entrainment." while admission sea water certain desalinization, the plants allure and
slaughter creatures, plants and eggs, a large number of which have a place with jeopardized
animal groups.
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Figure 2.8: Algal blossom

Health issues: Concoction process is certainly not a framed innovation, and desalinated
water can be hurtful to human wellbeing also. Results of the synthetic compounds
utilized in substance procedure will get past into the "unadulterated" water and jeopar-
dize those that drink it. Desalinated water can even be acidic to every pipe and natural
procedure frameworks.

Energy Use: In partner degree age wherever vitality is changing into continuously
valuable, synthetic procedure plants have the burden of requiring mammoth measures of
intensity. Other water treatment innovations are more vitality proficient.
 P a g e | 14

Proposed model

The model which has been proposed in our project is different from the others as we are
using a converged plate reflector instead of a flat one. The reason being since the sun rays
fall on the reflector the flat plate reflectors will reflect back the heat in a scattered way,
thus resulting in excessive amount of loss of energy and thus decreasing overall
efficiency with the increased time for output.

Whereas, when we use a converged plate reflector the rays of the sun will reflect back
heat to a significant point thus focusing the heated rays will result in less amount of
energy waste and the will also decrease the overall time for the process to take place.

Figure 2.9: Scattering type

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Design Specification 2D

Layout

Figure 2.10: 2D Layout

3D Layout of the collector tank

Figure 2.11: 3D Layout

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Figure 2.12: 3D Layout side view

Material Selection

Water Tank: The water tank is being used as a feeder to feed saline water. It is made up
of MS Iron Sheet

Copper Tube: Some of the salient features of copper tube are it has excellent heat
conductivity, good corrosion resistance and good machinibility. The use of copper tube in
our project increases the threshold temperature significantly which help us to reduce
overall time as compared to the models already being used in the market.

Figure 2.13: Copper tube

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Glass some of the features of glass is that they are heat resistance, transparent, pressure
resistance and chemical resistant. Hence, glass is selected as top covering of our water
collector tank.

Reflection Sheet: The reflection sheet used in our project is of polished aluminum which
helps in increasing temperature as they act as a powerful source of reflector for sun rays.

Figure 2.14: Reflection sheet

Collecting Tray: The collecting tray is also made up of MS Iron Sheet as that of feeder
tank. The amount of water which is left out untreated is collected in this tray.

Gate Valve: This is common gate valve used which is available in the market to control
the flow of water i.e. speed as well as the volume of the feeder water.
 P a g e | 18

Figure 2.15: Gate valve

Manufacturing approach

After the selection of suitable materials based on our requirements and the initial prob-
lem faced, we started with the second part of our project i.e. fabrication of the model
represented in the 2D and 3D Layout.

For fabrication part we used arc welding technique for raising the frame, feeder tank and
collector tank. We also used sheet bending machine for bending the reflector sheet as per
our requirement.

The final step involved the fixing of glass structure above the collector tank.
 P a g e | 19

Machine used

Conventional Arc Welding Machine

Figure 2.16: Arc welding machine

The welding electrode used during the welding process is of size 3.0mm X 3.15mm of
6013 grading.

Power Tools We used drilling machine for drilling holes in the setup especially in the
reflector sheet and we also used angle grinders for cutting sheets and square bars.
 P a g e | 20

Figure 2.20: Fabricated model glass view

Figure 2.21: Fabricated model detailed view

 P a g e | 21

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

Methodology

The methodology involved in this process is based on the principle of solar thermal heating
which takes a lot of time as it depends completely on temperature and weather conditions.
To start this process few precautions has to be taken care of like excessive amount of
sunlight should be available over the reflector; the glass case over the collector is
completely isolated to decrease heat loss. These precautions must be taken care each time
while performing the experiment.

Procedure
1. First feed salinized water into the feeder tank and note down the initial
temperature (T1).
2. Note down the volume (V1) of the water with the help of flask and also measure the
mass (m1) of the same amount of water used during the process.
3. Calculate the initial density (D1) by using the formula.
4. Then allow the water to pass through copper tube by opening the gate valve slowly. The
gate valve shall be opened slowly so that water flows at a lower rate and can get excess
amount of heat while passing over the parabolic reflector.
5. The water is allowed to drop into the collector tank and take the reading of the final
temperature (T2).
6. The risen temperature of the hot water leads to evaporation of water droplets inside
the glass Surface.
 P a g e | 22

7. Allow the temperature to fall so that condensation takes place, the water droplets
formed on the glass surface is the pure form of water. The water droplets slowly slide
down the glass surface and are collected.
8. Measure the volume (V2) of the pure water with the help of flask and also
measure the mass of fresh water (m2).
9. Calculate the final density (D2) by using the formula.
10. Now calculate the percentage (%) of fresh water to salinized water. Repeat the
same procedure for another four readings.
11. Plot the graph Final Temperature (T2) Vs Final Density (D2).

Problem faced

Designing the unit and giving dimensions to each and every component used in the unit
was a big challenge as the resulting fabricated structure was supposed to be smaller than
the previous one.

The bending of the reflecting sheet was another issue as it was supposed to be precise to
get the required output. Sheet bending machine was used to minimize the error.

The fitting of copper tube was also difficult as it is thin and fragile and therefore it
required to be controlled very carefully while installing it in the model

The cutting of glass structure was the biggest problem as it required precise cutting as per
the dimension and then preparing the top glass structure was also difficult at that angle.
There was always a chance of breaking of glass, so a proper support was given at the
bottom.

The fitting of the glass chamber over the collector tank was also a bit difficult job, as we
were supposed to seal it properly so there is no loss in temperature.
 P a g e | 23

CHAPTER 4

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

The following readings are noted down for different volumes of water at different
temperatures:-

Table 4.1: Tabular readings

Calculation

1. Max capacity of Feeder Tank= L X B X H = 15.4 cm X 14.6 cm X 15.5 cm = c 3.485lt

2. Initial Density= Mass X Volume = 1.030kg X (1 X10−3m3) = 1030kg/m3

3. Initial Temperature= 43.2 ◦C

4. Volume of fresh water= 0.074lt

5. Final Temperature= 56.4 ◦C

 P a g e | 24

6. Final Density= Mass X Volume = 0.074kg X (0.074 X 10−3m3) = 1004kg/m3

7. Efficiency= (Vol of Fresh water/ Vol of Feeder Water)/100 = 7.4%

8. Mean Efficiency= (7.4 + 7.2 + 7.8 + 7.7 + 8.1) / 5 =7.62 %

Figure 4.1: Final density vs. Final temperature

Figure 4.2: Efficiency vs. Final Temperature

 P a g e | 25

CHAPTER 5

RESULT

The test examination led to survey the execution, when solar energy is utilized for saline
water desalination. The impact of the distinctive working parameters on the generation of
fresh water was likewise researched.
 P a g e | 26

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

As the total populace keeps on developing, existing water gives can turn out to be
continuously small. As increasingly more water is required to address humanity’s issues,
desalination of ocean water will turn into an inexorably significant wellspring of usable
water. Seawater desalination has effectively affirmed. It’s possibility to determine the
freshwater issues in various nations. It is, anyway to be noticed that despite the great
unwavering quality and positive financial matters parts of desalination process, the is-
sue of high vitality utilization till stays to be explained. Because of our investigation, salt
water can be decontaminated utilizing sun-oriented desalination. Our information bolsters
our speculation and the consequences of our trial takes care of our concern. Albeit just a
teaspoon happened to be our outcome following 5 hours, we tasted the water, outside of
the estimating glass and inside, the two of them tasted extraordinary. This implies our
speculation was right. In our investigation, the water evaporated, and shaped water rises on
the glass and after that it in the long run dribbled into the estimating container. We tested
our control and autonomous factors and the two of them tasted unique, one tasting
exceptionally salty, and the other having no interesting taste by any means.
 P a g e | 27

CHAPTER 7

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