Microprocessing and Interfacing

Lab Session 1
Intro to Debug & DebugX

Anubhav Elhence

Anubhav Elhence and Dr. Vinay Chamola

What is DOS BOX?
DOSBox is a free and open-source emulator program that
allows you to run MS-DOS applications on modern
operating systems, such as Windows, MacOS, and Linux. It
creates a virtual environment that simulates the behavior
of an IBM PC compatible computer running MS-DOS. This
allows you to run old DOS-based software and games that
may not be compatible with newer operating systems.

DOSBox emulates the CPU, memory, and other hardware

components of an IBM PC, including the 8086 processor. It
also emulates the BIOS and other firmware that is
present on a real PC. This allows it to run software that
was written for the 8086 processor and the MS-DOS
operating system.

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 DOS-BOX
• The program is configurable, allowing
the user to change various settings
such as CPU cycles, sound, graphics
and even network support. It also
supports various types of mount
points, which allows you to use files
and directories on your host system as
if they were on a virtual drive within
the DOSBox environment.

• In summary, DOSBox is a powerful

emulator that allows you to run old
MS-DOS software and games on
modern operating systems, by
emulating the hardware and firmware
of an IBM PC compatible computer,
including the 8086 processor and the
MS-DOS operating system.

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What is MASM?
MASM stands for Microsoft Macro Assembler. It is an x86 assembly
language compiler and development environment developed by Microsoft
for their operating systems. It was first released in the early 1980s for
the 8086 and 8088 processors, and later versions were released for the
286, 386, and higher processors.

MASM provides a set of macro instructions that can be used to simplify

assembly language programming and improve code readability. These
macros can be used to define procedures, data structures, and other
high-level constructs that are not available in traditional assembly
languages.

MASM also provides a set of powerful debugging and development tools,

such as a symbol table, a code disassembler, and a source-level debugger.
These tools allow developers to easily identify and fix errors in their
assembly language code.

The most recent version of MASM is the MASM32. It is a free and open-
source software and it supports all versions of Windows.

In summary, MASM is an x86 assembly language compiler and development

environment developed by Microsoft for their operating systems, that
provides a set of macro instructions and powerful debugging and
4 development tools for assembly language programming.
Anubhav Elhence
What is DebugX?
DEBUG, supplied by MS-DOS, is a program that traces the 8086 instructions. Using DEBUG, you can easily
enter 8086 machine code program into memory and save it as an executable MS-DOS file (in .COM/.EXE
format). DEBUG can also be used to test and debug 8086 and 8088 programs. The features include
examining and changing memory and register contents including the CPU register. The programs may also be
single-stepped or run at full speed to a break point.

You will be using DEBUGX which is a program similar to DEBUG but offers full support for 32-bit
instructions and addressing. DEBUGX includes the 80x86 instructions through the Pentium instructions.

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Installing DosBox and DebugX
DOSBOX
• If you have a sytem with Windows 8 and higher as an operating system - you will not have
access to the command line prompt. In this case you can use DOSBOX. Download the software
from the link below. The setup file is executable just run it - DosBox gets installed
automatically.

• https://bitsiotlab.com/mup-lab-content/
• If you have a Linux system - you can refer to this Wiki on DosBox in Ubuntu. It gives all details
on installation and usage of DosBox in Ubuntu
• https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DOSBox

MASM611
• Microsoft Assembler- Download the software from the link. Extract the files into any Folder of
your choice. The MASM executable will be in MASM611/BIN

Debug & DebugX

• Debugger - To test output/behavior of Programs. Download the software from the link. Extract
the files into MASM611/BIN Folder
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 1. On the above page, click on “Link to DosBox” installer, and
install DosBox (There should be an icon on the desktop after this).

2. Now, click on the “Link to MASM”, and extract the MASM611

folder.

Installing DosBox 3. Copy the MASM611 folder directly in the 'D' drive (Remember

and DebugX
the drive, this will be important later)

4. Copy the content of "debug125” folder in the MASM611→BIN

folder.

5. You don't need to install anything from/within MASM611 folder

(Everything is already pre-compiled in the folder)

Anubhav Elhence
 How to start DebugX?
Once you have all the software installed, this is the procedure
you’ll need to follow to start DebugX. In short, we need to
mount the drive where the MASM611 folder is stored (D
Drive here). You will have to do this many times, please note it
down:-

1. Click on the DosBox icon on your desktop (This opens two

windows, you only need to focus on the one with the
command prompt).
2. The command prompt will read ‘Z:\>’, type in “mount d:
d:\masm611\bin” (If successful you should get a message
‘Drive D is mounted as local directory’)
3. Now type “d:” to change the command prompt to ‘D:\>’
4. Type “debugx” to start the program (If succsessful, the
cursor moving to the next line.)
5. You can return to DosBox, by typing “q” (Quit command)
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Anubhav Elhence
DebugX Basic Conventions
DebugX is NOT case sensitive.

DEBUGX recognizes ONLY Hexadecimal numbers (without a

trailing ‘H’ by default, so ‘11’ is interpreted as seventeen, not
eleven!!)

DEBUGX displays a list of the commands and their parameters

by entering a "?" at the command prompt.

Segment and offset are specified as Segment:Offset

Spaces in commands are only used to indicate separate

parameters

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List of DebugX commands
Command Syntax Description
Register

RX Activates 32-bit registers (‘386 regs on’)

R Shows the 16-bit registers (Default) or the 32-bit registers, if rx was used before
R <register> View a register and change its value at the prompt
Execution

A <segment>:<offset> Assemble- Prompts the code segment to write instructions (assembled into machine code)

U <offset> Unassemble- Displays the Symbolic code (instructions) written at the offset (from CS)

T Trace- Execute commands at CS:IP, i.e. one at a time (debugging)

G <address of last instruction> Go- Executes commands all at once, until the address specificed (Change IP Value using R first!)

Data

D <segment>:<offset> Dump- View the data at this address (Little Endian)

E <segment>:<offset> Enter- Edit data at this address by changing the value at the prompt

Misc.

? View all debugx commands

Q Quit debugx
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Follow Along exercise:
Let’s first view the contents of the registers

Now let’s write a simple program to add two numbers

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Now let’s view where the instructions got stored in memory

Let’s execute these commands one by one and keep on looking at

the register contents.

But before executing, Let’s see where the IP is pointing to.

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executing MOV AX,0001H

Observe now, where the IP is pointing to. Similarly let’s do

it two more times.

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Another follow along example:
Now let’s try to see the contents of random memory locations

Lol ! Nothing of much value here. Let’s try another one.

We see something. Does it look familiar. OFCOURSE YESSS !!!

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This is the BYTE equivalent code of our ALP

Isn’t this amazing to note that the instructions also lie in the same segment as our data
does and can be read/copied/executed/etc. Now let’s store 0xDEAD at memory location
DS:155h

PAUSE THE VIDEO

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let’s store 0xDEAD at memory location DS:155h

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Finally, let’s copy the content of memory location DS:0155h to CX register

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Ten Offences against the MASM Compiler
If you commit any of these ten offences, no matter how well you have coded in the past,
immediately, your program will behave abnormally.... Until you rectify your mistake and
say sorry to the compiler.

1st offence:
Thou shalt never attempt to manually change the contents of segments using debugX or
fiddle with the data segment where the instructions are written.

Other offences will be covered later on.

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DebugX commands
 A: Assemble
The Assemble command (A) is used to enter assembly mode. In assembly mode, DEBUG prompts
for each assembly language statement and converts the statement into machine code that is
then stored in memory. The optional start address specifies the address at which to assemble the
first instruction. The default start address is 100h. A blank line entered at the prompt causes
DEBUG to exit assembly mode.
Syntax: A [address]

 D: Dump
The Dump command (D), when used without a parameter, causes DEBUG to display the contents
of the 128-byte block of memory starting at CS:IP if a target program is loaded, or starting at
CS:100h if no target program is loaded. The optional range parameter can be used to specify a
starting address, or a starting and ending address, or a starting address and a length. Subsequent
Dump commands without a parameter cause DEBUG to display the contents of the 128-byte block
of memory following the block displayed by the previous Dump command.
Syntax: D [range]

 R: Register
The Register command (R), when used without a parameter, causes DEBUG to display the
contents of the target program's CPU registers. The optional register parameter will cause
DEBUG to display the contents of the register and prompt for a new value.
Syntax: R [register]
Syntax: R [register] [value]
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DebugX commands
T: Trace
• The Trace command (T), when used without a parameter, causes DEBUG to
execute the instruction at CS:IP. Before the instruction is executed, the
contents of the register variables are copied to the actual CPU registers. After
the instruction has executed, and updated the actual CPU registers (including
IP), the contents of the actual CPU registers are copied back to the register
variables and the contents of these variables are displayed. The optional
address parameter can be used to specify the starting address. The optional
count parameter can be used to specify the number of instructions to
execute. To differentiate the address parameter from the count parameter, the
address parameter must be preceded with an "=". Note that the first byte at
the specified address must be the start of a valid instruction.

Syntax: T [=address] [number]

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Tasks to be completed
1. Using three addressing modes (Immediate, Register, Register-Indirect), write instructions to
• Move the value 1133 into the register AX.
• Swap the lower and higher bytes in AX and move them into BX (If AX is pqrs, BX should be rspq)
• Move the value in BX to the memory location at an offset of 20 (from BX)
Note down the machine code equivalents of the four MOV statements.
(Hint: You need to use the following commands- A to write the instructions, and U to view the machine code
and unassembled instructions, T to execute and D to view the memory location)

2. Move the first letter of your name (ASCII Character) to the location DS:0120
 (Hint: Recall the rules for the Immediate addressing mode)

3. Fill 32 (decimal) bytes of the Extra Segment with ASCII characters for the first two letters of your name. (Like
“ABABAB…”)

(Hint: Use the F (Fill) command to fill a memory region with a byte pattern

To fill for example the first 8000h bytes of current data segment with pattern 55:

F 0 L 8000 55
[Syntax: F <start-address> L <range> <pattern>])

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Thank You

Anubhav Elhence and Dr. Vinay Chamola