Allama Iqbal Open University

CODE: Philosophy of Education

(8609)

Assignment No 1

Name Ahsan Ul Wahid

User ID 0000376723

Program B.ed (1.5 Year)

Semester Autumn 2023

 Q.No:1
What role is played by philosophy in the development
of educational curriculum?

A.No:1
Philosophy in the development of educational
curriculum

Philosophy plays a crucial role in the development of educational curriculum by

providing the foundational principles, values, and theories that guide the design,
implementation, and evaluation of educational programs. The philosophy of
education encompasses various aspects that influence curriculum development:
As has already been pointed out, pragmatists favour an educational curriculum
which permits the educand to develop all his qualities and obtain all knowledge
that he can use fruitfully in future life. They have suggested the perusal of the
following guidelines in determining a curriculum:

Principle of utility. Pragmatists are utilitarians who believe that utility lies in
facilitating human adjustment and adaptation.

The greater the satisfaction of human needs, the greater is the utility of the object
achieving such satisfaction. The more it helps the child to adapt in his later life, the
greater is the utility of his education. Hence the curriculum must make it easy for
the child to later on take up some profession. For this reason, technical and
scientific education forms an important part of the pragmatic curriculum.
Pragmatists suggest that girls should be taught home science and boys trained in
agriculture and the sciences.

Apart from this, great stress is laid on physical training because it is essential for
physical development. Putting it briefly, pragmatists favour the inclusion of all
those subjects which will help the educand in adapting to his circumstances in later
life.

That is why it is suggested that the curriculum should include history, geography,
mathematics, hygiene, etc. No useless subject which cannot assist in the child's
adaptation, should be included in the curriculum. The aim of education is human
progress which can be achieved through various kinds of knowledge. Only those
subjects the knowledge of which can assist in this progress should be taught

Principle of child's interest:

The child's own interest plays a significant part in the process of learning.
Generally, children evince four kinds of interests-talking, searching or discovering,
creative activity and artistic manifestation. In order to shape the curriculum
according to these interests, it must be made to include reading, counting,
handicraft, painting, etc. As the child develops, his interests also undergo change
and modification, and therefore it is desirable that the curriculum at different stages
of education should accord with the interests manifested by the educed at that
stage.

Principle of integration:
Pragmatists believe that knowledge and intelligence are same all over the world,
and that is why integration is of special importance in education. In the school, the
different subjects should not be completely segregated from each other, because
the subjects themselves are not important.

What is more important is the human activity they encourage. The educed should
be encouraged to acquire knowledge of many subjects and therefore the teaching
of various subjects should not be separated, but integrated into a single unit.
 Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge):
Philosophical views on how knowledge is acquired and what constitutes
knowledge influence curriculum decisions. For example, if educators adhere to
empiricism, they may emphasize learning through direct experiences, while
rationalists might stress the importance of logical reasoning and innate ideas.

Ethics and Morality:

Philosophical discussions about ethics and morality shape decisions regarding what
content is included in the curriculum. Ethical considerations guide the selection of
topics, teaching methods, and the development of a curriculum that fosters moral
and ethical development in students.

Metaphysics:
Philosophical views on the nature of reality and existence impact educational goals
and priorities. For instance, a philosophical stance that values individualism might
lead to a curriculum that emphasizes personal growth, autonomy, and self-
expression.

Pedagogy and Teaching Methods:

Philosophical perspectives on how students learn best influence teaching methods
and instructional strategies. For example, constructivist philosophies advocate for
student-centered, hands-on learning experiences, while behaviorism may prioritize
structured, teacher-directed instruction.

Purpose of Education:
Philosophical debates about the purpose of education contribute to defining the
overarching goals and objectives of a curriculum. Is the goal to prepare students
for practical skills, foster critical thinking, or cultivate well-rounded individuals?
These questions are rooted in philosophical considerations.

Cultural and Social Values:

Philosophical discussions about societal values and cultural diversity influence
decisions about including diverse perspectives in the curriculum. A multicultural
philosophy, for instance, might emphasize inclusivity and the incorporation of
various cultural perspectives.

Individualism vs. Collectivism:

Philosophical perspectives on the role of the individual versus the collective in
society impact decisions regarding whether the curriculum should focus on
individual achievement or promote collaboration and social responsibility.

In summary
philosophy provides the theoretical framework for educational practices, guiding
educators and curriculum developers in making decisions about what, why, and
how to teach. It helps define educational goals, shape instructional methods, and
establish the values that underpin the learning experiences provided to students.
The interplay between philosophy and curriculum development is a dynamic and
influential aspect of the field of education.
 Q.No:2
Discuss the aims of education provided by the
philosophy of realism?

A.No:2
Philosophy of realism
Realism, as a philosophical perspective in education, emphasizes a practical and
pragmatic approach to learning. The aims of education according to the philosophy
of realism are influenced by a belief in the objective reality of the external world
and the importance of preparing students for practical life. Some key aims of
education within the framework of realism include:
Realists believe that reality exists independent of the human mind. The ultimate
reality is the world of physical objects. The focus is on the body/objects. Truth is
objective-what can be observed. Aristotle, a student of Plato who broke with his
mentor's idealist philosophy, is called the father of both Realism and the scientific
method. In this metaphysical view, the aim is to understand objective reality
through "the diligent and unsparing scrutiny of all observable data.

" Aristotle believed that to understand an object, its ultimate form had to be
understood, which does not change. For example, a rose exists whether or not a
person is aware of it. A rose can exist in the mind without being physically present,
but ultimately, the rose shares properties with all other roses and flowers (its form),
although one rose may be red and another peach colored.

Aristotle also was the first to teach logic as a formal discipline in order to be able
to reason about physical events and aspects. The exercise of rational thought is
viewed as the ultimate purpose for humankind.

Realist curriculum
The Realist curriculum emphasizes the subject matter of the physical world,
particularly science and mathematics. The teacher organizes and presents content
systematically within a discipline, demonstrating use of criteria in making
decisions. Teaching methods focus on mastery of facts and basic skills through
demonstration and recitation. Students must also demonstrate the ability to think
critically and scientifically, using observation and experimentation. Curriculum
should be scientifically approached, standardized, and distinct-discipline based.
Character is developed through training in the rules of conduct.

Acquisition of Practical Knowledge:

Realism asserts that education should equip students with practical skills and
knowledge that are directly applicable to the real world. The emphasis is on
teaching subjects that have practical value in daily life, such as reading, writing,
mathematics, and the sciences.
 Preparation for Everyday Life:
Realists believe that education should prepare individuals to face the challenges of
everyday life. This involves imparting skills and knowledge that enable students to
navigate and succeed in their practical, professional, and personal lives.

Objective Understanding of Reality:

Realism emphasizes the importance of developing an objective understanding of
reality. Students are encouraged to observe and engage with the external world,
drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence and direct experiences. This
contrasts with idealism, which may focus more on abstract concepts and subjective
experiences.

Promotion of Scientific Inquiry:

Realism places a strong emphasis on the scientific method and empirical
investigation. Education aims to cultivate a scientific attitude, encouraging students
to question, observe, and experiment in order to understand the natural and social
phenomena in the world.

Development of Critical Thinking:

Realist education aims to develop critical thinking skills. Students are encouraged
to analyze, evaluate, and apply knowledge to solve practical problems. The goal is
to produce individuals who can think independently and make sound judgments.

Preparation for Social Responsibilities:

Realism recognizes the importance of individuals in society. Education aims to
prepare students to fulfill their social responsibilities by instilling a sense of duty,
ethics, and civic-mindedness. Realists believe in the integration of individuals into
the social fabric.

Promotion of Individual and Social Efficiency:

Realism seeks to enhance both individual and social efficiency. Education is
viewed as a means to improve personal competence and contribute to the overall
well-being and progress of society.
 Balance Between Theory and Practice:
While realism values practical knowledge, it does not completely ignore theoretical
aspects. Realist education aims to strike a balance between theoretical
understanding and practical application, recognizing the interconnectedness of
theory and practice.

In summary
the philosophy of realism in education emphasizes the practical aspects of
learning, with a focus on preparing individuals for real-world challenges. The aims
of education within this perspective revolve around acquiring practical knowledge,
fostering critical thinking, and promoting individual and social efficiency.
 Q.No:3
Compare the role of teacher supported by the
philosophies of realism and naturalism?

A.No:3
Realism and naturalism are both philosophical perspectives in education that
influence the role of the teacher, but they approach education with different
emphases. Here's a comparison of the role of the teacher supported by these two
philosophies:
 Role of Teacher in Realism:
Facilitator of Learning: In realism, the teacher is often seen as a facilitator of
learning. The emphasis is on presenting facts, information, and practical
knowledge to students. The teacher serves as a guide who helps students acquire
essential skills and knowledge relevant to real-world applications.

Objective Imparter of Knowledge:

Realism values the objective understanding of reality and emphasizes the
importance of imparting factual and practical knowledge. The teacher, in this
context, is expected to present information in a clear and unbiased manner, relying
on empirical evidence and observable phenomena.

Model of Rational Thinking:

Realism encourages the development of critical thinking skills. The teacher serves
as a model of rational thinking, guiding students in analyzing and evaluating
information. The goal is to cultivate a scientific attitude and promote logical
reasoning.

Promoter of Social Values:

Realism recognizes the role of individuals in society. Teachers are expected to
instill social values, ethics, and a sense of civic responsibility in students. They
contribute to the preparation of students for their roles in the broader social
context.

Balanced Approach:
While realism values practical knowledge, it also recognizes the importance of a
balanced education. Teachers aim to strike a balance between theoretical
understanding and practical application, ensuring that students are well-rounded
and prepared for various aspects of life.
 Role of Teacher in Naturalism:
Facilitator of Natural Development:
In naturalism, the teacher takes on the role of a facilitator who allows for the
natural development of the individual. There is an emphasis on the unfolding of the
child's innate capacities and instincts in a supportive environment.

Observer and Guide:

Naturalism values the study of nature and the natural environment. Teachers are
observers and guides who facilitate students' exploration of the natural world. The
emphasis is on learning from direct experiences, and teachers encourage hands-on,
experiential learning.

Respecter of Individual Differences:

Naturalism recognizes and respects the individual differences and uniqueness of
each student. Teachers adapt their methods to cater to the diverse needs and
interests of learners, allowing for a more personalized and flexible approach to
education.

Nurturer of Curiosity:
Naturalism encourages curiosity and a love for learning. Teachers foster a sense of
wonder and curiosity in students by providing opportunities for exploration and
discovery in the natural world.

Promoter of Emotional and Physical Well-being:

Naturalism values the holistic development of individuals, including their
emotional and physical well-being. Teachers create environments that support not
only intellectual growth but also emotional and physical health.
 In summary

while both realism and naturalism see the teacher as a facilitator, the emphasis and
approach differ. Realism focuses on the objective imparting of knowledge, critical
thinking, and social values, while naturalism emphasizes the facilitation of natural
development, hands-on experiences in the natural world, and the nurturing of
individual differences and well-being.
 Q.No:4
How does existentialism criticize the philosophies of
idealism and naturalism?

A.No:4

Existentialism, as a philosophical perspective, offers a critique of both idealism

and naturalism, highlighting certain aspects of each that existentialists find
problematic. Here's how existentialism criticizes these two philosophies:

Critique of Idealism by Existentialism:

Emphasis on Subjective Experience:

Idealism often places a heavy emphasis on abstract ideas, universal truths, and the
primacy of the mind. Existentialism criticizes this emphasis by asserting the
importance of individual, subjective experience. Existentialists argue that focusing
solely on abstract ideas can neglect the richness and uniqueness of individual
human experiences.

Freedom and Responsibility:

Existentialism critiques idealism's tendency to downplay the role of personal
freedom and responsibility. Idealist philosophies may present a predetermined or
harmonious view of reality, which existentialists find limiting. Existentialists
emphasize the radical freedom of individuals to make choices and the
corresponding responsibility that comes with that freedom.
 Authenticity over Conformity:
Idealism may promote conformity to societal norms and predetermined ideals.
Existentialism criticizes this conformity, advocating for authenticity and individual
expression. Existentialists argue that individuals should create their own values and
meanings rather than adhering to external standards.

Critique of Naturalism by Existentialism:

Reductionism and Determinism:
Naturalism often adopts a reductionist and deterministic view, explaining human
behavior solely in terms of natural laws and processes. Existentialism criticizes this
reductionism, arguing that it oversimplifies the complexities of human existence.
Existentialists assert that reducing human experience to deterministic factors
neglects the profound individuality and freedom inherent in human existence.

Individual Freedom and Responsibility:

Naturalism's deterministic outlook may undermine the significance of individual
freedom and responsibility. Existentialism emphasizes the existential freedom of
individuals to shape their own destinies, make choices, and take responsibility for
their actions. Existentialists argue against deterministic views that negate personal
agency.

Meaning and Purpose:

Existentialism criticizes naturalism for its potential neglect of questions related to
the meaning and purpose of life. While naturalism may focus on observable,
empirical aspects of existence, existentialism argues that the subjective,
experiential dimensions and the search for meaning are equally crucial aspects of
human existence.

Rejection of Universal Norms:

Existentialism rejects the idea of universal norms or objective values that may be
assumed by naturalism. Existentialists argue for the importance of individual
values and the subjective creation of meaning, challenging the idea that there are
inherent, universally applicable standards.
 In summary
Existentialism critiques idealism for its emphasis on abstract ideas and conformity,
advocating for the importance of individual experience and authenticity. It
criticizes naturalism for its reductionism, determinism, and potential neglect of the
subjective dimensions of human existence, asserting the significance of individual
freedom, responsibility, and the search for personal meaning.
 Q.No:5
What is deductive reasoning? How does it correspond
to rationalism?

A.No:5
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a method of logical thinking that involves drawing specific
conclusions from general principles or premises. It is a top-down approach where
the validity of the conclusion is guaranteed by the logical connections between the
premises and the conclusion. In deductive reasoning, if the premises are true and
the logic is sound, the conclusion must necessarily be true.

Rationalism
Rationalism is a philosophical position that emphasizes the role of reason as a
primary source of knowledge. Rationalists believe that certain truths can be known
independently of sensory experience, and they rely on the power of human reason
to access and understand these truths. Rationalism values deductive reasoning as a
means of deriving knowledge through logical inference.

The correspondence between deductive reasoning and

rationalism can be elaborated as follows:
Logical Inference:
Deductive reasoning is a form of logical inference, and rationalism places a high
value on logical thinking. Rationalists argue that certain truths can be deduced
through a process of reasoning, where the mind applies logical principles to arrive
at conclusions.

Universal and Certain Knowledge:

Both deductive reasoning and rationalism aim for universal and certain knowledge.
In deductive reasoning, if the premises are true, the conclusion is certain.
Similarly, rationalists seek knowledge that is considered certain and not contingent
on empirical observations.

Innate Ideas:
Rationalism often involves the idea of innate concepts or ideas that are inherent in
the mind. Deductive reasoning can be seen as a tool to uncover or explore these
innate ideas, as it allows for the systematic exploration and organization of logical
relationships.

Principles of Logic:
Deductive reasoning relies on principles of logic to ensure the validity of the
conclusions. Rationalists, similarly, advocate for the use of reason and logical
principles in the pursuit of knowledge.

Emphasis on A Priori Knowledge:

A priori knowledge, or knowledge independent of experience, is a key concept in
both deductive reasoning and rationalism. Deductive reasoning allows for the
discovery of a priori truths based on reasoned principles, aligning with the
rationalist view that certain knowledge exists independently of empirical
observation.

In summary
deductive reasoning and rationalism are connected through their shared emphasis
on logical thinking, the pursuit of certain and universal knowledge, the exploration
of innate ideas, and the reliance on a priori reasoning rather than empirical
observation. Deductive reasoning is a method that corresponds well with the
rationalist approach to acquiring knowledge.