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Full Adder

The document describes designing and simulating a full adder circuit using integrated circuits. It includes: 1) Components used like AND, OR, XOR gates. 2) Truth tables showing inputs of A, B, Cin and outputs of Sum and Cout. 3) Logic diagrams to realize Sum and Cout. 4) LTSpice simulation showing input waveforms, circuit connections and output waveforms verifying the full adder truth table. The full adder circuit is used in applications like digital processors, ALU in computers, calculators, counters and digital signal processing. The experiment helps understand digital circuit design concepts.

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Sanjay
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78 views15 pages

Full Adder

The document describes designing and simulating a full adder circuit using integrated circuits. It includes: 1) Components used like AND, OR, XOR gates. 2) Truth tables showing inputs of A, B, Cin and outputs of Sum and Cout. 3) Logic diagrams to realize Sum and Cout. 4) LTSpice simulation showing input waveforms, circuit connections and output waveforms verifying the full adder truth table. The full adder circuit is used in applications like digital processors, ALU in computers, calculators, counters and digital signal processing. The experiment helps understand digital circuit design concepts.

Uploaded by

Sanjay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of arithmetic logic circuit using IC’s Full

adder
(Data processing in Micro-controller based apllications)

Aim:

To design and verify the truth table of the Full Adder circuit using Integrated
Circuits (ICs) with the open-source software LTSPICE

Components Used in Simulation:

S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity


1. LTSpice XVII Software - -
2. AND gate IC 7408 3
3. OR gate IC 7432 1
4. EX-OR gate IC 7486 2
5. Connecting wires - -

Theory:

B A SUM CARRY
(S) (C)
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
Consider the problem of adding two single-bit numbers, A and B, resulting in a
single two-bit answer. The truth table for this operation is shown above.

The two output functions are labeled ‘C’ and ‘S’, where ‘S’ stands for ‘sum’ is
the low order bit of the output. The ‘C’ stands for ‘carry’, and is the high order
bit of the output. The functions for S and C can be written as the two Minimum
Sum of Products (MSOP) form as per equations below:

C = AB (A Logical AND with B)

S = A’B + AB’ (Logical OR of A-Complement with B and B-complement with


A)

A circuit that implements these two functions is known as a half adder. We


can build a half adder circuit with one logical AND gate and one Logical OR
gate ICs. This adder is referred to as a half adder because it only solves half
the general problem of adding numbers with more than one bit. Let's take a
look at an example of what happens when we add two 8-bit numbers:
Carry (C) 10111000
Input-1 (A) 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
Input-2 (B) 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Sum(S) 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
Note that, except for the right most column, we are actually adding three bits:
a bit from each of the 2 numbers and a carry bit from the bits immediately to
the right. Note also that each addition produces 2 bits - the result bit (S), and
the carry bit (C). Now, let's make a truth table for this addition process. The
truth table will have three variables, one bit from each of the numbers A and
B, and a carry in bit(Cin), which represents the carry from the previous
position. The two outputs are the sum bit and the carry out bit (Cout), which
will be used in the next position.
Cin B A SUM (S) CARRY (Cout)
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
We'll use Karnaugh maps to simplify the two functions in the table above into
MSOP form:
00
BA BA
Cin 00 01 11 10 Cin 01 11 10
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
Sum (S) = A’B’Cin + AB’ Cin’+
Carry (Cout)=
A’B Cin’ + AB Cin
A.B+B.Cin+Cin.A
= A XOR B XOR Cin

We can implement the function for Carry(Cout ) and Sum (S) in a


straightforward manner, as shown below in logical circuit diagram.
Logical Diagram and Truth Table

1. Logical Diagram for Realizing a Sum:


A
B
Cin

A+B

Sum= A + B + C
Cin

2. Logical Diagram for Realizing a Carry:

A
B
Cin
A.B

B.Cin Cout

Cin.A

3. Observation Truth Table of Full adder:


Cin B A SUM (S) CARRY (Cout)
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
LTSPICE diagram and Waveforms
4. LTSPICE Window to realize Sum(S)
Circuit-1

5. LTSPICE Window to realize Sum waveform.


6. LTSPICE Window to realize Cout

Circuit-2

7. LTSPICE Window to realize Cout waveform.


Procedure
1. Open the LTSPICE .exe to get the new schematic.

2. A New Draft1.asc schematic is opened


3. Click the component Menu

4. Type in the “Select Component Symbol” as AND to get the AND


gate .Click Ok

5. Drag it to the Schematic window.


Circuit 1: Each click in the Schematic will duplicate one
component (XOR Gate): A1,A2
Circuit 2: Each click in the Schematic will duplicate one
component (AND Gate): A1,A2 and A3, (OR gate):A4
Circuit-1:

Circuit-2

6. Similarly drag the voltage source (V1)


7. Right-click the voltage source(V1) and click the Advanced icon to
configure it for both circuits.

8. Select the Pulse Function and the initial values as shown below
9. Connections are given as per the logic diagram Fig.4. LTSPICE
Window to realize Cout . Click Simulate----------> Edit Simulation
Cmd to set the simulation configuration as shown below. Set the
transient menu Stop time as 8m in seconds

10. Click the Run icon to start the simulation.


Circuit-1:

Circuit-2:
11. Click on the plot plane and simulate icon to get the voltage probe
(red colour).

12. Include more plot pane as follows.


13. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the full adder circuit
as shown below

Waveforms for circuit-1:

Waveforms for circuit-2:


14. Add 0 and 1 on waveforms

0 0 0 0
1 1 1
1
0 0
1 1

0
1

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0

0 0
1 1
0
0

0
1
0

0 0 0
1 1
0 0

Results and Inferences:


Thus the design and verification of the truth table for the Full Adder circuit
using Integrated circuits with open source software LTSPICE were done.
Practical Applications:
1. It is used in Digital Processors
2. ALU in computers and varieties of calculators
3. Different IC and microprocessor chips in PCs and laptops
4. In Ripple counters
5. An important tool in DSP (Digital Signal Processing)
6. The 74LS83 is a practical high-speed 4-bit fuller Adder IC with carry
out feature.
Course Outcome:
CO4. Design and implement various digital circuits
CO6. Design and conduct experiments to analyze and interpret data
Student Learning Outcomes (SLO):
SLO2. Having a clear understanding of the subject related concepts and of
contemporary issues

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