CE 416

Lec 4 – Branches and Classification of Engineering Services

Twelve (12) branches of civil
engineering
Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Environmental Engineering,
Transportation Engineering, Water Resource Engineering, Earthquake Engineering,
Material Engineering, Construction Engineering, Surveying, Safety Engineering,
Coastal Engineering and Tunnel Engineering.
 Earthquake Engineering is a branch of Civil Engineering that designs and
analyzes structure which focuses on the stability of the structures such as
buildings and bridges during earthquake. An earthquake engineer makes sure
that buildings will not collapse even during strong quake and secure that
minimal damage should only be incurred.
 A geotechnical engineer is the one who is an expert in topography of the land
and classifications of rocks and soils of the site or location of a structure to be
built in the building process. Geotechnical engineer also focuses on water
tables and floodplains and other environmental issues.
 Environmental engineers are the experts who protect the people from the
adverse effect of pollution and other factors that contribute to environmental
effects. They also work to improve recycling, waste disposal and public health
and they also control water and air pollution.

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Civil Engineering Services
A. Consultations, Research Investigations and Reports
B. Design Services for Construction Projects
C. Construction Services
D. Special services for Construction Projects
E. Engineering Support Services
F. Academic Services
G. Services as Employee
Republic Act 544 (Civil Engineering Law)
- is an act to regulate the practice of Civil Engineering in the Philippines, which
was approved on the 17th of July, 1950. It was amended by RA 1582, which
was also approved on the 16th of June 1956.

Pursuant to RA 544, the different types of infrastructure under the civil

engineering domain include:
1. Streets, bridges, highways and railroads
2. Airports and hangars
3. Portworks, canals, river and shore improvements, light houses, and dry
docks
4. Buildings
5. Fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply and
sewerage works
6. Tunnels
A. Consultations, Research Investigations
and Reports

The scope of services for this category are:

a. Collecting, interpretation, and reporting information
b. Formulate conclusions
c. Give Recommendations
A-1: Preliminary and feasibility investigations and
reports
Before allocation of funds for a project, extensive investigations and analyses
should be done with comparisons of potential plans. The basis for conclusions and
recommendations for undertaking a project are the following:
1. Environmental impact of the project. Effect of the project on the
environment. Would the project develop pollution in the area?
2. Sustainable development. Economic development which does not deplete
natural resources.
3. Operating cost. Also called Operational Costs, they are the expenses which
are related to the operation of a business, or to the operation of a device,
component, piece of equipment or facility. They are the cost of resources used by
an organization just to maintain its existence.
4. Life-cycle cost. The total cost – recurring and one-time (non-recurring) – over
the full life span or a specified period of a structure or system. It includes purchase
price, installation cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and
remaining (residual or salvage) value at the end of ownership or its useful life.
5. Financing considerations. Choosing between financing methods. (payment
terms, total cost, length of arrangement, associated costs, requirements of the
lender or investor)
6. Expected revenues. This signifies the amount projected to be collected
during an accounting period.
A-2: Planning Studies
Civil engineer services cover the following:
1. Developing engineering requirements for master plans
2. Improvement Plans
3. Preliminary engineering studies of land development plans
4. Urban plans
5. Regional plans
6. Investigations of environmental conditions
A-3: Appraisals, Valuation and Rate Studies

The service covers the establishment of prospective rates in evaluating

properties through
 Analysis of existing conditions
 Capital and operating costs
 Overhead costs
 Financing costs
 Revenues
A-4: Assistance in Financial Matters
For clients who intend to issue revenue bonds (Wikipedia: a special type of
municipal bond distinguished by its guarantee of repayment solely from
revenues generated by a specified revenue-generating entity), engineering
services include:
 Evaluation of the capabilities of facilities to meet needs
 Probable construction costs
 Annual revenue requirements
A-5: Materials Engineering and equipment
test
Using codes and standards, the service tests materials and equipment.

A-6: Direct Personal Services

This service covers preparation of legal proceedings.
A-7: Research and Development

The types of research covered:

 Development of methods and materials in construction.
 Improvement or upgrade of construction materials and methods.
 A-8: Special Services

a. Value Engineering k. Safety Engineering

b. Appraisal and Valuation
l. Topographic, Sounding, and boundary
c. Load Testing survey engineering
d. Environmental Valuation
m. Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
e. Traffic Engineering
n. Permits and application services
f. Forensic Engineering for structural
and other failures o. Sales and marketing service
g. Operational Assistance
p. Expert witness
h. Materials process design
q. Representation of municipal or private
i. Pilot studies
entities in project proposed for
j. Computer Modeling privatization
B. Design Services for Construction Projects

1. Study and Report Phase

2. Preliminary Phase
3. Final Design Phase
4. Bidding or Negotiation Phase
5. Construction Phase
6. Operation Phase
B-1: STUDY AND REPORT PHASE

The feasibility of a project can be investigated in this phase:

Reviewing data and clarification of the client's requirements

 Identifying and analyzing government requirements for the project
approval.
 Provision for clients' needs (planning surveys, evaluations) of prospective
sites.
 Provision of general economic analysis of clients requirements and
alternatives.
 Preparation of reports containing alternative solutions according to the
findings and recommendations.
 Informing the client of necessary data and services for the project.
Cont’d.
B-1: STUDY AND REPORT PHASE

 Photogrammetry
 Reconnaisance survey
 Property surveys
 Topographic surveys
 Geotechnical investigations
 Seismicity studies
 Hydrological data
 Traffic studies
 Materials engineering
 Zoning assembly
 Land use information like deeds
 Environmental assessments
 Impact assessment
B-2: Preliminary Phase
Preliminary design includes establishment of general size, scope and location
of the project. The services include:
 Clarifying study and report phase and coordinating with governmental
agencies and utilities.
 Advising clients for additional data and services required.
 Preparation of estimates
 Provision of periodic status reports
 Preparation of preliminary design documents
 Preliminary drawings
 Outline specifications
B-3: FINAL DESIGN PHASE
After approval of preliminary design, basic services for final design are as
follows:

 Preparation of final drawing plans

 Preparation of revised estimate of probable total cost of the project
 Furnishing the necessary data for the application of regulatory permits.
 Preparation of basic construction documents for review and approval of
the client.
 Furnishing required copies for necessary documents.
 Provision of periodic status reports
B-4: Bidding or Negotiation Phase

Services under this phase may include:

 Assisting in the bidding process:

 Obtaining bids
 Attending pre-bid conferences
 Receiving and processing deposits for bidding documents
 Issuing addenda for the bidding documents (interpretation, clarification,
amending, expanding)
 Assisting in determination of contractors, subcontractors, and materials
suppliers.
 Advice on acceptability of materials and equipment proposed by contractors
and suppliers.
B-5: Construction Phase
Services in this phase include consulting and advising the client during construction.

*Most Civil Engineers are not willing to assume the responsibilities associated with
construction phase services without providing resident project representative
services at the site.

 Review work of constructors through design concepts and shop and erection
drawings.
 Review test reports on materials and equipment.
 Visiting the project site to observe and check progress and quality of work.
 Providing services by a full-time resident project representative and by
supporting staff.
 Issuing instructions from the client to the contractors - interpret and clarify;
preparation of change orders, special inspections, testing of work,
recommendation to the acceptability of work.
Cont’d.
B-5: Construction Phase
 Recommend the client on corrective actions or contractual measures that
may be exercised by the client.
 Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to actual field
conditions.
 Determining progress of work and preparation of payments due.
 Observing and assisting performance tests and initial operation of the
project.
 Preparation of record drawings from information submitted by the
contractor.
 Conducting final inspection and reporting the completion of the project,
recommend final payments to contractors and release retained
percentages.
B-6: Operation Phase

The civil engineer may assist in the start-up of the project operations.

 Preparation of a manual for both operation and maintenance requirements

 Provide assistance in adjusting and balancing equipment
 Identify deficiencies and assisting in obtaining corrections
 Perform inspection before the end of the warranty period
 Assist in operator training
 Set up job classifications and salaries
 Organizing purchase of supplies
 Develop charts for recording operational data
 Observing and reporting on project operations.
C. Construction Services
A civil engineer can work as a contractor. However, this is true only after the
civil engineer is licensed as a contractor by the Philippine Contractors
Accreditation Board (PCAB).
Section 23 of RA 544 states that only registered civil engineers can take charge
or supervise construction or alteration of any building or structure and other
engineering works.
In the Philippines, nobody is allowed to engage in contracting work or act as a
contractor without obtaining a PCAB license, which includes contractors that
participate in bidding
C-1: RA 4566 (CONTRACTOR'S LICENSE LAW)

"R.A. 4566 as amended by P.D. No. 1746 provides that no contractor (including
sub-contractor and specialty contractor) shall engage in the business of
contracting without first having secured a PCAB license to conduct business. It
is an offense to engage in contracting business without a license first being
obtained.“
C-2: TYPES OF CONTRACTORS LICENSE

 Regular license. Issued to a domestic construction firm ( a sole

proprietorship/partnership/corporation with at least 60% Filipino equity.
 Special license. Issued to a joint venture, a consortium, a foreign
contractor, or a project owner who authorizes the licensee to engage only
in the construction or a single, specific project/undertaking.
C-3: AUTHORIZED MANAGING OFFICERS

The qualifications to be an AMO:

 Senior Executive of a company
 With at least 2 years experience in implementing a construction project in a
managerial or supervisory capacity; and
 Nominated by the firm and possessing managerial powers
C-4: SUSTAINING TECHNICAL EMPLOYEE
 A Sustaining Technical Employee is a licensed technical professional with at
least three (3) years experience.

 The STE (Sustaining Technical Employee) forms the backbone of the contractor
and represents the technical qualifications required for a PCAB license as well
as the License Classification. STEs also play a major part in determining the
License Category.

 Every contractor shall have at least one Sustaining Technical Employee (STE)
who has undergone the 40 hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health
(COSH) Course for Site Safety Officers as a condition for license renewal or New
License Application

 A Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) must have at least three (3) years
experience of construction implementation and knowledge of Philippine
construction-building codes and ordinances, labor safety codes and other laws
applicable to construction operation
C-5: COSH SEMINAR
The Construction Safety and Health Seminar is a forty (40)-hour seminar that is
intended to equip the contractor/applicant with the knowledge on standard
occupational safety, health, practices and processes in construction industry.
The following are those who should attend:

 The proprietor in an application for a new license

 Any person nominated as Authorized Managing Officer (AMO) in an
application for new license of a partnership or corporation
 Any person designated to replace the AMO of a PCAB licensed contractor
(application to be filed: CAMO: Change in AMO)
 Proprietors or AMO of applicants for upgrading of license category
 At least (1) Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) of the film. If the proprietor or
AMO who are the same time STEs of their companies who have completed the
course on COSH are deemed compliant
C-6: AMO SEMINAR

The AMO Seminar is a two(2)-day seminar that is intended to equip the

contractor/applicant with the basic knowledge on construction safety,
building and lien laws, taxation, labor and other relevant laws, and the basic
principles of the construction business.
D. Special Services for Construction
Services
Special services in the profession include:
1. Geotechnical Engineering including test borings, sampling and analysis, and recommendation
on soils.
2. Establishment of design criteria or demonstrate compliance
3. Surveying works. Land surveys, establishment of boundaries and monuments, preparation of
easement descriptions, topographic surveys
4. Shop or laboratory inspections
5. Reproduction of reports, drawings, specifications, and documents required for bidding and
construction
6. Value engineering
7. Extra travel and subsistence
8. Value engineering
9. Redesign to reflect changes by the client
10. Assistance to client as an expert witness in litigation
Cont’d.
D. Special Services for Construction Services

11. Final investigation

12. Preparation of documents for public works
13. Land planning and partitioning activities
14. Environmental assessments and impact statements
15. Detailed studies to meet special conditions encountered during
construction
16. Assistance to the client in the selection and engagement of contractors
and subcontractors.
17. Assessment of the project's ability
18. Computer simulation and modeling
E. Engineering Support Services
General engineering support services are as follows:
1. Drafting. Also called technical drawing, this is the creation of accurate
representation of objects, buildings or houses for engineering purposes.
2. Land and construction surveying. Surveying works to establish the mjor
features of the land surface, which can be affected with upcoming
construction.
3. Procurement of adequate and correct data. These are information which
need sound engineering judgment and guidance.
F. Academic Services
Academic services of civil engineering include full time or part time teaching
or training. These services include:
a. Teaching of civil engineering courses in colleges or universities. RA 8981
(PRC Law) states that all subjects for licensure examinations shall be taught
by registered professionals and who comply with CHED requirements.
b. Lecturing in civil engineering courses designed by the Philippine Institute of
Civil Engineers (PICE) for practicing engineers who want to obtain CPD
credits.
c. Conducting tutorials or refresher courses on civil engineering concepts and
related subjects.
d. Serving as a resource speaker in technical session.
e. Writing technical articles and pamphlets
G. Services as Employee
This is a condition when a civil engineer engages to perform a work or fulfill
duties regularly for wages or salary being paid by an employer.
a. A CE may be employed for any position or function in any commercial or
institutional organization.
b. For a part-time employment, as an employee and as a consultant.
c. Any CE employed in a consulting firm is required to comply with the
requirements and standards of the firm or the consulting civil engineer.
d. Civil engineers working in the government are governed by lws prescribed
by the Civil Service Commission.

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