Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Basic and Applied Science
Smart Village Campus

Mathematics (4)
BA 224
Chapter (3)cont.
Analytic functions and Cauchy-
Riemann Equations
Prepared by :
Dr. Eng. Adel Mohamed Elrefaey

1|Page Math(4) Lec(10) Dr Adel Elrefaey

Analytic functions and Cauchy- Riemann Equations

If the derivative f ( z ) exists at all points z of a region, then f (z ) is said to be analytic

in this region.
Cauchy- Riemann Equations
A necessary condition that w  f (z )  u (x , y )  iv (x , y ) be analytic in a region R is
that, in R, u and v satisfy the "Cauchy-Riemann Equations".
u v u v
 , 
x y y x
If the partial derivatives in the above equations are continuous in R, then the Cauchy-
Riemann Equations are sufficient conditions that f (z ) be analytic in R.
The functions u (x , y ) and v (x , y ) are called conjugate functions. Given one we can find
the other.
Harmonic Functions
If the second partial derivatives of u and v with respect to x and y exist and are

continuous in a region R , then we find from Cauchy-Riemann Equations,

 2u  2u  2v  2v
  0,  0
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
It follows that under these conditions the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function
satisfy Laplace’s equation.
Functions such as u (x , y ) and v (x , y ) which satisfy Laplace’s equation in a region R
are called "harmonic functions".
Example (1)

Show that the function f (z )  i sinh z is an analytic

Solution:
The function f (z ) is analytic if its real and imaginary parts satisfy Cauchy-Riemann
Equations:
2|Page Math(4) Lec(10) Dr Adel Elrefaey
 u v u v
 , 
x y y x
First, we have to find real and imaginary parts of this function
f (z )  i sinh  x  iy   i  sinh x cosh iy  cosh x sinh iy 
 i  sinh x cos y  i cosh x sin y 
 i sinh x cos y  cosh x sin y
Therefore
u   cosh x sin y , v  sinh x cos y
u v
  sinh x sin y   sinh x sin y
x y
u v
  cosh x cos y  cosh x cos y
y x
It is clear that from the above equations u , v satisfy Cauchy-Riemann Equations. Thus
f (z ) is analytic.
Example (2)
If z  x  iy and f (z )  u  i v is analytic:
(i) Show that u  cos x cosh y  x is harmonic
(ii) Find the conjugate v of u
(iii) Form the function f (z )
df
(iv) Find f (z )  at z    2i
dz
Solution:
 2u  2u
(i) u
A function is harmonic if  0
x 2 y 2

u  2u
  sin x cosh y  1,   cos x cosh y
x x 2
u  2u
 cos x sinh y ,  cos x cosh y
y y 2

3|Page Math(4) Lec(10) Dr Adel Elrefaey

  2u  2u
Therefore  0
x 2 y 2
u v u v
(ii) From Cauchy-Riemann Equations ,  ,  we have
x y y x
v
  sin x cosh y  1 , integrating with respect to y  v   sin x sinh y  y
y
v
  cos x sinh y , integrating with respect to x  v   sin x sinh y
x
Therefore v   sin x sinh y  y
(iii)
f (z )  u  iv  cos x cosh y  x  i   sin x sinh y  y 
 cos x cosh y  i sin x sinh y   x  iy 
 cos x cos iy  sin x sin iy   x  iy 
 cos  x  iy    x  iy 
 cos z  z
Or put y  0 replace x by z
f (z )  u  iv  cos z cosh 0  z  i   sin z sinh 0  0   cos z  z

df d
(iv) f (z )    cos z  z    sin z  1
dz dz
f (  2i )   sin   2i   1
 sin 2i  1  i sinh 2  1  1  i 3.627
Note
u v
f ' z   i    sin x cosh y  1  i   cos x sinh y 
x x
  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y  1   sin x cos iy  cos x sin iy  1
  sin  x  iy   1   sin z  1

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Example (3)
Given u (x , y )  sinh x cos y  3x 2  3 y 2 :
(i) Show that u is harmonic function
(ii) Find the conjugate harmonic function v (x , y ) of u
(iii) Construct the function f (z )  u  i v in terms of z
df
(iv) Find f (z )  at z  1  i
dz
Solution:
 2u  2u
(i) A function u (x , y ) is harmonic if  0
x 2 y 2
u u
 cosh x cos y  6x ,   sinh x sin y  6 y ,
x y

 2u  2u
 sinh x cos y  6   sinh x cos y  6,
x 2 y 2

 2u  2u
Therefore  0 then u harmonic
x 2 y 2
u v u v
(ii) From Cauchy-Riemann Equations ,  ,  we have
x y y x
v
 cosh x cos y  6x , ,
y
Integrating with respect to y  v  cosh x sin y  6x y
v
 sinh x sin y  6 y , ,
x
Integrating with respect to x  v  cosh x sin y  6x y
Therefore v  cosh x sin y  6x y
(iii) put y  0 replace x by z

f (z )  u  iv  sinh x cos y  3x 2  3y 2  i  cosh x sin y  6x y 

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 f (z )  sinh z cos0  3z 2  3*02  i  cosh z sin 0  6z *0   sinh z  3z 2

f (z )  sinh x cos y  3x 2  3 y 2  i  cosh x sin y  6x y 

Or  sinh x cosh iy  cosh x sinh iy  3( x 2  i 6x y  y 2 )
 sinh( x  iy )  3( x  i y ) 2  sinh z  3z 2

(iv) f (z ) 
df

dz dz
d
 sinh z  3z 2   cosh z  6z

f (1  i )  cosh 1  i   6(1  i )

 cosh1cosh i  sinh1sinh i  6  6i
 cosh1cos1  i sinh1sin1  6  6i  6.833  i 6.989

Complex Line Integrals and Cauchy’s theorem

Let f (z ) be continuous at all points of a curve C which we shall assume having a finite
length. The integral

 f (z ) dz
C

is called "complex line integral". For a simple closed curve C, the line integral is written
as

f
C
( z ) dz

The integral around C is often called "contour integral".

Cauchy’s Theorem
Let f (z ) be analytic in a region R and on its boundary C . Then

C
 f (z ) dz 0

Example (4)
Evaluate  z 2 dz , along the curve C given by
C

(i) The parabola x  t , y  t 2 , 0  t  1

(ii) The line segment y  2x from (0,0) to (1, 2)
6|Page Math(4) Lec(10) Dr Adel Elrefaey
Solution:
(i)

 z dz    x  iy  d  x  iy     x  2ixy  y d  x  iy 
2 2 2 2

C C C
1 1
  t  2it  t
2 3 4
 dt  i 2tdt    t 2
 2it 3  t 4  1  2it dt
o o
1 1
  t  2it  t  2it  4t  2it dt   t 2  3t 4  2it 5 dt
2 3 4 3 4 5

o o

  13 t 3  53 t 5  13 it 6   14
1
15  3 i .
1
0

(ii)

 z dz    x  iy  d  x  iy    x  2ixy  y d x  iy 
2 2 2 2

C C C

   x 2  4ix 2  4x 2  d  x  2ix 
C
1 1
 1  2i    4ix  3x 2 2
dx   1  2i  3  4i   x 2
dx
0 0

  1  2i  3  4i  13 x 31
  13 1  2i  3  4i   53  103 i
0

7|Page Math(4) Lec(10) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 Sheet # 9

1. Are the following functions analytic?

(i) f (z )  e x  cos y  i sin y 
1
(ii) f (z ) 
1 z
(iii) f (z )  z  z
1
(iv) f (z )  z 
z

2. Are the following functions harmonic? If so, find a corresponding analytic

f (z )  u (x , y )  iv (x , y ) and then find its first derivative f '(z )
(i) u  xy

(ii) u  x 3  3xy 2

v  x 2  y 2 
2
(iii)

(iv) u  e x cos 2 y
x
(v) u
x y2
2

3. Evaluate  f ( z )dz , where

C

(i) f ( z )  Re z , C : the parabola y  x 2 from 0 to 1  i

(ii) f ( z )  4 z  3 , C : the line segment from i to 1  i
(iii) f ( z )  Im z 2 , C : the square with vertices 0, 1 ,1  i, i
(iv) f ( z)  e2 z , C : the vertical segment from i to 2i

8|Page Math(4) Lec(10) Dr Adel Elrefaey