International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 1, January-February 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Exploring Wireless: A Comprehensive Review on Sensor Node

Integration and Energy Optimization Strategies for Enhanced
Environmental Data Collection
Vijay Malviya, Dr. Sachin Patel
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Sagar Institute of Research and Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Vijay Malviya |

WSNs encompass a multitude of spatially distributed sensor nodes or Dr. Sachin Patel "Exploring Wireless: A
devices employing radio signals for communication. Positioned Comprehensive Review on Sensor Node
strategically in a geographical area, these sensor nodes operate Integration and Energy Optimization
Strategies for Enhanced Environmental
independently to collect information from their surroundings. Given
Data Collection" Published in
their often remote and inaccessible locations, human interaction with International
deployed sensor nodes is limited. The core function of sensor nodes Journal of Trend in
in WSNs involves sensing environmental data and transmitting it to a Scientific Research
centralized base station or sink node. Subsequently, the collected data and Development
undergoes analysis, demonstrating the vital role of WSNs in (ijtsrd), ISSN:
facilitating data-driven insights within the realm of computer science. 2456-6470,
In this paper review of different research paper on the based of Volume-8 | Issue-1, IJTSRD62401
wireless sensor networks technology and different sensors for February 2024,
optimization of energy dissipation. pp.315-320, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62401.pdf
KEYWORDS: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Sensor Networks,
Wireless Sensor Networks, LEACH Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

1. INTRODUCTION
One issue that has arisen around the world is that of different types of networks, such as they are wireless
energy efficiency, that is, it refers to the intelligent sensor networks, as well as different energy
consumption of energy because most of the energy management systems within smart homes. This article
sources are finite, and what is sought is to have a focuses on the implementation of these energy
consumption of energy. responsible in the present so management systems using wireless sensor networks,
that future generations can continue to enjoy them. which by maximizing coverage as a basis will allow
According to different studies carried out, a better and more extensive services to users. It should
considerable increase in the demand for residential be noted that this corresponds to the issue of smart
electricity is expected within the following decades, grids, which through the use of smart meters, sensors
so that our traditional electricity networks will not be and different actuators will allow obtaining more
able to meet the requirements of the 21st century [1- detailed information on the consumption of each
3]. But there have been two major drawbacks for residential area, and even obtain individual
these energy management systems: the large number consumption. of each of the electrical and electronic
of residential homes without adequate automation devices within a specific dwelling, with which you
systems that are efficient and the high cost of can have a remote control of them [9]. We can also
implementing them [4-7]. For this reason, for this mention that wireless networks currently play a very
type of energy management, changes will have to be important role in the improvement of technology and
made in terms of the way in which energy is supplied, our quality of life, because they allow us to have a
and the form of the energy market [8], which requires

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great freedom to communicate with the world at any coverage of the sensors. Some authors have come to
time and anywhere [10-12]. use this algorithm to propose repair methods based on
triangular mesh models [9]. In addition, with the
Although very advanced signal processing algorithms
exist and have been adopted by the wireless sensor implementation of this algorithm some of the
networks, most analytical studies on the coverage of problems related to coverage have been solved, that is
these networks are carried out in excessively to say, it is possible to obtain a fairly good coverage
simplistic models, as is the case of the disk model, of the sensors. However, there is little research on
which does not capture the stochastic nature of each Voronoi polygon, formed by the corresponding
detection [4]. This disk model has been analyzed points to reach maximum coverage [10-14].
several times and its limitations in obtaining optimal It is a method that can be widely used in the wireless
results has been understood and it has provided key sensor networks in order to solve the problems of
information for the design of wireless sensor coverage and low accuracy in locating the centroids
networks that in some cases have adopted algorithms [15]. A coverage strategy based on regions and
of data fusion [8]. While on the other hand, studies different parameters is proposed, such as distance of
have been carried out taking into account the problem coverage, capacity and percentage of coverage. It
of coverage in the wireless networks of sensors, should also be noted that in comparison with
which is similar to some computational geometry traditional centroid algorithms, the proposed strategy
problems. For this reason, due to its special offers some advantages, such as less localization
geometrical properties, the Voronoi algorithm has error, less time consumption, greater optimization and
been used in this field of wireless sensor network better stability with respect to location.
research, especially in the problems related to the

Figure 1.1: Wireless sensor network for indoor infrastructure

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Wendi Rabiner Heinzelman, in paper “Energy-
SonamMaurya, in paper “Hybrid Routing Approach Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless
for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks using Microsensor Networks,” proposed a protocol with
Fuzzy Logic Technique”, proposed a fuzzy logic rotation of cluster base station. Communication
technique. The proposed fuzzy logic technique is used protocols have significant impact on the overall
with region-based clustering technique for cluster energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our
head selection. The technique reduces the overall findings that the conventional protocols of direct
consumption of energy in route selection process by transmission, minimum-transmission-energy,
implementing the fuzzy information. multihop routing, and static clustering may not be

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optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of
(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived
clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized quality is developed and analysed. LEACH includes a
rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-heads) new, distributed cluster formation technique that
to evenly distribute the energy load among the enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes,
sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster
coordination to enable scalability and robustness for head positions to evenly distribute the energy load
dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into among all the nodes, and techniques to enable
the routing protocol to reduce the amount of distributed signal processing to save communication
information that must be transmitted to the base resources. Research show that LEACH can improve
station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve as system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared
much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation with general-purpose multihop approaches. While
compared with conventional routing protocols. designing a protocol, it is important to consider the
LEACH is a clustering-based routing protocol that function of the application, the need for ease of
minimizes global energy usage by distributing the deployment, and the severe energy constraints of the
load to all the nodes at different points in time. nodes. These features led designing of LEACH, a
LEACH outperforms static clustering algorithms by protocol architecture where computation is performed
requiring nodes to volunteer to be high-energy locally to reduce the amount of transmitted data,
cluster-heads and adapting the corresponding clusters network configuration and operation is done using
based on the nodes that choose to be cluster-heads at local control, and media access control (MAC) and
a given time. At different times, each node has the routing protocols enable low-energy networking.
burden of acquiring data from the nodes in the cluster, Arati Manjeshwar and Dharma P. Agrawal, in
fusing the data to obtain an aggregate signal, and paper “APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient
transmitting this aggregate signal to the base station. Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in
LEACH is completely distributed, requiring no Wireless Sensor Networks,” proposed a hybrid
control information from the base station, and the protocol for enhancing the efficiency of network.
nodes do not require knowledge of the global network Wireless sensor networks with thousands of tiny
in order for LEACH to operate. Distributing the sensor nodes, are expected to find wide applicability
energy among the nodes in the network is effective in and increasing deployment in coming years, as they
reducing energy dissipation from a global perspective enable reliable monitoring and analysis of the
and enhancing system lifetime. Specifically, environment. A hybrid routing protocol (APTEEN) is
simulations show that LEACH reduces proposed which allows for comprehensive
communication energy by as much as 8x compared information retrieval. The nodes in such a network
with direct transmission and minimum transmission- not only react to time-critical situations, but also give
energy routing. The first node death in LEACH an overall picture of the network at periodic intervals
occurs over 8 times later than the first node death in in a very energy efficient manner. Such a network
direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy enables the user to request past, present and future
routing, and a static clustering protocol, and the last data from the network in the form of historical, one-
node death in LEACH occurs over 3 times later than time and persistent queries respectively. The
the last node death in the other protocols. performance of these protocols is evaluated and these
Wendi B. Heinzelman, in paper “An Application- protocols are observed to out perform existing
Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless protocols in terms of energy consumption and
Microsensor Networks,” proposed an architecture longevity of the network. Hybrid protocol APTEEN
protocol with microsensors. Networking together combines the best features of both proactive and
hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes reactive networks and provide periodic data collection
allows users to accurately monitor a remote as well as near real-time warnings about critical
environment by intelligently combining the data from events. Though, our query model is suitable for a
the individual nodes. These networks require robust network with evenly distributed nodes, it can be
wireless communication protocols that are energy extended further to sensor networks with uneven node
efficient and provide low latency. Low-energy distributions. We believe we have taken first step in
adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol defining an appropriate protocol for upcoming field
architecture for microsensor networks that combines of wireless sensor networks.
the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and Mao YE, in paper “An Energy Efficient Clustering
media access together with application-specific data Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks,” proposed a

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new clustering scheme. Data gathering is a common 3. COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL
but critical operation in many applications of wireless NETWORK
sensor networks. Innovative techniques that improve Routing is one of the most important and challenging
energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are task of a network and so is for wireless sensor
highly required. Clustering is an effective topology network. Routing in wireless sensor network is very
control approach in wireless sensor networks, which challenging and different than from other traditional
can increase network scalability and lifetime. Single- networks due to the following reasons listed below
hop wireless sensor networks, which better suits the [15-20]:
periodical data gathering applications. Though
 Global Addressing Scheme: Since the number of
approach elects cluster heads with more residual
nodes in sensor network is much higher than other
energy in an autonomous manner through local radio ad-hoc networks, it is not possible to build global
communication with no iteration while achieving addresses to sensor nodes. The classical IP-
good cluster head distribution; further more, it
addressing mechanism cannot be applied to sensor
introduces a novel distance-based method to balance
network; hence the routing protocols that work
the load among the cluster heads. Simulation results based on IP-addressing cannot be used with sensor
show that EECS prolongs the network lifetime network.
significantly against the other clustering protocols
such as LEACH and HEED.  Multi-Point Communication: Most of the
application in sensor network requires the sensed
Vivek P. Mhatre, in paper “A Minimum Cost data from multiple sensor nodes to a sink, which
Heterogeneous Sensor Network with a Lifetime is in contradiction to our traditional networks
Constraint,” proposed a method for reducing cost in which require point to point communication.
heterogeneous networks. A heterogeneous sensor
network is considered in which nodes are to be  Data Redundancy: A sensing region consists of
deployed over a unit area for the purpose of number of nodes and many a time’s multiple
surveillance. If an aircraft visits the area periodically sensors generate similar data which has significant
and gathers data about the activity in the area from amount of redundancy in it. This redundant data
the sensor nodes. Nodes act as the cluster heads can cause power exploitation, which is a valuable
besides doing the sensing. Nodes use multihopping to resource of sensor network. Hence, this data
communicate with their closest cluster heads. The redundancy is needed to be reduced for improving
optimum node intensities and node energies guarantee the efficiency of the network.
a lifetime of at least T units, while ensuring  Constrained Resources: Sensor networks are
connectivity and coverage of the surveillance area very much constrained in terms of energy
with a high probability. The overall cost of the resources, computation capacity and memory
network is minimized under these constraints. capacity hence requires careful resource
Lifetime is defined as the number of successful data management.
gathering trips (or cycles) that are possible until
connectivity and/or coverage are lost. Conditions for 4. APPLICATIONS OF WSN
a sharp cutoff are also taken into account, i.e., we Wireless Sensor Networks are formed by tiny sensing
ensure that almost all the nodes run out of energy at devices for wireless communication, actuation,
about the same time so that there is very little energy control and monitoring. Given the potential benefits
waste due to residual energy. Vivek Mhatre considers offered by these networks like simple deployment,
two types of hierarchical sensor networks: one that low cost, lack of cabling and mobility they providing
uses random uniform deployment and the other that numerous applications among which some are
uses grid deployment. This approach involves using categorized below:
two types of nodes: type 0 nodes which do the Disaster Relief Operations: The WSN framework
sensing and relaying on the ground. He also ensures structural planning for flood forecasting comprises of
conditions for connectivity and coverage of the area sensors (which sense and gather the information
during the lifetime of the network. The fact is that the applicable for counts), a few nodes alluded to as
cluster heads as well as the nodes within one hop of computational nods and a manned focal checking
the cluster heads, i.e., the critical nodes have the office (which checks the results with the accessible
maximum relaying burden and, therefore, these nodes online data, executes an incorporated rendition of the
are likely to run out of battery before other nodes. forecast calculation as an excess system, issues
The overall cost of the network is minimized cautions and starts departure strategies). Diverse sorts
satisfying these constraints. of sensors are obliged to sense water release from
dam, precipitation, stickiness, temperature, and so on.

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The information gathered by these sensors are utilized [4] M. El Brak and M. Essaaidi, “Wireless sensor
within the flood prediction calculation. The network in home automation network and
computational nodes have compelling CPUs needed smart grid,” Complex Syst. (ICCS), 2012 Int.
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results to the observing node. They additionally have
C. Hu, and L. Yu, “Smart meter deployment
correspondence between themselves for discovering
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Biodiversity Mapping: WSNs can be used, for [7] Mathieu Bourdeau. “A Wireless Sensor
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ground of the ocean. Closely related is biodiversity Indoor Environmental Quality Monitoring:
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issue. LEACH, as a fundamental algorithm, employs
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Optimization Using User Location Information
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