Heat and Mass Transfer

Project 3

Journal paper review for the

application of
Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy

系級：機械甲組碩一
姓名：劉泓秀
學號：N16114021
目錄
I. Title, Authors, Source ...........................................................................1
II. Introduce ...............................................................................................2
Experimental setup........................................................................................................................... 2
Analysis Method .............................................................................................................................. 2
Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................... 3

III. Explain ..................................................................................................3

Assumption and equations in this study ........................................................................................... 3
Reynolds analogy ............................................................................................................................. 3
Chilton-Colburn analogy.................................................................................................................. 4
Dimensional analysis ....................................................................................................................... 4
Overall heat/ mass transfer coefficient analogy................................................................................ 5
Peclet and Bodenstein numbers ....................................................................................................... 5

IV. Results ...................................................................................................6

V. Conclusions...........................................................................................7
VI. Attach the journal paper........................................................................7

II
I. Title, Authors, Source
➢ Title: The analogy between heat and mass transfer in low temperature
crossflow evaporation
➢ Authors: Reza Enayatollahi, Roy Jonathan Nates, Timothy Anderson
➢ Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S07351933173012
64

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II. Introduce
This study investigates the relationship between the heat and mass
transfer in a crossflow configuration and low temperature. A planar jet of
water was directed perpendicular to a ducted air crossflow, as shown in
Figure 1.

Experimental setup

There are three humidity and temperature sensors on the either side of
the sheet. One of the sensors is placed outside the experiment to measure
the room conditions. Temperature and humidity improve an accuracy of ±
0.3 K and ±3%, respectively. Moreover, there are two thermocouples (t-
type) are used to record the water temperature before and after contact with
the air steam.
The water reservoir is used to provide a constant pressure head to
drive the water flow at different flow rates which are determined by
measuring the time taken for a known volume of water to pass through the
nozzle. The air fan that has a maximum capacity of 280m3/h is used to drive
airflow at various steady flow rates which is measured by a pitot static
probe.

Figure 1 Experimental configuration

Analysis Method

1. Mass/Heat Transfer Analogy Method: Chilton-Colburn analogy

2. Buckingham-π theorem
3. least squares analysis

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Nomenclature
𝑄̇𝑡 total rate of heat transfer 𝜌𝑣,∞ the density of vapour at the free
stream conditions
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 convective rate of heat transfer 𝜌𝑣,𝑓 the vapour density at film
condition
𝑄̇𝑒𝑣 rate of heat transfer through 𝑇∞ the bulk stream temperature
evaporation
𝑚̇𝑎 mass flow rate of air 𝑇𝑓 the film temperature
𝑚̇𝑒𝑣 the rate of evaporation St Stanton number
ℏ𝑎,𝑜 enthalpy of the air at the inlet Nu Nusselt number
condition
ℏ𝑎,𝑖 enthalpy of the air at the outlet Pr Prandtl number
condition
ℏ𝑓𝑔 the enthalpy of vaporization Re Reynolds number
 specific humidity Sh Sherwood number
𝐴𝑐,𝑎 the cross-sectional area of air
stream
III. Explain

Assumption and equations in this study

Assumption: the radiation heat transfer is negligible

𝑄̇𝑡 = 𝑄̇𝑐𝑣 + 𝑄̇𝑒𝑣 = 𝑚̇𝑎 (ℏ𝑎,𝑜 − ℏ𝑎,𝑖 ) (1)

𝑄̇𝑒𝑣 = 𝑚̇𝑒𝑣 ℏ𝑓𝑔 = 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝜔𝑎,𝑜 − 𝜔𝑎,𝑖 ) (2)

𝑚̇𝑒𝑣
ℎ𝑚 = (3)
𝐴𝑐,𝑎 (𝜌𝑣,𝑓 − 𝜌𝑣,∞ )
𝑄̇𝑐𝑣
ℎ= (4)
𝐴𝑐,𝑎 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇∞ )

Reynolds analogy

The Stanton number is the ratio of the Nusselt number to the product
of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers in heat transfer and the ratio of the
Sherwood number to the product of the Reynolds and Schmidt numbers in
mass transfer, respectively.
𝑁𝑢 𝑆ℎ
𝑆𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = ；𝑆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (5)
𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑆𝑐
The Reynolds analogy relates the parameters of the velocity, thermal,
and concentration boundary layers as shown in eq. (6). However, there are
restrictions that eq. (6) depends on having 𝑃𝑟 and 𝑆𝑐 ≈ 1 as well as no
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form drag.
𝐶𝑓
𝑆𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (6)
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Chilton-Colburn analogy

Colburn suggested a more general formulation known as the Colburn

analogy that is also applicable if 𝑃𝑟 is not equal to 1. The empirical
correlations of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were determined as eq. (7)
& eq. (8).
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟1/3 (7)
𝑆ℎ = 𝑎 𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑆𝑐1/3 (8)
Based on Reynolds analogy mentioned earlier as well as Chilton-
Colburn analogy. The Stanton number in mass transfer and heat transfer
can be written as eq. (9) and eq. (10)
ℎ 𝑁𝑢 a 𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑃𝑟1/3
𝑆𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = = = (9)
𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟
ℎ𝑚 𝑆ℎ a 𝑅𝑒 𝑚 𝑆𝑐1/3
𝑆𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = = (10)
𝑉 𝑅𝑒 𝑆𝑐 𝑅𝑒 𝑆𝑐
The “J” factor for heat and mass transfer is derived by Chilton-
Colburn. Because the “J” factor is equal for both heat and mass transfer the
Chilton-Colburn analogy was determined as eq. (11)
ℎ 𝑆𝑐 2/3
𝐽ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝐽mass = = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 ( ) = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝐿𝑒 2/3 (11)
ℎ𝑚 𝑃𝑟
The consequence of Chilton-Colburn analogy is valid for a fully
developed flow inside a pipe, and for flow parallel to plane surfaces, when
0.6 < 𝑃𝑟 < 60 and 0.6 < 𝑆𝑐 <3000.

Dimensional analysis

There are twelve variables describing the heat and mass transfer, for
example, air velocity, characteristic length, enthalpy of evaporation,
thermal conductivity of air, etc. as shown in eq. (12). According to
Buckingham's-π theorem, with twelve quantities and four basic units (mass,
temperature, time and length), eight dimensionless groups can be
developed, as shown in eq. (13).
𝑓(𝜌𝑎 , 𝑘𝑎 , 𝑉𝑐ℎ , 𝐿𝑐ℎ , ℎ, 𝜇𝑎 , 𝑐𝑝,𝑎 , ∆𝑇, 𝜆𝑎−𝑤 , 𝑗, ℏ𝑓 , ℏ𝑓𝑔 ) = 0 (12)

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 𝑓′(𝜋1 , 𝜋2 , 𝜋3 , 𝜋4 , 𝜋5 , 𝜋6 , 𝜋7 , 𝜋8 ) = 0 (13)
Where 𝑓′ is also an unknown function. Choosing 𝜌𝑎 , 𝑘𝑎 , 𝑉𝑎 and 𝐿𝑎 as
the repeating parameters, the seven independent dimensionless group can
be determined as given in Table 1.
𝐿𝑐ℎ ℎ 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑐ℎ 𝐿𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑝,𝑎 𝜆𝑎−𝑤 ℏ𝑓𝑔
𝜋1 = 𝜋3 = 𝜋5 = 𝜋7 =
𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑉𝑐ℎ 𝐿𝑐ℎ 𝑉𝑐ℎ 2
𝜇𝑎 𝑘𝑎 ∆𝑇 𝑗 ℏ𝑓
𝜋2 = 𝜋4 = 3 𝜋6 = 𝜋8 =
𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑐ℎ 𝐿𝑐ℎ 𝜌𝑎 𝑉𝑐ℎ 𝐿𝑐ℎ 𝑉𝑐ℎ 𝑉𝑐ℎ 2
Table 1

Overall heat/ mass transfer coefficient analogy

As mention before, in this case it is necessary to present a correlation

to predict the overall heat transfer coefficient from the mass transfer data.
However, the Chilton-Colburn analogy characterizes only the convectional
transfer phenomenon the experimental value of the overall heat transfer
coefficient can be calculated by eq. (14)
𝑄̇𝑡
ℎ𝑡 = (14)
𝐴𝑐,𝑎 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇∞ )
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be expressed as a function of
the density and the specific heat of the air stream as well as the
dimensionless groups derived from Buckingham's π theorem. A least
squares analysis results in eq. (15).

ℎ𝑡 = ℎ𝑚 𝜌𝑐𝑝 × 𝑃𝑒 −0.575 𝐵𝑑 −0.575 𝜋4 0.00012 𝜋7 0.575 𝜋8 −0.575 (15)

Peclet and Bodenstein numbers

Bodenstein number (𝐵𝑑) is the product of the Reynolds and Schmidt

numbers and the Peclet number (𝑃𝑒) is the product of the Reynolds and
Prandtl numbers. Therefore, the Lewis number (Le) can be written as eq.
(16)
𝐵𝑑
𝐿𝑒 = (16)
𝑃𝑒
The exponents of the Peclet and Bodenstein numbers are identical but
with different signs, also 𝜋7 & 𝜋8 are in the same situation. Hence, eq. can

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be rewritten as eq. (17)
0.575
ℏ𝑓𝑔
ℎ𝑡 = ℎ𝑚 𝜌𝑐𝑝 (𝐿𝑒 ) = ℎ𝑚 𝜌𝑐𝑝 (𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑣 )0.575 (17)
ℏ𝑓

IV. Results
The relationship between the heat transfer coefficient determined from
eq. (4) and the mass transfer coefficient calculated by eq. (3), as shown in
Fig. 2. with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.72

Figure 2
The comparation between experimental values of the convection heat
transfer coefficient from eq. (4) and the calculated value from the Chilton-
Colburn analogy, given in eq. (11) is shown as Figure 3. The result of figure
shows some correlation for predicting the heat transfer coefficient from the
mass transfer data, but with quite a large scatter.

Figure 3
Fig. 4. shows the calculated values from eq. (14) were plotted versus
the experimental values of mass transfer coefficient from eq. (3). It can be
seen that the mass transfer coefficient is analogous with the coefficient of

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total heat transfer with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.95.

Figure 4
The coefficient of total heat transfer calculated by eq. (17) contrasted
with the experimental values calculated from Eq. (14) as shown in Fig. 5.
This figure shows a much stronger correlation, with a coefficient of
determination (R2) of 0.98, when accounting for the phase change process
and incorporating the Lewis Number of Evaporation.

Figure 5

V. Conclusions
An experimental study was performed in order to examine the
relationship between heat and mass transfer coefficients in a low
temperature crossflow evaporation process. The least squares analysis on
these dimensionless parameters showed a strong correlation between the
overall heat transfer coefficient and the enthalpy ratio. This led to the
correlation of a modified Chilton-Colburn analogy that includes the
enthalpy ratio to account for the low temperature evaporation processes.
VI. Attach the journal paper