MAT 152
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 1: HERE ARE SOME PATTERNS IN NATURE:
ARTICULATING THE IMPORTANCE OF 1. Fractals
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD 2. Spiral
3. Voronoi
IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS
Literation is the process of infinitely repeating
• Develops logical and analytical thinking. pattern.
• It helps you with your finances.
• It makes you a better cook.
• Every career uses math.
• Time management.
• Helps you to understand the world better.
• It Is essential in a world of constant change.
THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS
The Fibonacci sequence named after the
• Predicting the weather.
Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci of
• Game Theory.
Pisa, who in 1202 introduced the sequence. It
• Artificial Intelligence.
• Crowd Control. turns out that simple equations involving the
• Medicine. Fibonacci numbers can describe most of the
complex spiral growth patterns found in nature.
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)
What do you think will be the next number in
“How can it be that mathematics, being after the following sequence?
all a product of human thought which is
independent of experience, is so admirably 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ___?
appropriate to the objects of reality?”
Answer: 34
How? Simply. 1+2=3; 2+3=5; 3+5=8; 5+8=13;
LESSON 2: 8+13=21; and finally, 13+21=34
RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN NATURE AND
CONFIGURATIONS IN THE WORLD
FIBONACCI SPIRAL
INTRODUCTION
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form
found in the natural world. These patterns recur
in different contexts and can sometimes be
modelled mathematically. Natural patterns
include symmetries, tress, spiral, meanders,
waves, foams, tessellations, cracks and stripes.
MAT 152
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 3: LESSON 4: (PART 1)
DIFFERENTIATING INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE SOLVING EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
REASONING
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The following example illustrates how the
Inductive and deductive reasoning are two process is done. In this example, the goal is to
fundamental forms of reasoning for find the value of x.
mathematics. The forms of theorems and
𝑥 + 5 = 12
proofs that we rely on today all began with
𝑥 + 5 − 5 = 12 − 5
these two types of reasoning. Even today,
𝑥=7
mathematicians are actively using these two
types of reasoning to discover new
PROCESS:
mathematical theorems and proofs.
5 is subtracted from both sides of the equation.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
• “bottom-up logic”
• From facts to details and moves to a
general conclusion.
• It is probabilistic.
• It is strong or weak.
• Can be proven false.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• “top-down logic”
• Starts with conclusion, then explains the
facts, details and examples.
• Links premises with conclusions.
• If all premises are true and clear, the
• conclusion must also be true.
Deductive reasoning
GENERAL SPECIAL
PRINCIPLE CASE
Inductive reasoning
MAT 152
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 4: (PART 2) SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS
ILLUSTRATING POLY’S FOUR STEPS IN PROBLEM To solve a verbal problem involving one
SOLVING unknown, the following steps should be
followed:
1. read the problem carefully and you should
INTRODUCTION
be able to answer the questions: “What
Verbal math problems, also known as “word is/are given?”
problems”, present example situations involving 2. Identify the necessary information and
numbers or quantities. represent the unknown by x. if there are
more than one unknown, all of them should
TRANSLATION be represented in terms of x.
3. Solve your equation.
For you to successfully solve various problems in
4. Check your answer.
Math, one important skills you need to develop
is the ability to translate mathematical phrases
or statements into algebraic expressions or
equations. The following are some key words
and phrases and their translation.
KEY WORDS OR PHRASES TRANSLATION
Sum, plus, add to, increased Addition
by, total
Difference of, minus, Subtraction
subtracted from, less than,
decreased by, diminished
by, less
Product, times, multiply, Multiplication
twice of, as much as, as
great as, as large as
Quotient, divide into, ratio Division
APPLYING POLYA’S 4 STEPS IN PROBLEM
SOLVING
STEP 1:
Understand the problem.
STEP 2:
Devise a plan (translate).
STEP 3:
Carry out the plan (solve).
STEP 4:
Look back (check and interpret).
MAT 152
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 5: By looking at the table:
MAKE A TABLE/ FIND A PATTERN a. The last team member swims 50 meters.
b. Each team swims 1050 meters.
(300+250+200+150+100+50=1050)
INTRODUCTION (add all the numbers of meters)
This problem-solving strategy discussed
previously is a general process in problem
A pattern is a regular, systematic repetition
solving. In this section, the focus will be the
which often occurs in problems where there is
specific process to solve problem, first is the
a progression of data. Patterns may be
“Make a Table” method and followed by the
numerical, verbal, spatial/visual, patterns in
“Find the Patter” method. You will apply the first
time or patterns in sound. By identifying the
two problem-solving methods to solve several
pattern, one can predict what will come next
real world problems. You will learn how to
and will happen again and again.
develop and use the methods to make a table
and find a pattern.
LESSON 6:
Make a table is a problem-solving strategy that ILLUSTRATING THE “GUESS AND CHECK” AND
can be used to solve mathematical word “WORKING BACKWARDS” STRATEGIES IN
problem by writing the information in a more PROBLEM SOLVING
organized format. The created table can
reveal patterns and relationships that suggest
answer to given problem. Using this strategy
INTRODUCTION
provides an opportunity to practice
constructing tables in a logical way to develop Guess and check and working backwards are
a solution. very powerful strategies in problem solving and
probably the most commonly used in everyday
life.
Example #1:
There are six swimmers on each relay-race
The Guess and Check is a problem-solving
team. The first team members swims 300
strategy that can be used to solve
meters. Each team members swims 50 meters
mathematical problems by guessing the
less than the swimmer before.
answer and then checking that the guess fits
a. How many meters did the last team the conditions of the problems.
member swim in the relay race?
b. How many meters does each team swim in
the relay race in all? Example. In Ms. Brown’s class, there are 24
students. There are 6 more girls than boys. How
SWIMMER DISTANCE
many boys and girls are there.
1 300 meters
2 250 meters Solution. Because we know the class total (24),
3 200 meters we can form a table with boys, girls and the
4 150 meters total. There are 6 more girls than boys, we can
5 100 meters guess a number for the boys, and then
6 50 meters calculate the girls and the total from there.
MAT 152
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
BOYS GIRLS (+6) TOTAL WORKING BACKWARDS
STUDENTS
There are problems that give the end results of
12 18 30
the situation and ask about the initial conditions
10 16 26
or something that occur earlier. One way to
9 15 24
solve this type of problem is to work backward
from a known result to find a fact at the
First Guess: beginning. Furthermore, this is the strategy that
contains series of actions that are better
With an initial guess of 12 boys, we see that understood and clarified by working backward
there would be 18 girls, giving a total class size from the end to a desired action sequence. The
of 30. The total however, should only be 24, inverse of each of the operations is used along
which means our guess was too high. Knowing the way.
this, the number of boys is revised and the total
recalculated.
Second Guess:
Lowering the number of boys would mean
there are 16 girls, which gives a class total of 26.
Third Guess:
Consider 9 boys and 15 girls. This is correct!
Answer: Therefore, the solution is 9 boys and 15
girls.
LESSON 7:
ILLUSTRATING TREE DIAGRAM STRATEGY IN
PROBLEM SOLVING
INTRODUCTION
Tree Diagrams are another way to show the
outcomes of simple probability events where
each outcome is represented as a branch on a Dependent and Independent Events
tree. The tree diagrams can be used to
represent the set of all possible outcomes If the occurrence of event A does not affect the
involving one or more experiments. Probability probability of occurrence of event B, or vice
tree diagrams are useful for both independent versa, then we say that A and B are independent
and dependent probability. events, otherwise, they are dependent events.
EXAMPLES:
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
A tree diagram is a diagram used in strategic
decision making, valuation or probability
calculations. The diagram starts at a single node,
with branches emanating to additional nodes,
which represent mutually exclusive decisions or
events.
The Addition Rule is used for dependent events,
as well as mutually inclusive and mutually
exclusive events while the Multiplication Rule is
used for independent events.
Addition Rule P (A or B) – for 2 events, A and B,
the probability of selecting one event or
another is given by; P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) -P (A
and B) Non-mutually exclusive. P (A or B) = P (A)
+ P (B) Mutually exclusive
Multiplication Rule P (A and B) – for 2
independent events, A and B, where the
outcome of A does not change the probability of
B, the probability of A and B is given by: P (A
and B) = P(A) x P(B) Independent events. P (A
and B) = P(A) x P(B|A) Dependent events.
