A Seminar Report (EC-329)

On
Wireless Power Transmission

Submitted by-

Sumit Mishra
20bec044

B.Tech
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005

April 2023

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT I

OBJECTIVE II

WORKING PRINCIPLE III

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH IV

REFERENCES V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VI

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………….……………4

1.1 What do you mean by WiTricity……...…………………………...5

1.2 History of Witricity………………………………………….…….6

1.3 Need for WiTricity…………………………………………..........6

CHAPTER 2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WPT ………….…….8

2.1 Different techniques of WPT……………………….…….………8

2.1.1. Near field techniques…………………………………….…….8

2.1.2. Far field techniques……………………………………….…...11

2.3 Working principle of WiTricity…………………………...…......12

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS …………..………..14

3.1 Experimental Design…………………………...…..……………..14

3.2 Block diagram…………………………...…..……………………17

3.3 Circuit of WPT …………………………...…..…………………..17

3.4 Efficiency…………………………...…..………………………...18

3.5 Performance…………………………...…..……………………...19

3.5 Applications of WiTricity………………………………………...20

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION ……………………………………...21

4.2 Safety and Future Scopes………………………………………....21

4.2 Conclusion…………………………...…..………………….…….2

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Abstract:
In this article, we would discuss on wireless electricity transmission, a valuable creation that may be
utilized to utilize solar energy (solar power) and aim on the earth's surface without the need for a
wired connection. The transmission of power over long distances connects several theories and is
clarified by many methods; here, we review the many approaches used in this pursuit. This coupling
is linked to a waveguide ferrite circulator that protects the microwave generator from the reflected
force. While introducing their perks, we will also discuss their downsides and the conservative
perspective.

For advanced technologies, the wireless power transmission represents a long-term challenge. It has
become a hub for researchers of all stripes and has attracted a diverse spectrum of study topics. Since
this technology allows the transfer of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load over
an air gap without any connectivity of stringing wires, its usage will become common in the near future.
The phrase "Wireless Power Transfer" is used to describe a variety of methods for transferring energy
across long distances using electromagnetic fields. Power may be transferred wirelessly when the
supply frequency is same as the resonance frequency.

Keywords: Wireless Power Transfer, Ferrite Circulator, Electromagnetic Fields.

1 Introduction

Today we live in the "wireless age.", in which the informational content of the air we breathe has
surpassed that of oxygen. Although traditional power cords and clunky batteries are still there, modern
technology such as cell phones, MP3 players, laptop computers, and household robots have entered the
picture. In contrast to data, electrical energy is still physically bound to these increasingly primitive
devices; eliminating them would complete the transition to a fully wireless society.

Even in the present day, around half of energy is lost in transmission between energy plants and
customers. Electricity has been the primary factor in facilitating fast social growth and raising living
standards. These losses vary with the conductor material, current, voltage, and transmission line
distance. In any case, things have evolved, and there is fantastic research being done on wireless power
transfer. With less power losses, this method is quickly becoming the preferred alternative to wired
electricity transmission.

Wireless power transmission is a method of transferring electrical energy from a power source to an
electrical load without the need for physical connections. The technology has been in existence for over
a century, with the first successful demonstration of wireless energy transfer being conducted by Nikola
Tesla in the late 19th century.

Wireless power transmission can be achieved through various techniques, including electromagnetic
induction, electromagnetic radiation, and resonant coupling. It has numerous potential applications,
such as wireless charging of mobile devices, electric vehicles, and medical implants. The technology
can also be used in industries such as aerospace and defense, where the need for power transmission
without physical connections is crucial. Despite its potential benefits, there are also some concerns
about the safety and efficiency of wireless power transmission, which need to be addressed to ensure
widespread adoption.

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1.1 WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one object to
another without the use of wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cell phones,
laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of
plugging them in. WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance without
wires. with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the WiTricity
technology.

Moreover, we are all familiar with electromagnetic radiation (radio waves), which is widely used for
wireless data transmission. In addition, lasers have been utilised to remotely transfer power. While radio
waves are convenient for receiving information, they are impractical for transmitting power due to the
radiation's tendency to disperse randomly.

In 1899, TESLA presented this method for the first time by demonstrating wireless power transfer. The
rest of the globe has now taken his idea and run with it, leading to the introductionof WiTricity to the
consumer market. WiTricity advances in a whole innovative technical era.

Moreover, we are all familiar with electromagnetic radiation (radio waves), which is widely used for
wireless data transmission. In addition, lasers have been utilised to remotely transfer power. While radio

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waves are convenient for receiving information, they are impractical for transmitting power due to the
radiation's tendency to disperse randomly.

Transmission of energy without wires is possible via four basic methods: (1) resonance; (2) inductive
coupling; (3) microwave transmission; and (4) laser technology.

Wireless power transfer using microwave technology is presented in this research. Long-distance, wire-
free power transmission is possible because to microwave-based wireless power transmission systems
(WPTS).

1.2 HISTORY

The concept of wireless power transmission has been around since the late 19th century, with the famous
inventor Nikola Tesla being one of the pioneers of the technology. Tesla conducted experiments on
wireless energy transfer in the 1890s, demonstrating that electrical energy could be transmitted over
short distances without the use of wires.

Tesla's work on wireless power transmission was based on the principles of electromagnetic induction,
where electrical energy is transferred between two coils that are in close proximity to each other. He
built a series of Tesla coils, which were essentially air-core resonant transformers that could generate
high voltages and frequencies. Using these coils, Tesla was able to transmit electrical energy wirelessly
over short distances, lighting up lamps and powering small motors.

Despite Tesla's groundbreaking work, wireless power transmission remained a niche technology for
many decades. It was only in the late 20th century that new advances in technology and materials
allowed for the development of more practical wireless power transmission systems. In the 1980s and
1990s, researchers began to explore the use of resonant coupling, where power is transferred between
two resonant objects that are tuned to the same frequency. This approach led to the development of
wireless charging systems for electric toothbrushes and other small devices.

Today, wireless power transmission is an increasingly popular technology, with applications in

consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and medical devices. There are various approaches to wireless
power transmission, including magnetic resonance, magnetic induction, and radio frequency (RF)
energy. While there are still some technical and safety challenges associated with wireless power
transmission, it is clear that the technology has come a long way since its early days with Nikola Tesla.
For the first time, Tesla proved that light bulbs in the field could be lit wirelessly from a distance of 25
miles, taking the notion from the theoretical to the demonstrative realm. Using a Tesla coil, to which he
attached two metal sheets, he delivered a high voltage that was pulsating at radio frequencies. After
inserting a vacuumed glass tube between the sheets, the tube began to light even though the sheets were

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separated by some distance and were not in direct touch with the tube. The late Nikola Tesla envisioned
a technology for long-distance wireless power transfer. Despite Tesla's efforts to make global wireless
power transmission a reality, he ran out of money by the end of 1904 since it was cheaper to put down
copper cable for electrical transmission at the time. In 1971, construction on the Warden cliff Tower
was terminated.

Just after a century, the MIT team led by Prof. Soljačić advanced Tesla's work in the realm of wireless
power transmission. Using couple tunes circuits with a 25 cm resonant coil at 10 MHz, a group headed
by Marin Soljačić at MIT was able to transmit 60 W of power across a distance of 2m (6.6 ft) (8 times
the coil diameter) with an efficiency of roughly 40% .

MIT has conducted several experiments on wireless power transmission. One notable experiment was
conducted in 2007, where MIT researchers successfully demonstrated wireless power transmission over
a distance of 7 feet (2.1 meters) using magnetic resonance coupling.

In the experiment, the researchers used two copper coils, one connected to a power source and the other
connected to a light bulb. The coils were tuned to the same resonant frequency, which allowed them to
exchange energy efficiently. When the power coil was energized, it created a magnetic field that induced
a current in the receiving coil, which in turn powered the light bulb.

The researchers also showed that the wireless power transmission was efficient, with more than 40% of
the energy transferred from the power coil to the receiving coil. They noted that this level of efficiency
was comparable to that of traditional wired power transmission. Since the initial experiment, MIT
researchers have continued to explore wireless power transmission using magnetic resonance coupling.
They have demonstrated wireless charging of smartphones, tablets, and other devices, as well as the
transmission of power to moving objects, such as drones and electric vehicles. One of the key
advantages of magnetic resonance coupling for wireless power transmission is that it allows for power
to be transmitted over longer distances than other wireless charging technologies, such as magnetic
induction. This makes it a promising technology for a wide range of applications, including consumer
electronics, electric vehicles, and medical devices.

1.3 NEED FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Several factors have contributed to the importance of wireless power transmission as a technology. The
convenience it offers is one of the main motives. There is no need for external physical connections like
wires and cables when power is transmitted wirelessly. This makes it easier to power or charge devices
as tangled wires and restricted movement are no longer an issue.

The rising use of portable electronics like cellphones, laptops, and tablets is another factor driving the
demand for wireless power transfer. These devices need to be charged frequently, and wireless power
transfer enables charging them without being connected to a power outlet. People may now charge their
gadgets while on the road thanks to the growing popularity of wireless charging docks and pads. Other
prospective markets for wireless power transmission include the automobile, aerospace, and medical
device sectors. Wireless power transfer in the automobile sector can be utilised to charge electric
vehicles without the usage of physical connections. This may make charging less difficult and make it
more convenient for drivers. Wireless power transfer can be used in the aerospace sector to power

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distant sensors and other devices without the use of wires or batteries. Wireless power transfer in the
medical field can be utilised to power implantable devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps.

Finally, compared to conventional wired power transfer, wireless power transmission may be more
effective and environmentally beneficial. As there are no cables to obstruct the electricity's flow, energy
losses can be minimised with wireless power transfer. This can lower carbon emissions and help with
energy conservation.

Due to its capacity to overcome some of the drawbacks of conventional wired power transfer, wireless
power transmission has emerged as a crucial technology. Wireless power transmission has become a
realistic and practical method for charging and powering portable gadgets as a result of the rising
demand for such devices.

A promising technology for numerous industrial and medical uses is wireless power transfer. Wireless
power transfer, for instance, can be used to charge electric vehicles without the need for physical
connections in the automotive sector, improving driver convenience and streamlining the charging
process. Without the use of wires or batteries, distant sensors and other devices can be powered in the
aerospace sector, which can decrease the weight of the equipment and lengthen its useful life. In the
medical field, implantable devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps can be powered wirelessly,
reducing the need for surgery and improving patient comfort.

Furthermore, compared to conventional wired power transmission, wireless power transmission has the
potential to be more effective and environmentally beneficial. As there are no cables to obstruct the
electricity's flow, energy losses can be minimised with wireless power transfer. This can lower carbon
emissions and help with energy conservation. Yet, there are still certain difficulties with wireless power
transmission that must be resolved. They include problems with efficiency, compatibility, and safety.
Nevertheless, the expense of putting wireless power transmission technology into use can still be quite
high, which can prevent its general acceptance.

In spite of these difficulties, wireless power transfer is still a promising technology with many potential
uses. Technology will probably become a bigger and bigger part of our daily life as it develops.

Overall, the growing desire for efficiency, mobility, and convenience across a range of industries and
applications is what is driving the need for wireless power transfer. Owing of the rapid growth of
autonomous electronics, which typically rely on chemical energy storage, such as laptops, cell phones,
robots, and electrical cars (Battery).

Wireless energy transfer would be helpful for many of the aforementioned applications, which are
becoming daily need for the current generation and require moderate energy.

Why not batteries and wires?

In cases of transmission across wires, the majority of the electrical energy is squandered. 30% of its
energy is lost on average globally, and over 40% in India. whereas the weight of e-waste is increased
by more than 40 billion batteries annually.

Although batteries and traditional wired power transmission have been used to power systems and
devices extensively for many years, they do have several drawbacks that make wireless power
transmission a more appealing alternative in some circumstances.

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First off, dealing with wires can be annoying and difficult, especially when mobility is a need. It may
be challenging to use a handheld gadget, such as a smartphone, while it is hooked into a power outlet.
This issue is resolved through wireless power transmission, which enables you to use and charge your
smartphone simultaneously.

Second, batteries can only store a finite quantity of energy due to their restricted capacity. This implies
that battery-powered devices eventually require charging or battery replacement, which can be both
inconvenient and time-consuming. Without the requirement for routine maintenance, wireless power
transfer can offer a consistent and dependable source of power.

Wireless power transmission has the potential to be more effective and environmentally benign than
conventional wired power transmission and batteries, in addition to these useful advantages. This can
lessen energy losses and carbon emissions as there are no wires to obstruct the electricity's flow.
Wireless power transfer can also do away with the need for disposable batteries, which can harm the
environment.

Wires and batteries may still be preferable than wireless power transmission in some circumstances,
though. For instance, cable power transmission may be more feasible and effective when electricity
needs to be provided over vast distances. Batteries may also be the ideal choice in circumstances
requiring a high amount of energy density, such as in electric vehicles or large machinery.

2 .WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WPT

2.1. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF WPT

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Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, near field and far-field. In near field or
nonradiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic fields using inductive
coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes.
Inductive coupling is the most widely used wireless technology.

▪ Electromagnetic Induction
1. Electromagnetic Induction
2. Electrostatic Induction

▪ Electromagnetic
1. Microwave Power
2. Laser Power

Wireless power transmission is the process of transmitting electrical energy from a power source to an
electrical load without the use of wires or cables. Here are some different techniques for wireless power
transmission:

Magnetic Induction: This technique involves using a magnetic field to transfer energy between two
coils. The power source is connected to a transmitting coil, which generates a magnetic field that
induces an electrical current in a receiving coil, which is connected to the electrical load.

Magnetic Resonance: Magnetic resonance is similar to magnetic induction, but it uses resonant coupling
between the transmitter and receiver coils to increase the efficiency of energy transfer. The transmitter
and receiver coils are tuned to the same resonant frequency, which allows for efficient energy transfer
over a longer distance.

Microwave Power Transmission: This technique involves transmitting power through the use of
microwave radiation. The power source is connected to a transmitting antenna, which generates

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microwave radiation that is focused on a receiving antenna. The receiving antenna converts the
microwave radiation back into electrical energy that can be used to power the electrical load.

Laser Power Transmission: This technique uses a laser to transmit power over a distance. The power
source is connected to a laser, which is focused on a photovoltaic cell that converts the laser light into
electrical energy. This technique is currently limited by the need for line-of-sight between the
transmitter and receiver.

Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting: RF energy harvesting involves capturing energy from
ambient electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves or cell phone signals, and converting it into
usable electrical energy. This technique is useful for low-power applications, such as sensors and
wearables.

Each of these techniques has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of technique depends
on the specific application and requirements.

2.1.1 NEAR FIELD TECHNIQUES

A wireless transmission method known as near field operates at distances that are only a few times the
device's diameter. Since near field energy is not itself radiative, there will be some radiative losses.
Furthermore, resistive losses are typically present. Short-range power transfer is accomplished via ear
field techniques, which commonly involve magnetic induction or magnetic resonance (up to a few
centimetres or meters). These methods are helpful for fueling gadgets that are close to the power source,
like wireless charging pads, wearables, and smartphones.

By generating a magnetic field around a transmitting coil, magnetic induction causes an electrical
current to flow through a nearby receiving coil. The gadget linked to the receiving coil can then be
powered by this current. On the other side, magnetic resonance includes adjusting the transmitting and
receiving coils to the same resonant frequency, enabling more effective power transfer across a greater
distance. Qi wireless charging, which is used to charge smartphones, smartwatches, and other electronic
gadgets, is a typical illustration of near field wireless power transfer. The Qi standard, which can only
transfer power over short distances between the device and the charging station using magnetic
induction (typically up to a few centimeters). Compared to other methods, near field techniques for
wireless power transmission have the following benefits: As the magnetic fields used for power transfer
are normally weak and do not represent a threat to the health of people or animals, they are generally
harmless. They are useful because they allow gadgets to be charged without the use of cables or wires.
As long as the devices are close to the power source, they can be used to power those that are placed in
challenging or inaccessible locations.

Yet, there are significant drawbacks to near field approaches as well, such as their short range and
requirement for exact coil alignment.

INDUCTIVE COUPLING

Short-range power transfer is a common application of inductive coupling in wireless power

transmission. Through the use of a magnetic field, energy is transferred between two coils
through inductive coupling.

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A transmitting coil that creates a magnetic field around it when a power source is connected to
it is used in wireless power transmission. Within the magnetic field, a receiving coil captures
the magnetic flux and produces an electrical current. The gadget linked to the receiving coil can
then be powered by this electrical current. Short-range wireless power transmission
applications, such as wireless charging pads for smartphones, wearable technology, and other
electronic devices, benefit greatly from inductive coupling. Several electric vehicle charging
systems also employ it.

The distance between the transmitting and receiving coils, their orientation, size, and form are
just a few of the variables that affect inductive coupling's efficiency. The efficiency of energy
transfer is often better the closer the coils are to one another. Compared to alternative methods
of wireless power transmission, inductive coupling has the following advantages:

It is a proven, developed technology that has been applied in a variety of ways.

Given that the magnetic fields utilised for power transfer are typically minimal and do not
provide a threat to either human or animal health, it is comparatively safe.

As long as the device has a receiving coil that can pick up the magnetic flux produced by the
transmitting coil, it is compatible with a broad variety of gadgets.

Yet, there are certain drawbacks to inductive coupling as well, such as its restricted range and
demand for exact coil alignment. Moreover, because energy transfer efficiency declines at
greater power levels, it is not appropriate for high-power applications.

Wireless power transmission via inductive coupling is an established technique that has various
uses. The fundamental idea behind inductive coupling is the utilisation of a magnetic field to
transfer energy between two coils. This method is especially beneficial for applications
requiring short-range wireless power transfer, such as charging stations for mobile phones,
wearable technology, and other electronic equipment. Several electric vehicle charging systems
also employ it. The fact that inductive coupling is a relatively safe technique and that neither
people nor animals are at risk from the magnetic fields utilised for power transfer is one of its
benefits. As long as the device has a receiving coil that can pick up the magnetic flux produced
by the transmitting coil, it is a suitable technology that may be used with a variety of devices.

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 Inductive connection does, however, have some restrictions. Power transfer often only extends
a few centimetres or metres, which is one of the main drawbacks. The distance between the
transmitting and receiving coils, their orientation, size, and form all have an impact on how
effectively energy is transferred. Moreover, inductive coupling is not appropriate for high-
power applications since it loses efficiency as power levels increase.

The primary and secondary coils in this approach are not wired together, and energy
transmission occurs as a result of the transformer's mutual induction. The transmitter coil and
the receiving coil are the two coils in this system, though. A fluctuating magnetic field is formed
as a result of the power being transmitted to the transmitter coil, which also produces flux. The
secondary coil experiences a voltage induced by this flux coupling, which causes current to
begin flowing through the secondary coil.

RESONANCE INDUCTIVE COUPLING

Resonance is used in the wireless power transmission method known as resonant inductive coupling to
increase the effectiveness of energy transfer between two coils. Resonant inductive coupling systems
provide more effective energy transmission over greater distances because the transmitting and
receiving coils are tuned to the same resonant frequency.

Resonant inductive coupling works on a similar fundamental level as inductive coupling. A transmitting
coil is connected to a power source, creating a magnetic field all around it. Within the magnetic field, a
receiving coil captures the magnetic flux and produces an electrical current. Yet, a resonant inductive
coupling system enables more effective energy transmission since the transmitting and receiving coils
are tuned to the same resonance frequency. Compared to conventional inductive coupling methods,
resonant inductive coupling has a number of benefits, such as:

More effective: Resonant inductive coupling is more effective than conventional inductive coupling.
This is so that more energy may be exchanged between the coils thanks to the coils' increased coupling
coefficient at their resonance frequency.

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Greater range: When compared to conventional inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling has a
larger range. This is due to the coils' ability to transport energy across a wider area due to their resonant
frequency.

Flexibility: As long as a device has a receiving coil that can catch the magnetic flux produced by the
transmitting coil, resonant inductive coupling is a flexible technology that may be employed with a
variety of devices.

Resonant inductive coupling has various drawbacks despite its benefits. The expense and intricacy of
the technology are two significant drawbacks. It is necessary to precisely manage the coils' frequency
and impedance, which can be costly and difficult, in order to tune the coils to the same resonant
frequency.

Resonant inductive coupling, compared to conventional inductive coupling, is a promising technology

for wireless power transfer, especially for applications that demand greater efficiency and greater range.
The goal of ongoing research is to make resonant inductive coupling systems more effective, less
expensive, and more complicated.

resonance and inductive coupling together. This technique is the foundation of WiTricity. While
inductance causes current to flow, resonance causes two things to interact strongly. The coils here
function at their resonant frequency, but it is still based on the same idea as inductive coupling.

How resonance in RIC?

▪ Coil provides the inductance and capacitor is connected parallel to the coil.
▪ Energy will be shifting back between magnetic field surrounding the coil and electric field
around capacitor.

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AIR IONIZATION METHOD

It is uncommon to transmit wireless power using air ionisation. Nonetheless, some investigation has
been done into the use of air ionisation in wireless power transmission.

In order to transmit wireless power, the essential idea behind air ionisation is to establish a plasma
channel in the air between the transmitting and receiving coils. Then, wireless energy transmission
between the coils can be accomplished using this plasma channel. A benefit of adopting air ionisation
for wireless power transmission over inductive coupling is that it enables longer-range power transfer.
This is so that energy can be transmitted over greater distances using the plasma channel without the
necessity for direct contact between the transmitting and receiving coils.

The use of air ionisation for wireless power transfer has a few drawbacks, though. The safety issues
with plasma channels are one of the main restrictions. Ultraviolet radiation produced at high levels by
plasma channels has the potential to injure both people and animals. Also, plasma channels can produce
a lot of heat, which can harm electrical equipment.

The system's intricacy is yet another drawback. High-voltage power supplies and intricate control
systems are required for air ionisation in order to establish and sustain the plasma channel. As a result,
the technology might be costly and challenging to put into use in real-world scenarios. In general, air
ionisation has some potential for wireless power transfer, but it is not a widely used technique because
of its complexity and safety issues. Inductive coupling and resonant inductive coupling, which are more
widely employed and have been proven to be efficient for many applications, are other wireless power
transmission techniques.

Certainly! Although air ionisation has been investigated as a viable technique for wireless power
transfer, there are a number of drawbacks that have kept it from becoming extensively used. The
possible harm that the creation of plasma channels could do to both humans and animals is one of the
main safety concerns. However, the system's complexity makes it expensive and challenging to apply
in real-world applications since it needs high-voltage power sources and complex control systems to
build and maintain the plasma channel.

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Inductive coupling and resonant inductive coupling have been proved to be more practical and efficient
for many applications than other wireless power transmission techniques. Resonant inductive coupling
provides the potential for improved efficiency and longer-range wireless power transfer, while inductive
coupling is a commonly utilised method for short-range wireless power transfer. Current research is
still concentrated on refining existing strategies and investigating novel wireless power transmission
mechanisms.

This technique uses a transmitter, an ionised path between the high atmosphere and the transmitter, and
a second ionised path to connect the receiver. The hardest near-field energy transfer technique is this
one. When there is a strong field around 2.11 MV/m, air essentially ionises. This cannot possibly be
done.

Natural example: Lightning, thunderstorm

2.1.2 FAR FIELD TECHNIQUES

Far field techniques for wireless power transmission are based on the principle of electromagnetic
radiation, where energy is transmitted through the air as electromagnetic waves. This is different from
near-field techniques, which rely on inductive coupling and do not involve the generation of
electromagnetic waves.Far field wireless power transmission typically involves the use of an antenna
to transmit electromagnetic waves in the form of radio waves or microwaves. The receiving device has
a similar antenna that captures the energy from the transmitted waves and converts it into usable
electrical energy.

One of the main advantages of far field techniques is that they can transmit power over much longer
distances than near-field techniques. However, there are also some limitations to far field techniques.
For example, the energy transmitted through the air is subject to absorption and attenuation, which
reduces the amount of energy that can be captured by the receiving device. Additionally, far field

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techniques require more sophisticated antenna designs and power control systems to ensure that the
energy is transmitted efficiently and safely.

Despite these limitations, far field wireless power transmission has the potential for a wide range of
applications, including charging electric vehicles and powering remote sensors and devices. Ongoing
research is focused on improving the efficiency and range of far field wireless power transmission, as
well as developing new applications for the technology.

When the distance is considerably larger than the device's diameter, far field techniques are capable of
travel longer. Longer ranges are possible with radio waves and optical devices because electromagnetic
radiation in the far-field may be shaped to fit the geometry of reception region (using high directivity
antennas or well-collimated Laser Beam) to transfer all radiated power.

Far field techniques for wireless power transmission are based on the fundamental principle of
electromagnetic radiation, which is used to transmit energy through the air as electromagnetic waves.
Far field techniques can be used to transmit power over much longer distances than near-field
techniques, which rely on inductive coupling. This makes far field techniques an attractive option for a
wide range of applications. Far field wireless power transmission typically involves the use of an
antenna to transmit electromagnetic waves in the form of radio waves or microwaves. The receiving
device has a similar antenna that captures the energy from the transmitted waves and converts it into
usable electrical energy. One of the main challenges of far field wireless power transmission is the
absorption and attenuation of the energy as it travels through the air, which can significantly reduce the
amount of energy that can be captured by the receiving device. To address these challenges, ongoing
research is focused on improving the efficiency and range of far field wireless power transmission. This
includes developing more sophisticated antenna designs and power control systems that can ensure the
energy is transmitted efficiently and safely. Additionally, researchers are exploring new applications
for the technology, such as charging electric vehicles, powering remote sensors and devices, and
providing wireless power to homes and buildings.

Overall, far field wireless power transmission has significant potential for a wide range of applications,
and ongoing research is focused on improving the technology to make it more efficient, reliable, and
accessible.

MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION

Microwave power transmission is a far-field wireless power transmission technique that uses
microwaves to transmit energy over long distances. The principle behind microwave power
transmission is similar to that of radio and television broadcasting, where electromagnetic waves are
used to transmit information over long distances.

In microwave power transmission, a large antenna called a "rectenna" is used to capture the microwave
energy and convert it into usable electrical energy. The rectenna is typically made up of a large array of
small antennas, which are designed to capture the microwaves and convert them into direct current (DC)
electricity. The DC electricity can then be used to power electronic devices or stored in batteries for
later use.

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Microwave power transmission has several advantages over other wireless power transmission
techniques. One of the main advantages is its ability to transmit power over long distances, which makes
it ideal for applications such as space-based solar power, where energy is transmitted from space to
Earth. Additionally, microwave power transmission is not affected by atmospheric conditions, such as
rain or fog, which can interfere with other wireless power transmission techniques.

However, there are also some limitations to microwave power transmission. One of the main concerns
is the potential health effects of exposure to high levels of microwave radiation. While the levels of
radiation used in microwave power transmission are generally considered safe, some researchers have
raised concerns about the long-term effects of exposure to these frequencies.

Overall, microwave power transmission is a promising technology for transmitting energy over long
distances, and ongoing research is focused on improving the efficiency and safety of the technology.

Microwave power transmission is a rapidly developing technology that holds great promise for a
wide range of applications, from space-based solar power to wireless charging of electric vehicles.
One of the main advantages of microwave power transmission is its ability to transmit power over
long distances, which makes it ideal for applications where traditional wired connections are not
feasible or practical. Additionally, microwave power transmission is not subject to the same
environmental limitations as other wireless power transmission techniques, such as near-field
inductive coupling.

The basic principle behind microwave power transmission is relatively simple. A large transmitter
antenna sends out a beam of microwave radiation that is focused on a receiver antenna, which

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 captures the energy and converts it into usable electricity. The receiver antenna typically consists
of a rectifying circuit that converts the AC power from the microwave beam into DC power that
can be used to power electronic devices or stored in batteries for later use. Despite its many
advantages, there are also some concerns associated with microwave power transmission. One of
the main concerns is the potential health effects of exposure to high levels of microwave radiation.
While the levels of radiation used in microwave power transmission are generally considered safe,
some researchers have raised concerns about the long-term effects of exposure to these frequencies.

Overall, ongoing research is focused on improving the efficiency and safety of microwave power
transmission, as well as exploring new applications for the technology. With continued
development and improvement, microwave power transmission has the potential to revolutionize
the way we transmit and use energy, enabling new applications and improving the efficiency and
sustainability of our energy systems.

• Microwave power transfer (MPT) is a technology that enables the wireless transmission
of electrical power over long distances using microwaves.
• It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction and resonance coupling.
• The basic concept of MPT involves the use of a transmitting antenna to convert
electrical energy into microwave radiation, which is then transmitted to a receiving
antenna located at some distance away.
• The receiving antenna then converts the microwave energy back into electrical energy
that can be used to power electronic devices or charge batteries.

LASER POWER TRANSMISSION

Long-distance wireless power transfer using lasers is known as laser power transmission. The
fundamental principle of laser power transmission is similar to that of microwave power transmission:
a transmitter emits a focused beam of energy, which is then received by a receiver, which converts it
into usable electricity.

A photovoltaic cell is targeted by a strong laser beam while transferring laser power, and the
photovoltaic cell converts the laser light into direct current (DC) electricity. The photovoltaic cell is
often made of a semiconductor material like silicon or gallium arsenide. The semiconductor material
generates an electric current when exposed to light. The DC electricity generated by the solar cell can
subsequently be used to power electronic devices, or it can be stored in batteries for later use. One of
the main advantages of laser power transmission is its ability to carry energy effectively across very
long distances. In contrast to other wireless power transmission technologies like microwave or radio
frequency transmission, laser power transmission is unaffected by atmospheric attenuation or
interference, making it the greatest option for space-based applications.

However, there are several limitations to the transfer of laser power. One of the main concerns is the
potential safety dangers that strong lasers may pose. High-powered lasers can emit a powerful beam of

18
light that poses a major risk of hurting or damaging delicate apparatus, hence the use of such lasers
requires the adoption of the necessary safety measures.

Because to the rapidly expanding field of laser power transfer, our ability to communicate and consume
energy may soon change. Although it is still in its infancy, laser power transfer has a wide range of
applications, from space-based solar power to wireless charging of electric vehicles.

One of the main advantages of laser power transmission is its ability to carry energy effectively across
very long distances. In contrast to other wireless power transmission technologies like microwave or
radio frequency transmission, laser power transmission is unaffected by atmospheric attenuation or
interference, making it the greatest option for space-based applications. Moreover, laser power
transmission is very directed, allowing one to precisely target certain receivers and minimising energy
loss due to dispersion or scattering. Yet, transferring laser energy is not without its challenges. One of
the main concerns is the potential safety dangers that strong lasers may pose. High-powered lasers can
emit a powerful beam of light that poses a major risk of hurting or damaging delicate apparatus, hence
the use of such lasers requires the adoption of the necessary safety measures. Another issue is the
alignment of the transmitter and receiver. As laser power transmission requires precise alignment
between the transmitter and receiver, even small alignment mistakes can significantly reduce the
system's efficiency. Since it can be challenging to predict or control how the transmitter and receiver
will move in relation to one another, this can be particularly challenging for applications that are situated
in space.

Despite these challenges, research is still focused on improving the efficiency and security of laser
power transfer as well as looking into new applications for the technology. Future developments in laser
power transmission should be kept an eye on since they have the potential to provide new applications
and fundamentally alter how we move and use energy.

Overall, research is ongoing to strengthen the security and dependability of the technology, which is a
potential method for efficiently transporting energy over great distances. • The photoelectric effect is
the basis of the LPT technology concept, which, with further development and expansion, has the
potential to open up new applications and fundamentally alter how we transmit and consume energy.

A laser has the following qualities: (1) It is extremely focused and coherent; (2) It attenuates as it passes
through the atmosphere; (3) It is easy to use, cheap, and capable of sending several kilowatts of power

19
over longer distances.of power over greater distances.

2.3 WORKING OF PRINCIPLE OF WITRICITY

20
There is often a Strongly Coupled mode of operation in systems with coupled resonances.
While operating in such domain, energy transmission is expected to be very efficient. With this
implementation, mid-range power transmission can be essentially omnidirectional and
efficient, with negligible interference and losses into environmental objects, regardless of the
shape of the surrounding region.

1. Power from main source to antenna, which is made of copper.

2. Antenna resonates at a frequency of 10 MHz, producing electromagnetic waves.
3. Tails of energy from antenna upto 2m.
4. Power picked up by laptop’s antenna, which must also be resonating at 10MHz.
5. Energy not transferred to laptop re-absorbed by antenna.

Note: 10Mhz frequency taken here since it is for safe human beings .

Flowchart for Wireless Power Transmission system

21
3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

22
The experimental system consists of two Self-resonant coils. The source coil is inductively connected
to an oscillating circuit, whereas the device coil is inductively coupled to a resistive load. In order to
produce resonance, self-resonant coils depend on a balance between distributed inductance and
distributed capacitance. The wire used to make the coils has a total length ‘l’ and a cross sectional radius
‘a’ and is coiled into a helix with a radius ‘r’ and a height, h. There are n turns in the helix, and the
height, h, is measured from the ground.

There is no exact solution for a finite helix in the literature, and even in the case of infinitely
long coils, the solutions rely on assumptions that are inadequate for this system. So here the method
implemented is simple Quasi-static model to find the parameters. Those are in Electro Magnetic
equations:

RANGE AND RATE OF COUPLING

The range and rate of the proposed wireless energy-transfer scheme are the first subjects of examination,
without considering yet energy drainage from the system for use into work. An appropriate analytical
framework for modeling this resonant energy-exchange is that of the well-known Coupled-Mode
Theory (CMT) .
In this case, we have a rough approximation for the field of the system consisting of two resonant
objects, 1 and 2:

𝐹(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑎1 (𝑡). 𝐹1 (𝑟) + 𝑎2 (𝑡). 𝐹2 (𝑟)

Here 𝐹1,2(r) are the modes of 1 and 2 alone, and then the field amplitudes 𝑎1 (t) and 𝑎2 (t). The lower
order representation of the system is given by:

23
Here ω1, 2 are the individual frequencies, Γ1, 2 are the Resonance widths (Decay rates) due to the
objects‘ intrinsic (absorption, radiation etc.) losses, and ‘κ’ is the coupling coefficient.

The above equation show that at exact resonance (ω1=ω2 and Γ1=Γ2), the normal modes of the
combined system are split by 2κ. The energy exchange between the two objects takes place in time Pi/κ
and is nearly perfect, apart for losses, which are minimal when the coupling rate is much faster than all
loss rates (κ>> Γ1, 2). It is exactly this ratio {κ /sqrt (Γ1, 2)} shows that, it will set as figure-of-merit
for any system under consideration for wireless energy-transfer, along with the distance over which this
ratio can be achieved.

PARAMETERS FOR DESIGNING AND SIMULATION

Several important factors must be taken into account while designing and simulating a wireless power
transmission system, such as:

Frequency: The frequency of operation of the system, which can have an impact on its effectiveness,
reach, and regulatory compliance. Low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and microwave
frequencies are frequently used for wireless power transmission.

Antenna design refers to the dimensions, forms, and orientations of the transmitting and receiving
antennas. This may have an impact on the power transfer's directionality, effectiveness, range, and
susceptibility to interference.

Power level: The quantity of energy that must be transmitted, which may have an impact on the system's
size and complexity. Larger antennas, greater voltages, and more sophisticated power management and
control systems might be needed for higher power levels.

Distance: The separation between the transmitting and receiving antennas, which has an impact on the
power transfer's effectiveness and range. The maximum distance over which electricity can be
effectively transferred can also depend on the antenna design and operating frequency.

Impedance matching: The matching of the transmitting and receiving antennas' impedances, which may
have an impact on the effectiveness of power transfer. Matching networks, which may be created and
simulated using software tools, can be used to achieve impedance matching.

Environmental considerations: The effectiveness and dependability of the wireless power transmission
system can be impacted by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and
electromagnetic interference. When designing and simulating the system, these elements should be
taken into consideration.

Understanding the critical factors that influence the design and performance of wireless power
transmission systems requires in-depth knowledge of these factors. The frequency selection is an
important factor since it affects the system's range, effectiveness, and regulatory compliance. In wireless

24
power transmission, LF, HF, and microwave frequencies are frequently employed. Each frequency band
has unique benefits and drawbacks.

Another important factor in wireless power transmission is antenna design. The directionality,
effectiveness, and range of the power transfer can be affected by the size, shape, and orientation of the
antennas. The design of the antennas will be determined by the requirements for the particular
application, such as the distance and quantity of power that must be sent.

Another important factor in wireless power transfer is power level, which affects the system's size and
complexity. Larger antennas, higher voltages, and more sophisticated power management and control
systems are needed for increased power levels. Another important factor that might affect the
effectiveness and range of the power transfer is the separation between the transmitting and receiving
antennas.

Another crucial factor in wireless power transmission is impedance matching. It speaks about the
matching of the transmitting and receiving antennas' impedances, which may have an impact on how
effectively power is transferred. To achieve effective impedance matching, matching networks can be
employed, and they can be designed and optimised using simulation tools.

Temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference are a few environmental variables that can
affect how well and how consistently the wireless power transmission system works. To make sure the
system can function well in the desired environment, these aspects should be taken into consideration
during the system's design and simulation.

These crucial factors, together with the particular needs of the application, must be carefully taken into
account throughout the design and simulation of a wireless power transmission system. The
performance of the system can be modelled and optimised using simulation tools, and the effects of
various design decisions on the effectiveness and range of power transfer can be assessed.
Overall, these variables and the particular needs of the application must be carefully taken into account
throughout the design and simulation of a wireless power transmission system. The performance of the
system can be modelled and optimised using simulation tools like Ansys HFSS, CST Microwave
Studio, and COMSOL Multiphysics. These tools can also be used to assess the effects of various design
decisions on the power transfer efficiency and range.

To improve the design and performance of wireless power transmission systems, mathematical tools
and equations can be used to model and simulate the systems. The system's resonance frequency, or the
frequency at which it operates most effectively, is a crucial factor to take into account. The following
equation can be used to determine the resonant frequency:

f = 1 / (2π√(LC))

When the resonance frequency is f, the transmitter and receiver coils' inductance is L, and the resonant
circuit's capacitance is C.

The equation below can be used to determine the wireless power transmission system's efficiency:

100% x (Pout / Pin)

where Pout is the power received by the load, Pin is the power supplied by the transmitter, and is the
system efficiency.

25
The Friis transmission equation, which links the received power to the transmit power, the separation
between the transmitter and receiver, and the antenna gain, can be used to calculate the wireless power
transmission system's range. The formula is provided by:

Pr is equal to Pt, Gt, Gr, and (/ 4d)2.

where Pr is the received power, Pt is the transmitted power, Gt and Gr are the gains of the transmitting
and receiving antennas, d is the separation between the antennas, and is the wavelength of the
transmitted signal.

Equations and simulation software can also be used to improve the matching network's architecture.
The following equation can be used to compute the reflection coefficient, which is the ratio of the
incident power to the reflected power:

ZL - Z0 / ZL + Z0 =

where Z0 is the transmission line's characteristic impedance and ZL is the impedance of the load.

The Smith chart, a graphic tool that displays complicated impedances on a polar plot, can be used to
determine the input impedance of the matching network. The values of the matching components that
will produce the best impedance matching can be found using the Smith chart.

Generally speaking, planning and improving wireless power transmission networks requires the use of
mathematical equations and modelling tools. These instruments can aid in improving the system's
resonant frequency, efficiency, range, and matching network as well as assessing the effects of various
design decisions on the system's performance.

The coupled mode theory is crucial for resolving the system's lower order equations. Using the
perturbation formula x(t)=A cos (_ot) + B sin (_ot),

This equation can be solved by including the loss-related decay rate. X(t)=C exp (-i _ot) exp (-t/ 0) is
what 0 is.

We may determine that the decay loss by source and device at resonance state is = /2Q by taking into
account all energy inputs and outputs.
The ratio 1/ is inversely proportional to the rate of loss-related decay and proportionate to the Quality
Factor, or the power developed. Thus, a high value for / indicates a high power output. The simulation
is being run in the manner described above in order to demonstrate strongly coupled mode at sub-
wavelength (/r) resonances by taking into account the subsequent process. Imagine two loops with a
distance D between their centres, conducting wires with radius r1 and r2 and circular cross sections of
radius a and diameter d connected by a relative permittivity dielectric, all of which are enclosed in air.

26
PROTOTYPE CIRCUIT

A prototype circuit for wireless power transmission typically consists of a transmitter circuit, a receiver
circuit, and a resonant circuit that connects the transmitter and receiver circuits. The transmitter circuit
includes a power source, such as a battery or power supply, and a power amplifier that amplifies the
power signal to be transmitted. The transmitter circuit also includes a transmitting coil that is connected
to the power amplifier and generates a magnetic field that is used to transmit power wirelessly.

The receiver circuit includes a receiving coil that is tuned to the same resonant frequency as the
transmitting coil, as well as a rectifier and a voltage regulator. The receiving coil is designed to capture
the magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil and convert it into an electrical signal. The rectifier
then converts the AC signal to a DC signal, and the voltage regulator ensures that the DC voltage is at
the correct level for the load.

The resonant circuit connects the transmitter and receiver circuits and is designed to maximize the
power transfer efficiency between them. The resonant circuit typically includes a capacitor and an
inductor that are selected to resonate at the same frequency as the transmitting and receiving coils. The
resonant circuit helps to increase the coupling between the transmitting and receiving coils, which in
turn increases the power transfer efficiency.

The prototype circuit is usually tested and optimized through a series of simulations and experiments.
Simulation tools such as SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) can be used to
simulate the performance of the circuit and optimize the component values for maximum efficiency.
Experimental testing can then be performed using a prototype circuit to verify the simulation results
and refine the design.

Wireless power transmission involves the use of various circuit components and parameters to achieve
efficient and reliable power transfer. A prototype circuit is designed and simulated to ensure that it can
deliver the desired power to a load wirelessly. The prototype circuit typically consists of a transmitter
circuit, a receiver circuit, and a resonant circuit that connects the transmitter and receiver circuits.

27
The transmitter circuit includes a power source, such as a battery or power supply, and a power amplifier
that amplifies the power signal to be transmitted. The transmitter circuit also includes a transmitting
coil that generates a magnetic field that is used to transmit power wirelessly. The receiver circuit
includes a receiving coil that captures the magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil and converts
it into an electrical signal. The rectifier then converts the AC signal to a DC signal, and the voltage
regulator ensures that the DC voltage is at the correct level for the load.

The resonant circuit is critical for achieving efficient power transfer between the transmitter and
receiver circuits. The resonant circuit typically consists of a capacitor and an inductor that are selected
to resonate at the same frequency as the transmitting and receiving coils. The resonant circuit helps to
increase the coupling between the transmitting and receiving coils, which in turn increases the power
transfer efficiency.

The design of the prototype circuit involves selecting the appropriate components and parameters for
each circuit, such as the power amplifier, resonant frequency, and capacitor and inductor values. These
parameters can be optimized through simulations using tools such as SPICE or through experimental
testing using a prototype circuit. The goal is to achieve maximum power transfer efficiency while
minimizing losses due to factors such as resistive losses and electromagnetic interference.

In conclusion, the design of a prototype circuit is a critical aspect of wireless power transmission, and
requires careful consideration of various circuit components and parameters to achieve efficient and
reliable power transfer.

The prototype circuit is mainly divided into three parts as:

▪ Self Oscillating Circuit
▪ High Frequency Resonant Transformer
▪ Output Circuitry

Overall, the prototype circuit is a critical component of the wireless power transmission system and
must be carefully designed and optimized to ensure efficient and reliable wireless power transfer.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

A block diagram of wireless power transmission typically includes several components that work
together to transmit power wirelessly from a source to a load. The following is a description of the key
components and their functions:

Power source: This is the source of electrical energy that is used to power the transmitter circuit. It can
be a battery, a power supply, or any other source of electrical energy.

Transmitter circuit: This circuit is responsible for generating an oscillating magnetic field that carries
power from the source to the load. The transmitter circuit includes a power amplifier, a transmitting

28
coil, and a resonant circuit. The power amplifier amplifies the electrical energy from the power source,
and the transmitting coil generates the magnetic field. The resonant circuit helps to optimize the power
transfer efficiency between the transmitting and receiving coils.

Wireless transmission medium: This refers to the space between the transmitter and the receiver where
the oscillating magnetic field propagates. The medium can be air or any other medium that allows for
the propagation of magnetic fields.

Receiver circuit: This circuit is responsible for capturing the magnetic field generated by the transmitter
and converting it into electrical energy that can be used to power the load. The receiver circuit includes
a receiving coil, a rectifier, and a voltage regulator. The receiving coil captures the magnetic field, the
rectifier converts the AC signal to a DC signal, and the voltage regulator ensures that the DC voltage is
at the correct level for the load.

Load: This is the device that receives the electrical energy from the receiver circuit and uses it to perform
its intended function. The load can be any device that requires electrical power to operate.

Overall, the block diagram of wireless power transmission shows how electrical energy is generated,
transmitted wirelessly through an oscillating magnetic field, captured by a receiver circuit, and
converted into usable electrical energy for a load.

The block diagram shows the source used by fly back transformer. The next one is the filter, Here the
lowpass filters are used because of its smaller harmonics of resonant. The control system controls the
system. Then the most important partis the transmitter and the receiver which will produce a unwired
power system.

Wireless power transmission uses a variety of components and technologies to transfer power
wirelessly. A block diagram of the system highlights the major components involved in this process.
The power source is the starting point of the system, which could be a battery or an electrical outlet.

The transmitter circuit plays a key role in generating an oscillating magnetic field. It consists of a power
amplifier that increases the power of the electrical signal from the source, a transmitting coil that
generates the magnetic field, and a resonant circuit that tunes the system to the optimal frequency. The
oscillating magnetic field is propagated through a wireless transmission medium, which could be air or
any other medium that supports magnetic field propagation.

On the other side of the wireless transmission medium, the receiver circuit captures the magnetic field
using a receiving coil. This signal is then converted into usable electrical energy using a rectifier that
converts the AC signal to a DC signal. Finally, the voltage regulator ensures that the DC voltage is at
the appropriate level to power the load.

The load is the device that receives the electrical energy from the system and uses it to perform its
intended function. It can be any electrical device that requires power to operate. In order for the system

29
to work efficiently, the components must be designed and optimized carefully to ensure maximum
power transfer efficiency while minimizing losses due to resistance, inductance, and capacitance.

In conclusion, the block diagram of wireless power transmission provides a comprehensive overview
of the major components involved in the process of wirelessly transferring power. Each component
must be designed and optimized carefully to ensure that the system functions efficiently and reliably.

WPT transmitter/receiver block diagram

WPT devices include integrated transmitters, receivers, as well as charging batteries. Using a
particular technology will determine the actual conversion circuitry. The WPT system must
provide communication between the transmitter and receiver in addition to actual energy
transfer. This makes sure that when a battery is fully charged, a receiver can alert the charging
equipment. Moreover, communication enables a transmitter to locate and recognise a receiver,
modify the amount of power sent to the load, and keep track of variables like battery
temperature.

3.2 EFFICIENCY
The performance and usability of the technology are significantly impacted by how effectively
wireless power is transmitted. Efficiency is defined as the ratio between the power transmitted
wirelessly and the power used by the system. To maximise the amount of power that may be
communicated, the efficiency of wireless power transmission should ideally be as near to 100%
as is practical.

The distance between the transmitter and receiver, the frequency of the oscillating magnetic
field, the alignment of the coils, the quality of the components, and the power requirements of
the load are all factors that determine how efficiently wireless power is transmitted. When the
distance between the transmitter and receiver grows, wireless power transmission efficiency

30
drops. This is because the magnetic field at the receiver is weaker because it has lost energy on
its journey through space.

The frequency of the magnetic field's oscillations has an impact on the effectiveness of wireless
power transfer as well. For best effectiveness, the coils' resonance frequencies must match, and
the frequency should be chosen based on the distance between the coils and the type of
transmission medium. Also, the coils' alignment is essential for increasing the system's
effectiveness. Energy loss from leakage can arise from any misalignment.

The effectiveness of wireless power transmission can also be influenced by the standard of the
system's components. More efficiency is achieved with high-quality components that have low
capacitance, inductance, and resistance. The load's power requirements might also have an
impact on the system's efficiency. The efficiency of a load with high power demand will
decrease as more energy must be supplied wirelessly.

A key element in the effective application of this technology is the wireless power transfer
efficiency. We can increase the amount of power delivered to the desired device or system by
minimising energy loss during transmission. The distance between the transmitter and receiver,
the alignment of the coils, the calibre of the components utilised, and the power requirements
of the load are some of the variables that might impact how effectively wireless power is
transmitted.

The effectiveness of wireless power transmission is significantly impacted by the distance

between the transmitter and receiver. When the distance between the coils grows, the
effectiveness of wireless power transfer diminishes. This is because the magnetic field at the
receiver is weaker because it has lost energy on its journey through space. For effective power
transmission, it is crucial to take into account the ideal spacing between the coils.

Another element that impacts the effectiveness of wireless power transfer is the alignment of
the coils. Energy loss from leakage can arise from any misalignment. To guarantee maximum
efficiency, the coils must be precisely oriented. When the transmitter and receiver are separated
by a great distance, this is very crucial.

The effectiveness of wireless power transmission can also be influenced by the standard of the
system's components. More efficiency is achieved with high-quality components that have low
capacitance, inductance, and resistance. As a result, it's crucial to construct the wireless power
transmission system using high-quality components.

The load's power requirements might also have an impact on the system's efficiency. The
efficiency of a load with high power demand will decrease as more energy must be supplied
wirelessly. As a result, when building a wireless power transmission system, the power needs
of the load must be taken into account.

When creating and applying this technology, it is essential to take the efficiency of wireless
power transmission into account. We can maximise the amount of power delivered to the
intended device or system by optimising the efficiency of wireless power transmission and
taking into account variables like the distance between the transmitter and receiver, the

31
 alignment of the coils, the quality of the components used, and the power requirements of the
load.

In conclusion, wireless power transmission efficiency is a complicated topic that depends on a

number of variables. The alignment of the coils, the frequency of the magnetic field, the
distance between the coils, the quality of the components, and the power requirements of the
load are just a few of the factors that designers must carefully take into account in order to
improve efficiency.

Efficiency of a WiTricity model using dielectric disks and wire loops.

We see that the overall efficiency increases as the ratio of the coupling coefficient to resonance
width increases. We also see that the radiation loss for dielectric disks is much higher where the
ratio of the coupling coefficient to resonance width is low, but as that ratio gets higher once again
we see that it agrees with the efficiency. This is why dielectric disks would be better suitable for
operations where the coupling coefficient to resonance width is large which happens at closer
distances rather than larger distances.

32
As labeled, the experimental power transfer efficiency of the
coupled coils decayed with distance, as expected from the theory derived by the MIT team.

❖ PERFORMANCE

Several important factors, including power transfer effectiveness, range, and reliability, affect how well
wireless power transmission works. These factors are crucial for determining how well the technology
performs in real-world scenarios.

Power transfer efficiency is one of the most significant performance factors in wireless power
transmission. This describes the difference between the power that is drawn from the power source and
the power that is transferred wirelessly. The distance between the transmitter and receiver, the direction
and alignment of the transmitter and reception coils, the kind of transmitter and receiver coils being
utilised, and the operating frequency all have an impact on how efficiently wireless power is transmitted.
In order to maximise the quantity of power transmitted to the desired system or device, high power
transfer efficiency is necessary.

Range is a crucial performance factor in wireless power transmission. The maximum distance that
wireless power can be transferred is referred to as the range. Line-of-sight between the transmitter and
receiver, receiver sensitivity, and the power output of the transmitter all have an impact on range. For
practical applications, a high range is preferred since it enables wireless power transmission over greater
distances.

Another important performance factor for wireless power transmission is reliability. The ability of the
wireless power transmission system to function consistently and efficiently over time is referred to as
reliability. The system's quality of parts, the environment in which it operates, how frequently it is
maintained, and how often it is calibrated are a few of the variables that have an impact on this. In order
to guarantee that power is provided regularly and without interruption, a dependable wireless power
transmission system is essential.

33
Several important factors, including power transfer effectiveness, range, and reliability, affect how well
wireless power transmission works. An efficient and dependable wireless power transmission system
that can be employed in a variety of real-world applications can be made by optimising these
characteristics.
Through the use of various mathematical models and factors, the effectiveness of wireless power
transfer can be measured. The power transfer efficiency (), which is the power received by the load (P
load) to the power sent by the source (P source), multiplied by 100%, is one such parameter.

x 100% = (P load / P source)

The distance (d) between the transmitter and receiver, the coils' quality factor (Q), and the operating
frequency (f) all have an impact on how efficiently wireless power is transmitted. The quality factor of
the coils, which is a gauge of the amount of energy wasted as heat as a result of resistance in the coil,
sets a limit on the highest efficiency that may be attained.

Range (R), which is the maximum distance over which wireless power may be sent, is another measure
that is used to quantify the performance of wireless power transmission. The route loss (L), which
results from the electromagnetic signal's attenuation during space travel, the sensitivity of the receiver
(S rx), and the power output of the transmitter all affect the range.

(P tx * S rx) / L

A crucial performance characteristic for wireless power transmission is reliability, which can be
measured with the help of metrics like mean time between failures (MTBF) and mean time to repair
(MTTR). The wireless power transmission system's average time between two consecutive failures
(MTBF) and average time to repair the system (MTTR) are two different metrics.

In conclusion, mathematical models and metrics like power transfer efficiency, range, and dependability
can be used to quantify the effectiveness of wireless power transmission. These factors, which can be
carefully designed and engineered for optimisation, are crucial for determining the technology's
viability in real-world applications.
The concept of wireless electricity is advantageous for equipment with moderate power requirements.
Magnetic resonance and Coupled Mode Theory are used to explain the power transfer. The paper above
allows us to draw the following conclusions.

1.Strong coupling is the best regime for efficient power transfer.

2. High power output is produced by a high / ratio. There is no likelihood of power transmission if the
ratio does not change.

3.It was determined that there is not a significant variance in the 1/ratio after designing the parameters
using the FEFD method and simulating changes in the 1/ratio with and without external objects.

LIMITATIONS.

Wireless power transmission is an inventive and promising technology, but it also has significant
drawbacks that should be taken into account. Here are a few of the restrictions:

Distance restrictions: Wireless power transmission has a finite range, and as the distance between the
transmitter and receiver grows, so does the efficiency of power transfer. This is brought on by the
significant route loss and energy loss that take place during transmission.

34
Other electrical equipment, especially those using the same frequency, may experience interference
from wireless power delivery. As a result, other electrical equipment may experience issues and wireless
power transmission may become less reliable.

Safety concerns: When wireless power transmission occurs, electromagnetic radiation may be
produced. If the radiation levels reach specified thresholds, this radiation may be harmful to human
health. It is crucial to explore and address the safety issues raised by wireless power transfer.

Efficiency: The quality factor of the coils used in the transmitter and receiver is what determines how
efficiently wireless power is transmitted. Reduced power transmission efficiency and severe energy loss
may result from this.

Cost: Installing wireless power transmission systems can be expensive, especially when there are longer
distances or more power needs. This might prevent it from being adopted for various uses.

Thus, even though wireless power transfer has the potential to completely change how we power
electronic devices, it is important to carefully analyse its limits when assessing its potential for use in
real-world scenarios. If there is a chance of power transmission due to a medium mistake, the resonance
requirement must be met. Low power transfer from radiation may be possible if there is any chance of
the presence of very strong ferromagnetic material.

3.3 APPLICATIONS

There are numerous possible uses for wireless power transfer across various industries. The following
are some of the most interesting uses of wireless power transmission:

Electronics for consumers: Wireless charging is a great example of a wireless power transmission
application. It is a more practical and portable solution because it enables users to charge their gadgets
without the need for cords or outlets.

Medical devices: Without the need for intrusive operations, wireless power transmission can be utilised
to power medical implants and devices, such as pacemakers. This can lower the risk of infection while
increasing the safety and effectiveness of medical procedures.

Automobile sector: Wireless power transfer can be used to wirelessly charge electric cars, doing away
with the need for charging cords and offering drivers a more convenient charging option.

Industrial automation: Sensors and other equipment used in industrial automation applications can be
powered wirelessly, obviating the requirement for batteries or connections.

Space exploration: Wireless power transfer can be utilised to power equipment and devices without the
usage of wires or cables in space exploration applications. This can lighten and simplify the equipment
while increasing the dependability and safety of space operations.

Overall, there are many potential uses for wireless power transmission in various industries, and this
use is anticipated to increase as the technology is developed and embraced more broadly.

Several applications and situations can use WiTricity wireless power transfer technology. Our
technology's capacity for safe, effective, and long-distance power transmission can enhance products
by making them more dependable, convenient, and environmentally friendly. WiTricity technology can
deliver the following services:

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Wireless Power Charging Automatic
a. When a device doesn't need batteries and can receive all the power it needs wirelessly. This setting
is for a device that stays constantly inside the WiTricity power source's range.
b. While the gadgets' cords are unavailable.

Electronics for consumers

a. Automated wireless charging of mobile devices (such as phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.) at
home, in the car, at the office, and at Wi-Fi hotspots.

b. Direct wireless powering eliminates pricey bespoke cabling, unattractive wires, and wall-wart power
supplies for stationary devices like flat-screen TVs, digital picture frames, wireless loudspeakers, etc.

c. Direct wireless powering eliminates the need for inconvenient cabling and disposable batteries for
desktop Computer accessories including the wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, and display.

INDUSTRIAL

a. Direct wireless power and communication connections can be made across rotating and moving joints
(robots, packaging equipment, assembly equipment, and machine tools), doing away with expensive
and prone to failure wires.

b. In extreme situations (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.), where it is difficult or impossible to lay
cables, direct wireless power and communication links are made at the places of usage.

c. Direct wireless power is used to power wireless sensors and actuators, doing away with the
requirement for pricey power wiring or battery maintenance and disposal.

ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS

a. Automatic wireless charging and direct wireless power connections for implantable medical devices.

b. Wireless autocharging and high-tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, unmanned
mobile robots and aircraft, etc.).

c. Smart cards can be directly wirelessly powered and wirelessly charged automatically.

d. Direct wireless powering and wireless charging that occurs automatically for consumer electronics,
mobile robotics, etc.

4.1 SAFETY AND PROSPECTS

Each technology must prioritise safety, and wireless power transfer is no exception. The usage of
wireless power transmission systems may raise safety issues, especially in light of the negative effects
of electromagnetic radiation exposure on human health.

The amounts of electromagnetic radiation emitted by wireless power transmission systems are normally
significantly lower than the exposure limits established by regulatory bodies, according to study, and
these systems are generally safe.

Going ahead, it is anticipated that wireless power transmission will keep developing and getting better,
with new applications and technology appearing. Enhancing the effectiveness of wireless power
transmission systems, which can aid in lowering energy waste and expanding the range of wireless
power transmission, is one area of focus.

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Additional potential uses for wireless power transmission in the future include long-distance power
transfer and the incorporation of wireless power transmission into smart structures like homes and
buildings.

In general, wireless power transfer offers a huge range of possible applications in various industries and
has the potential to transform the way we power and charge electronic gadgets. Future wireless power
transmission applications are expected to be much more creative as the technology advances and is used
by more people.

How secure is WiTricity technology?

Like other wireless power transmission technologies, WiTricity technology is created to function under
strict safety regulations to guarantee user safety. The magnetic fields are carefully regulated to prevent
injury to nearby humans or animals. The technique employs magnetic fields to wirelessly transmit
power between two coils.

In contrast to conventional inductive power transmission, WiTricity's proprietary "magnetic resonance"

technology enables the wireless transfer of power over longer distances. The risk of electromagnetic
radiation exposure is reduced by the tightly focused and restricted magnetic fields employed in magnetic
resonance.

WiTricity systems are created and tested to adhere to a number of safety rules and standards, including
FCC, IC, CE, and UL safety requirements. Furthermore, thorough safety testing and validation of
WiTricity's technology has been performed by outside organisations.

The safety of WiTricity technology is underpinned by significant research and testing, and it is designed
and tested to be safe for usage in a variety of applications.

WiTricity technology uses the magnetic near field as an alternative to radiation as a means of energy
transfer. Magnetic fields are safe according to science because they only very slightly interact with
living entities like humans and animals. Because of how powerfully the body reacts to electric fields,
mutton can be cooked in a microwave. Yet, it is unresponsive to magnetic fields. The widespread
acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cooktops provides evidence of the safety of
magnetic fields. Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost
completely contained within the source, resulting in levels of electric and magnetic fields which fall
well within regulatory limits.

WITRICITY'S FUTURE

According to a report by MarketsandMarkets, the market for wireless power transmission is anticipated
to grow at a CAGR of 38.4% from USD 3.3 billion in 2020 to USD 27.8 billion by 2027, due to rising
consumer electronics demand, increased focus on the development of electric vehicles, and rising
adoption of wireless charging technology.

With partnerships already in place with several major automakers, including Toyota, BMW, and Nissan,
to develop wireless charging technology for electric vehicles, WiTricity, a market leader in wireless
power transmission, is anticipated to profit from this expansion. WiTricity is also working to create
wireless charging technology for consumer electronics, such as smartphones, laptops, and wearables.

WiTricity is expected to play a significant role in this market, with its innovative technology and
partnerships with major automakers, according to a report by Grand View Research, which projects that

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the global wireless charging market for electric vehicles will reach USD 3.3 billion by 2025, with a
CAGR of 46.8% during the forecast period.

With significant growth opportunities in the wireless power transmission market, WiTricity has a bright
future. As the market for wireless charging technology continues to expand, WiTricity is well-
positioned to take advantage of this trend while also innovating and creating new uses for its technology.
WiTricity is investigating new opportunities and applications for its technology in addition to the
expanding wireless power transmission market; for instance, the company is working on developing
wireless charging technology for drones, which could allow drones to fly for longer periods of time
without needing to return to their base for a battery swap.

In addition, WiTricity is investigating the potential of its technology in the healthcare sector, where it
might be used to power medical devices without the use of wires or batteries, allowing patients to move
about more freely and lowering the risk of infections associated with wired or battery-powered medical
devices.

Additionally, the WiTricity technology may have uses in the Internet of Things (IoT) sector, where it
may be applied to power and recharge a variety of gadgets, including smart home appliances, security
cameras, and sensors.

The company uses non-ionizing magnetic fields—which do not pose health risks—to transmit power,
and WiTricity has taken steps to ensure that its technology is safe for users. Additionally, the company's
technology is designed to comply with regulatory safety standards and is subject to stringent testing and
certification processes.

Overall, WiTricity's future is full of possibilities, with chances to diversify into new industries and uses
while advancing the security and effectiveness of its technology.

The team's next goal is to get a robotic hoover or a laptop working, and they are currently working on
the health issues related to this concept. They have stated that in another three to five years, they will
come up with a WiTricity system for commercial use. MIT's WiTricity is only 40 to 45% efficient thus
they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries.
Future advancements in WiTricity might potentially significantly reduce the cost of space infrastructure
since solar cells would no longer be required.

4.2 CONCLUSION

The technology underlying WiTricity has been shown to be safe and efficient, with high levels of
performance and low levels of electromagnetic interference. Wireless power transmission is a rapidly
evolving technology with enormous potential for a wide range of applications, including inductive
coupling and resonance, microwave and laser-based approaches.

In the future, we can expect to see this technology being used in a wide range of industries, including
healthcare, IoT, and transportation, to name just a few examples. While there are still some limitations
to the technology, such as distance and efficiency, ongoing research and development are expected to
address these issues and further improve the performance and applicability of wireless power
transmission.

In this report, we explain the fundamental concept, historical context, and main methods of wireless
power transmission. It also provides details on designing and developing a wireless power oscillating

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circuit. Power can be safely and economically transmitted wirelessly over short or long distances, doing
away with the need for transmission wires, towers, and bulky wiring and cords.
The capacity to transmit power without the use of cables or other physical connections opens up a wide
range of opportunities for a variety of businesses, and wireless power transmission technology has a
bright future.

Eliminating the need for batteries or wired power connections is one of the most significant benefits of
wireless power transmission. This can significantly increase the portability and convenience of devices
and systems, as well as reduce the amount of waste produced by disposable batteries and the need for
frequent battery replacements, which has a negative impact on the environment.

The lack of physical connections can lower the risk of electrical shock and other risks, while the usage
of wireless power can lower the chance of damage or wear to wires and connectors over time. This can
potentially increase the safety of electrical systems.

We can expect to see new and innovative use cases emerge, further expanding the potential of this
technology, as more industries and applications adopt wireless power transmission. While there are still
some limitations and challenges associated with wireless power transmission, ongoing research and
development are expected to address these issues and improve the efficiency and performance of the
technology.

Each technique has pros and cons, so it depends on the needs (cost, distance, power, etc.) to select an
appropriate technique. Research is ongoing to remove transmission losses and make it commercially
viable, efficient, cost-effective, and reliable. In the future, it is possible that new generations will witness
the implementation of this technology in every aspect of life

.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Dr. Sandeep Kumar Singh for granting us this opportunity to expand our
knowledge and understanding of modern technology.
We would also like to thank everyone who helped us for their valuable and inspiring guidance towards
the progress on the topic of seminar “Wireless Power Transmission” or “WiTricity” and providing
valuable information for the development of our report.

Report Submitted by: Seminar Coordinator

Sumit Mishra 20bec044 Signature:

Dr. Sandeep Kumar Singh

Assistant Professor

REFERENCES
Wireless Power Transfer Via Radio waves- Book by Naoki
Shinohara

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Nikola Tesla - Demonstration of Wireless Electricity – 1899
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