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We therefore decided to employ a different construct starting from residue 223. After incubation the
membrane was rinsed five times in washing buffer Page 102. In cells infected by JEV, viral NS5 was
reported to block Tyk2 phosphorylation in response to IFN (Lin et al. 2006). In contrast, direct
interaction between LGTV NS5 and IFN receptors has been suggested (Best et al. 2005). The
reported variations might suggest the existence of different mechanisms developed during parallel
flavivirus evolution, but alternatively they may simply reflect differences in the experimental models.
Specifically, taking advantage of the right code review tool is what helps you to remove redundancy
in your development cycle. By this point in your studies youre on track to graduate. Activation of
Tyk2 directly precedes phosphorylation of STAT2. Over-the-shoulder code reviews were
traditionally done in person, while distributed teams can follow this method through collaborative
tools as well. To each tube the following volumes of virus were added: 0 l; 0.3 l, 0.5 l; 1 l; 2 l; 5 l, and
the content of each tube was transferred onto the cells. As mentioned in section 1.2.3.4, this
observation suggests a role for NS4B in viral replication, by helping the dissociation of the NS3
helicase from the RNA, and enabling binding of another duplex. This thesis focuses on
understanding a critical step in DENV pathogenesis: evasion of human innate immune responses
mediated by interferon. Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, fact sheet N?117, March 2009). The
insert was finally cloned into the dual promoter lentiviral vector containing the leader sequence
described in chapter 3. The assembly of the transcription machinery on the IFN- promoter induces
transcription of IFN-. Select the Profile and the Test Exec drivers and add them to the repository
under the Drivers subfolder and C:\Program Files\ATEasy 9.0\Drivers working folder. Due to the
proximity to Senegal, a former French colony. West African researcher Bamgbose (2000) has pointed
out there is a tendency for. MATERIALS AND METHODS 77 2.1 MOLECULAR CLONING 78
2.1.1 High-Fidelity Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 78 2.1.1.1 Primer design 78 2.1.1.2 High-
Fidelity PCR 79 2.1.2 Agarose gel 81 Page 9. RNA is recovered from the aqueous phase by
precipitation with isopropyl alcohol, and resuspended in RNAse free water. Social Posts Create on-
brand social posts and Articles in minutes. This log can also be used to troubleshoot the operation in
case of issues due to a wrong command line configuration set by the Options dialog or wrong
parameters invoked by ATEasy. The membrane was then carefully drained on tissue, wrapped in
clingfilm, and exposed to a sheet of autoradiography film for 2seconds-5minutes before Page 103.
Stimulated recall interviews were conducted with four. The isolation of a mixed population
overcomes the limits of clonal selection, mitigating the risk of experimental artefacts from isolation
of an aberrant cell phenotype. Page 128. In order to verify the presence and correct insertion of each
cassette, 1 g of each vector was digested by the restriction enzymes BamHI and NotI and loaded on
agarose gel. After vaccination with the tetravalent formulation, high seroconversion and moderate
reactogenicity were observed (Sun et al. 2003). The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases have used reverse genetic techniques to introduce defined attenuating deletions. Table 7.5
Balinsaa Primary Community Languages, Observed Languages and. When searching for these
answers you would probably be asking the following questions and receiving these hypothetical
responses: 1. Next, we tested the effect of each individual NS protein on both STAT2 degradation
and IFN- inhibition. Equal number of cells were lysed and proteins separated by SDS- PAGE.
GitHub’s free plan limits the number of users to three in private repositories.
This email initiates a conversation on the changes, where team members may request further
changes, point out errors, or ask for clarifications. When emailing data, especially to people outside
your work group these factors play a crucial role in not only determining what the data is but also
play a role in the eventual outputs from this third party. Use at your own risk.:-) Full description
Save Save UK Masters Dissertation 2008 guide - a subversion For Later 100% 100% found this
document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this
document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 17
Search inside document. Right click on the Project from the workspace window and select Add:
Figure 4: Add your project to the Source Control Repository. 5. In the Add Files to Source Control
dialog do the following: Type in the Repository Root (server or local folder where you created the
repository). Equal numbers of cells stably transduced with lentiviral vectors as indicated were lysed
and proteins separated by SDS- PAGE. Type in the Working Copy Folder - the root folder for your
local files where the project resides. DENV NS5 has not previously been implicated as an IFN
antagonist, but several papers have reported that NS5 proteins of other flaviviruses are involved in
the inhibition of type I IFN (TBEV and LGTV (Best et al. 2005; Park et al. 2007; Werme et al.
2008); JEV (Lin et al. 2004; Lin et al. 2006); WNV (Laurent-Rolle et al. 2010)), however, the precise
mechanisms of inhibition and the cellular components of the signalling cascade involved appear to be
different for different flaviviruses. In secondary infections, the reactivation of pre-existing memory
T-cells specific against a different DENV serotype has also been suggested to contribute towards
dengue pathogenesis, phenomenon described as “original antigenic sin” (Mongkolsapaya et al.
2003). Original antigenic sin occurs when memory T cells are highly specific for antigens
encountered during the primary infection, but have low binding affinity to new antigens from
heterologous serotypes. Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba are all used in education as well as English. After
incubation the membrane was rinsed five times in washing buffer Page 102. A further cell line was
generated by transduction with an “empty” control, without any transgene after the SFFV promoter
(Empty Vector). Taken together these observations suggest that high expression levels of NS5 are
required in order to inhibit the IFN response, but the hypothesis that a threshold level of NS5 could
be required to inhibit the type I IFN has not been further tested in this work. Gambia observing
education and language separately I now recognised that Gambia’s. Therefore, an intangible benefit
of the code review process is the collective team’s improved coding skills. Furthermore, STAT2
reduction is not observed even when NS5 is transfected into cells already expressing the polyprotein
NS1-NS4B. Equal numbers of cells stably transduced with lentiviral vectors as indicated were lysed
and proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. Hatice Asvaroglu: Intercultural communicative competence:
are language teache. DENV-antibody complexes bind to the Fc receptors (FcR) on cell surface and
are efficiently internalised, providing an alternative entry route to the cell and contributing to higher
viral load (Halstead and O'Rourke 1977; Halstead et al. 1977b). The ADE model provides an elegant
explanation for increased viral burden following secondary infections and it also suggests that
circulation of maternal antibodies might be responsible for the high frequency of cases of DHF in
infants. In the case of the door it is problematic to search within CAD models themselves as doors
are typically only represented by a series of lines. Svn refcard Svn refcard The Function Pointer
Tutorials The Function Pointer Tutorials Google Product Dev Process Google Product Dev Process
Svn workflow 1. GFP expression (x axes) in transduced cells (black line) was measured by flow
cytometry 72 hours after transduction. Help Center Here you'll find an answer to your question.
After vaccination with the tetravalent formulation, high seroconversion and moderate reactogenicity
were observed (Sun et al. 2003). The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have
used reverse genetic techniques to introduce defined attenuating deletions. As shown in chapter 3,
NS5 expression in cells transduced with the lentivirus are comparable to NS5 levels in the replicon.
We demonstrated the same inhibitory activity for NS5 from two different strains of the DENV-2,
NGC and TSV01. Gee (1994:181) agrees that becoming literate, in any. It follows that NS5 inhibits
the type I IFN signal transduction cascade at or before STAT1 phosphorylation. You won’t be able to
see your commit message with svn. Two opposite hypotheses could explain these observations: either
lower viral replication is due to ineffective inhibition of the IFN response, or the ineffective
inhibition of the IFN response is due to lower replication efficiency. In previous work, a trans-rescue
assay was performed in order to test whether the presence of DENV replicon affected the general
antiviral effect of type I IFN (Jones et al. 2005). In order to assess the biological consequences of
NS5 inhibition of IFN-, we compared the antiviral activity of IFN- in K562 cells expressing NS5 and
in K562 cells transduced with empty lentiviral vector.
However at present no further assumption can be made and we cannot exclude that the interaction
between NS5 and STAT2 might be mediated by other cellular proteins. Descriptions of an illness
clinically compatible with dengue fever Page 26. The crystal structure of DENV RdRp catalytic
domain has been determined (Yap et al. 2007). The architecture of NS5 RdRp resembles the typical
pattern of known Page 48. The high standardisation of this procedure allows efficient binding of
FLAG-tagged proteins without need for preliminary steps and calibration. The prM proteins cap the
fusion peptides on the E Page 42. Therefore viral supernatant, tubes, rotor, centrifuge, buckets must
be kept refrigerated all the time. The optical density (O.D., y axes) of each well was measured at 570
nm. Download Free PDF View PDF Free PDF DEL DON AL GUIA ESPIRITUAL. Correct
sequences and insertions were checked by double digestion BamHI-NotI and by DNA sequencing.
The Paradox of Enstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) Systems Correlations Entanglement
Applications. Example. Untransduced cells were used as a negative control (plain gray histograms).
Get started with no long-term contracts, assisted migrations, and a 30-day money-back guarantee.
However, as discussed in Chapter 1, the association of STAT2 to the IFNAR receptor is critical for
the activation of type I IFN response, and STAT2 localisation might be important in determining
whether NS5 will be able to bind the transcription factor. In order to test the efficiency of the SFFV
promoter, we checked the expression of NS1 by immunoblot shortly after transduction, and we also
tested whether integration of more copies of the transgene could overcome poor expression
efficiency. In order to identify this a broad cross section of the conversation would need to be
extracted and browsed based on the time frame, participants and project tags associated to the
repositioning of the door element. Positive strand RNA viruses replicate in close association with
virus-induced intracellular membranous structures: these structures provide a scaffold for the
replication complex and increase the local concentration of all components Page 40. Whilst not
specific you generally begin a broad search and then narrow it down from there. Correct sequences
and insertions were checked by double digestion (BamHI-NotI) and by DNA sequencing. 6.3.1.2
Development of K562 cell lines expressing the MTase1-260 domain and the RdRP223-900 domain
We used the constructs above to generate lentiviruses as described previously. Click Yes to add the
files to the repository and put them under source control (shown in Cyan color in the workspace
window). This question is essential to answer but difficult to solve and poses a conceptual versioning
dilemma. Maintaining the temperature low is critical along all the procedure. Furthermore,
characterising the residues involved in STAT2 binding may enable reverse genetic engineering of
DENVs that are disabled in their ability to inhibit IFN signalling; this would provide a potential new
strategy towards the design of rationally attenuated vaccine candidates. Thermostable DNA
polymerase with proofreading activity generates blunt ends during PCR amplification, but these
fragments can be modified by insertion of an A-tail at both sides of the fragment by incubating for
30 minutes at 70?C the purified (see section 2.1.3.2) PCR products with a Taq DNA polymerase in
excess of dATP. In macroeconomics and my thesis why is it that some countries save and others not
was on savings. Interestingly, the IFN inhibitory activity of NS5 of LGTV has also been mapped in
the RdRp domain (Park et al. 2007). According to this work, the region involved in IFN antagonism
in LGTV NS5 maps between residues 355 and 735. Current work is also trying to identify the
molecular mechanism behind STAT2 Page 210. As shown in chapter 3, NS5 expression in cells
transduced with the lentivirus are comparable to NS5 levels in the replicon. How do hotel linen
suppliers contribute to sustainable and eco-friendly pract. In order to test this possibility, we
transduced NS5 expressing K562 cells with different lentiviral vectors, each one encoding a different
NS protein cassette. DENV proteins NS1, NS2A and NS4B have also been suggested to take part in
viral replication: NS1 is assumed to act at an early stage of viral replication, but its precise function is
not known, NS2A has been suggested to anchor the viral Page 41.
What is Research?. Research is the investigation of some topic with the hopes of learning facts about
the topic and sometimes discovering new things about it. Gambia. The findings are discussed in
relation to Bakhtin’s theory of heteroglossia. As shown in Figure 5.2 B, STAT2 phosphorylation was
markedly reduced in both NS5 and replicon Page 164. Further experiments would be required to
understand the role of the N-terminal domain of NS5 in STAT2 degradation, and the role of STAT2
degradation in DENV infection, but this was beyond the objectives of this thesis. Liver dysfunction
in DENV infection has been correlated to DHF severity (Wahid et al. 2000) and several lines of
evidence show that DENV directly invades the liver (Kuo et al. 1992; Hilgard and Stockert 2000). A
differential effect of the two NS5 proteins on the cellular response to IFN- might therefore help
identify those residues in NGC NS5 that are critical for IFN subversion. FLAG is a short peptide (N-
Asp- Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys-C), which allows fusion proteins to retain their original
conformation and function. Then, run svn resolved to tell Subversion to remove the temporary ?les.
You will get the following message if TestExec Subfolder in the repository does not exist. After a
single dose vaccination, seroconversion was observed in all volunteers. A total of over 38 hours of
audio recordings were made. Not only would it provide immediate benefits in staff and charge out
tracking but over the long-term it would provide a resource for comparing past projects to future
estimates. c.) Finding things others have worked on in the past Information reuse within any office is
typically very low. The conventional office typology that existed only focus on work deliverable and
efficiency, which is each employee provided with own workstation. Untransduced parental cells were
included as control (B). Page 125. According to this work, up to 24 hours post-infection, the basal
levels of all proteins involved in Page 75. You can try out Visual Expert, a code review tool that
specializes in database code. In cells infected by JEV, viral NS5 was reported to block Tyk2
phosphorylation in response to IFN (Lin et al. 2006). In contrast, direct interaction between LGTV
NS5 and IFN receptors has been suggested (Best et al. 2005). The reported variations might suggest
the existence of different mechanisms developed during parallel flavivirus evolution, but alternatively
they may simply reflect differences in the experimental models. After submitting a final draft on
monday i just received official word that the book was approve. 5 thesis defense myths that you can
debunk right now. They have been doing really well by supporting more than 40 languages including
Infrastructure as code tools. B?nh Kh?p roseanna448 Data screening Data screening. Cells were
washed 3 times with blocking buffer in order to remove the unbound primary antibody, and 50 l of
the secondary antibody at the appropriate dilution in blocking buffer were added; the samples were
incubated for 20-30 minutes at 4?C in the dark. Equal numbers of cells were lysed and proteins
contained in the lysates separated by SDS-PAGE. Kummerer, Alon Monsoengo, Michael Jacobs, and
Angel Porgador. This work has only been made possible through the support, guidance and
knowledge. Potensi media sosial sebagai sarana komunikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan
kerangka kerja Honeycomb of Social Media. In a larger team size with multiple reviewers, you could
enable a process in which every code review is assigned to an experienced developer based on their
workload. West African researcher Bamgbose (2000) has pointed out there is a tendency for. Correct
sequences and insertions were checked by double digestion BamHI-NotI and by DNA sequencing.
K562 cells expressing NS5 without FLAG were included as a negative control. First developed in
2005. (web page not update since 2006). Outline. Original design of the JVSTM Recent changes to
the JVSTM What we have been doing with it.
I owe special thanks to my second supervisor Professor Benny Chain, who allowed me to join his
group and access the facilities in his lab, and who offered me his helpful advice and support in any
circumstance. Language of Instruction Policies in Post-Colonial Contexts. When searching for these
answers you would probably be asking the following questions and receiving these hypothetical
responses: 1. Under selective pressure from the innate immunity, DENV has evolved mechanisms to
evade the IFN response. In all our experiments we observed that in the presence of the replicon, IFN
inhibition is slightly stronger than in the presence of NS5 only. Barton 1994) and the Phelps-Stokes
Commission in 1953 (cited by Wardhaugh 1987). Data analysis After the run was completed, the
threshold cycle (CT) value (cycle at which a significant increase with an exponential growth of PCR
product is first detected) was manually set. European language of their colonial past, focussing on
the attitudes to indigenous. A free trial is available depending on your business requirements. Despite
this recognition by respected forces that learning in the indigenous language. As shown in Figure 3.8
B, high levels of NS1 are detectable in all samples, with higher expression in cells transduced with
higher MOI of the leader sequence lentivector, in keeping with the higher percentage of transduced
cells. In keeping with this, inconsistent observations about the mechanisms of IFN inhibition have
been reported for individual viruses: as discussed earlier in chapter 1 (section 1.5.2.2), for DENV
Page 160. If you fail to frequently commit your changes to the versioning system your chronological
view of the model will be very weak. Prepared metallic K, Na, Sr, Ca, B, Ba, Mg, Li by electrolysis.
In spite of several inconsistencies, taken together these studies have made some steps forward toward
the understanding of DENV inhibition of type I IFN. IFN- signalling downstream of Tyk2 activation
is inhibited in cells expressing NS5. When a ?le becomes con?icted as part of an update or merge,
there are a number of mechanisms. Breakwell L, Dosenovic P, Karlsson Hedestam G B, D'Amato M,
Liljestrom P, Fazakerley J, McInerney G M. 2007. Semliki Forest Virus Nonstructural Protein 2 Is
Involved in Suppression of the Type I Interferon Response. I therefore present this research not as a
full and final. The assembly of the transcription machinery on the IFN- promoter induces
transcription of IFN-. This could generate recircularisation of the vector, preventing the insertion of
the transgene of interest. A developer who has submitted the pull request may also request a review
from an administrator. A tool generally helps you with the following tasks. Finally I would like to
thank my parents and all the people who have walked next to me in these three challenging and
beautiful years. Page 7. A lentiviral vector system was developed to express dengue non-structural
(NS) proteins in human cells, and we used this to show that expression of dengue NS5 alone
inhibited IFN-?, but not IFN-?, signalling. Desktop search tools like Spotlight and Beagle
acknowledge this problem and are attempting to provide general search functionality to desktops
around the world. The polymerase domain of NS5 is sufficient to block IFN-. The replication starts
with the synthesis of a negative strand RNA. I was initially very interested in public policy but then
after my masters at harvard i felt that it was important to get a better handle on the economics of it
as well. We investigated if sGC stimulation (riociguat (RIO)), sGC activation (cinaciguat (CINA)) or
phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibition (tadalafil (TADA)) improves portal hypertension (PHT) and
liver fibrosis.
After 18 hours, the cells were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 2 minutes and the supernatants collected.
Mandinka villages, for example, a village youth organisation is referred to as the. The tubes were left
on ice for 10 minutes to allow complete resuspension of the virus and finally all volumes were
pooled together in a pre- chilled eppendorf tube. For these reasons, we have decided to investigate
the interaction between DENV RdRp and STAT2 directly by protein crystallography and ongoing
work is currently focusing on this target. As suggested above, it is likely that DENV evolution may
have been affected by selective pressure of innate rather than adaptive immunity, and therefore that
neutralisation of early NK cells rather than T cells might have been the priority (Hershkovitz et al.
2008). 1.5.2 DENV and type I IFN The IFN system provides the earliest and most potent line of
defence against many pathogens. The crystal structure of DENV RdRp catalytic domain has been
determined (Yap et al. 2007). The architecture of NS5 RdRp resembles the typical pattern of known
Page 48. Potential applications Defining the precise interaction between NS5 and STAT2 and
identifying the residues of NS5 involved would provide a potential new target for antiviral
therapeutics, designed to block the interaction between NS5 and STAT2. The versioning system does
not keep multiple copies of files it simply tracks the changes to each file and dynamically builds files
by adding together all the code changes. One potential disadvantage of using K562 cells is that, in
common with many other cells of myeloid hematopoietic origin, they are difficult to transfect using
conventional mammalian expression vectors and standard molecular biology techniques. This is
followed by an overview of the types of language policy in place in various. Figure 1.1 An
illustration of The Gambia, showing some of the main towns and surrounding Senegal. Make sure
you highlight the positive aspects of the code while suggesting alternatives for drawbacks. Cells
stained with the secondary antibody alone (grey histograms) were included as negative staining
controls. Page 167. The resin was washed 3 times with 1X Washing Buffer. As described in chapter 1
(section 1.2.4.5), NS5 is a large multifunctional protein that includes both polymerase and
methyltransferase domains. As shown in Figure 5.3, expression levels of IFNAR2c in the presence of
both NS5 and the replicon are comparable to parental K562 and cells transduced with empty
lentiviral vector. Page 165. As shown in Figure 4.1, in all these cell lines STAT2 is expressed at the
same level as in parental cells and cells transduced with empty lentiviral vector. The inhibition is
specific for the type I IFN pathway, and the type II IFN response is not affected. Page 158. To each
tube the following volumes of virus were added: 0 l; 0.3 l, 0.5 l; 1 l; 2 l; 5 l, and the content of each
tube was transferred onto the cells. Tough D F, Borrow P, Sprent J. 1996. Induction of bystander T
cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo. Appendix 6 Sample of Semi-Urban School
Transcript.286. One critical element could be the level of expression of NS5 required for effective
antagonism of the IFN- mediated antiviral response. Replicon containing K562 were included for
comparison. Page 144. Both the MTase and the RdRp domains have been crystallised and the
structures provide useful insights on their molecular functions. This could generate recircularisation
of the vector, preventing the insertion of the transgene of interest. Arrows represent the polyprotein
cleavage sites recognised by viral or host proteases, as indicated by different colours. Page 39. In
DENV infected cells membrane alterations seem to be actively induced by the non-structural protein
NS4A (Miller et al. 2007), which would also anchor the replication complex to such membranes
(Lindenbach and Rice 1999). The pathogenicity of DENV despite high concentrations of circulating
IFN in patients was reported many years ago (Kurane et al. 1993), suggesting some malfunction in
the IFN system. Briefly, 3 ml of bacteria culture were harvested by centrifugation at maximum speed
in a tabletop centrifuge. In recent years the number of different approaches to develop a vaccine
against DENV has been unprecedented, with several candidates currently in clinical trial (Chaturvedi
et al. 2005; Wilder-Smith and Deen 2008). Page 58.
One critical element could be the level of expression of NS5 required for effective antagonism of the
IFN- mediated antiviral response. For this purpose, we separately expressed the MTAse domain
(amino acids 1-260) and the RdRp domain (amino acids 223-900) in K562 cells and tested cellular
response to IFN-. One import issue Mike brought up was the role of versioning and how that would
play out in the system. E-H1, E-H2 and E-T1, E-T2 (in blue) represent the stem (H) and
transmembrane (T) helices of the E protein; M-H1, M-H2 and M-T1, M-T2 (in orange) represent the
stem and transmembrane helices of the M protein. C. Rearrangement of DENV virions during
membrane fusion. We use a new technique by developing a Surrogate Reservoir Model (SRM) that
can accurately mimic the behavior of the commercial reservoir model. A code review tool automates
the process of code review so that a reviewer solely focuses on the code. The reality is that for most
students the thesis defense is a formality. Alvarez D E, Lodeiro M F, Luduena S J, Pietrasanta L I,
Gamarnik A V. 2005. Long-range RNA-RNA interactions circularize the dengue virus genome. There
are other issues which affect achievement in school that appear to be related to. More ECMV
replication results in increased cell death and lower optical density reading. Page 146. Once again, as
mentioned in chapter 4, we could not test the expression of each individual NS protein, and we do
not have information about relative expression levels of each NS protein in cells already expressing
NS5. Our finding that DENV NS5 is a potent type I IFN antagonist had never been reported before.
Cell Host Microbe. Apr 2009, Vol. 23, No. 4 (318-328) Oren Hershkovitz, Alon Zilka, Ahuva Bar-
Ilan, Shai Abutbul, Andrew Davidson, Michela Mazzon, Beate M. This is especially important when
other parties depend on the data you are providing to undertake work. STAT2 binds IFNAR2c also
before IFN induction and it is weakly associated with STAT1, but only IFNAR1 phosphorylation
creates a docking site for STAT2 on IFNAR1. The conclusion (Chapter 10) summarises the thesis
reiterating the salient points and. As a senior developer typically conducts a code review, a junior
developer may use this feedback to improve their own coding. Gibbons R V and Vaughn D W. 2002.
Dengue: an escalating problem. Gambia, particularly in the power and prestige of each language.
There is the time cost involved in loosing past work but also the prestige and moral hit that takes
place when hours of blood sweat and tears suddenly disappear. Note that it’s best practice for a
single commit to comprise ONLY. If you go through this procedure again later, after more commits
have been made to your branch. This log can also be used to troubleshoot the operation in case of
issues due to a wrong command line configuration set by the Options dialog or wrong parameters
invoked by ATEasy. Its hydrophilic character increases the likelihood that it will be located on the
surface of the protein, where it is accessible to the antibody. In response to primary infection,
protective immunity to the infecting serotypes is believed to last a lifetime (Halstead and O'Rourke
1977; Guzman et al. 2007). Differently, complete cross- protective immunity against a secondary
infection is present for only 1-2 months after the primary infection (Sierra et al. 2002). After 9
months, heterologous DENV infections represent a risk factor for the development of DHF (SABIN
1950). This phenomenon is also known as antigenic mimicry. When not working, he's busy
automating mundane daily tasks through meticulously written scripts. Preliminary attempts at
immunoprecipitation using commercially available STAT2 antibodies or a polyclonal anti-NS5
antibody (kindly provided by Dr Andrew Davidson) failed due to non-specific binding.
Alternatively, as suggested for TBE virus (Werme et al. 2008), the MTase domain might allow the
correct localisation of the polymerase on cell membrane in proximity of the IFN receptors, helping the
interaction of NS5 with early components of the signalling cascade. Chapter 3 Literature Review
Language use in Post-Colonial Classrooms.41.