1 Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning.

It helps us to
differentiate correct reasoning from poor reasoning. Logic allows us to
determine the validity of arguments in and out of mathematics. It
illustrates the importance of precision and conciseness of the language
of mathematics.
2 A statement or a proposition is a sentence that is either true or false,
but not both.

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Example
Which of the following are statements? Why or why not?
1 The sun is shining.
2 Is it raining?
3 3+5=6
4 Samsung manufactures smartphones.
5 Samsung manufactures the world’s best smartphones.
6 A P20, 000 computer that is discounted 10% will cost P15, 000.

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Items 1,3,4 and 6 are statements. Which of them are true? false?
Items 2 and 5 are not statements. Item 2 is a question and item 5
may not be true for everyone; some may prefer other smartphone
manufacturers such as apple, nokia, etc.

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A logical connective is the mathematical equivalent of a conjunction -
that is, a word (or symbol) that joins two sentences to produce a new one.
Conjunction The conjuction of statements p and q is the
compound statement “p and q” : p ∧ q
Disjunction The disjunction of statements p and q is the
compound statement “p or q” : p ∨ q.
Negation The negation of a statement p is denoted by ¬p. It is
the denial, or opposite, of the statement.

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Example
Let p and q be the following statements:
p: The lyrics are controversial.
q: The performance is banned.

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

The lyrics are controversial, and the performance is banned.

Answer

The lyrics are controversial and

|{z} the performance is banned.
| {z } | {z }
p ∧ q

In symbolic form, the above statement is written

p∧q

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Example
Let p and q be the following statements:
p: The lyrics are controversial.
q: The performance is banned.

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

The lyrics are controversial or the performance is banned.

Answer

The lyrics are controversial or

|{z} the performance is banned.
| {z } | {z }
p ∨ q

In symbolic form, the above statement is written

p∨q

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Example
Let q be the following statement:
q: The performance is banned.

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

The performance is not banned.

Answer

the performance is not banned.

| {z }
¬q

In symbolic form, the above statement is written

¬q

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Example
p: The lyrics are controversial.
q: The performance is banned.

Express the following statement in symbolic form.

The lyrics are controversial and the performance is banned.

Answer

The lyrics are controversial and

|{z} the performance is not banned.
| {z } | {z }
p ∧ ¬q

In symbolic form, the above statement is written

p ∧ ¬q

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 Implication (Conditional) The implication of statements p and q
is the statement “if p then q” : p → q
Example
p: The lyrics are controversial.
q: The performance is banned.

Express the following compound statements in symbolic form.

1 If the lyrics are not controversial then the performance is not banned.
Answer

If the lyrics are not controversial then

|{z} the performance is not banned.
| {z } | {z }
¬p → ¬q

In symbolic form, the above statement is written

¬p → ¬q
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Exercise
Write the following statements in symbolic form.
1 Her dress is not red.
2 No sleeping bag is waterproof.
3 If I drink coffee or eat chocolate then I do not sleep soundly
4 If you drink and drive then you are fined or you go to jail.

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Exercise
Write the following statements in symbolic form.
1 She is not a vegetarian.
2 All squares are rectangles.
3 If you are rich and famous, you have many friends and enemies.
4 If you do not have a driver’s license or a credit card then your check is
not accepted

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Exercise
p: A person plays the guitar
q: A person rides a motorcycle
r: A person wears a leather jacket

Express the following compound statements in symbolic form.

1 If a person plays the guitar or rides a motorcycle, then the person
wears a leather jacket.
2 A person plays the guitar, rides a motorcycle, and wears a leather
jacket.
3 All motorcycle riders wear leather jackets.

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