ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title 10: Website Design & Development

Submission date 14/10/2022 Date Received 1st submission 14/10/2022

Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission

Student Name Dinh Tran Nam Hung Student ID BS00188

Class IT17104 Assessor name Ngo Quynh Bao Tram

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature hung

Grading grid

P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 D1
 Summative Feedback:  Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Signature & Date:
CONTENTS
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................5
I. Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how domain names are organised and managed.(P1) .....................................5
1. Introduction of web ........................................................................................................................................................................................5
2. Definition and purpose of DNS ........................................................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Definition ..................................................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................................................................................7
3. DNS Types.......................................................................................................................................................................................................8
4. How DNS works ..............................................................................................................................................................................................9
4.1 How DNS are organized? ..........................................................................................................................................................................9
4.2 How DNS are managed ...........................................................................................................................................................................10
II. Explain the purpose and relationships between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software
with regards to designing, publishing and accessing a website. (P2) ....................................................................................................................11
1. Communication protocols ............................................................................................................................................................................11
1.1 Definition ...................................................................................................................................................................................................11
1.2 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................................................................11
2. Wed Server hardware ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Operating systems ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
4. Web server software..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5. Relationship between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to
designing, publishing and accessing a website. ................................................................................................................................................14
III. Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and back- end website technologies and explain how these relate to
presentation and application layers. (P3).............................................................................................................................................................15
 1. Front-end ......................................................................................................................................................................................................15

1.1 Definition ...............................................................................................................................................................................................16

1.2 Front-end technologies...........................................................................................................................................................................16
2. Back-end ......................................................................................................................................................................................................20
2.1 Difinition ................................................................................................................................................................................................20
2.2 Back-end technologies............................................................................................................................................................................21
3. Relationship between front-end and back-end ............................................................................................................................................24
4. How front-end and back-end relate to presentation and application layer ..................................................................................................25
IV. Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom built sites with regards to design flexibility, performance,
functionality, User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI). (P4) ........................................................................................................................25
1. Online website creation tools ......................................................................................................................................................................26
2. Custom built websites ..................................................................................................................................................................................27
3. The differences between online website creation tools and custom built sites Flexibility ............................................................................... 28
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................31
REFERENCE LIST ...................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Introduction
In this day and age, one of the fastest growing industries is web development. Web developers are considered the people who build,
control, and update websites, which includes exercises such as web configuration, web distribution, web programming, and data set
administration. Although the term "web developer" is often used in the innovation field, many individuals are still unsure of what
web innovation is or what web engineers do. Informal communication sites like Facebook and Instagram as well as internet business
sites like Shopee, Tiki, Lazada, and others are the most notable occasions for web applications. Below, we'll take a closer look at the
report.

I. Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how domain names are organised and managed.(P1)

1. Introduction of web

The World Wide Web, or WWW, was created in 1989 by British physicist Tim Berners-Lee. From there, it has continuously
developed and improved throughout time.

Web works in Client-Server Model

Clients are the usual web user's web-accessing software and internet-connected gadgets.

Computers that store websites, apps, or other content are called servers. A copy of the webpage is downloaded from the server to
the client computer when a client device requests access to a webpage, and the webpage is then displayed in the user's web
browser (Krajacic, 2021).

There are a few crucial technologies for Web Works:

HTML: The markup language for the creator of web frameworks is also known as HyperText Markup Language. Using a client-server
model, websites created with HTML are exchanged.

HTTP: Stand for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which is a protocol that offers a language for Clients and Servers to communicate with
one another. It enables the retrieval of relevant content from all over the internet.

Web Browser: It is described as a software application that enables users to discover, access, display, and browse content on the
World Wide Web. When a client requests data or information, a web browser obtains it from a web server and displays it on the
user's screen. A web browser's primary job is to render HTML (Krajacic, 2021).

URL: Stand for Uniform Resource Identifier. A certain "address" that is specific to each website and is used to identify it.

Web Server: Web servers are regarded as the basic software that uses HTTP protocols to reply to client requests sent over the
WWW. Distributing website material to clients via storing, processing, and displaying Webpages is the main responsibility of the web
server. SMTP and FTP are also supported by a web server (Krajacic, 2021).

More information on web servers: Web servers are generally regarded as the most important component in creating and hosting
extensive websites. For small organizations or individuals, the cost of webserver hardware is extremely high. The price of web server
hardware is high for a number of reasons, including:

- Server-grade parts are built to potentially stringent specifications since server hardware is expected to have better degrees of
reliable security, redundancy, and operation under more demanding circumstances than client PCs. The high-quality features and
ports they typically have will drive up production expenses.

- One server serving so many Clients.

- For instance, since servers are often designed to operate around the clock, we can replace problematic parts like the power
supply, hard drive, and RAM without having to shut down the server. Speaking of that failure, servers have access to a variety of
early warning systems now in case their hardware develops problems.

- The associated costs of that server include the following: electricity, internet connections, racks, secure rooms, staffing for
physical server maintenance (hard disk failures, power, etc.), and staffing for server administration ( security patches, software
upgrades, etc) (Krajacic, 2021).
- As a result, there are now a large number of server-renting firms that allow both individuals and small businesses to rent servers to
host their websites.

- Internet Protocol (IP): The IP address of a device, which is a distinctive address, serves as the equipment's identification on the
internet or a local network. Data that is transported over the internet or a local network must follow a set of guidelines called the
Internet Protocol (IP). A website's Internet Protocol (IP) address can be found on any device connected to the internet, including
laptops, tablets, smartphones, and mobile phones. The IP address of your favorite website might be 93.184.216.34, but this is
obviously difficult to remember (Anon., 2021). Moreover, DNS is established as a result of this.

2. Definition and purpose of DNS

2.1 Definition

Domain Name Mechanism, or DNS, is a system that translates our domain names from alphabetical names to numeric IP addresses
for use on the Internet. It was developed in 1983 at the University of California, Irvine. It is meant to be a distributed hierarchical
system (Krajacic, 2021).

2.2 Purpose

- It has the capacity to manage the high amount of requests made by the internet or a small private network.

- DNS servers return the IP address of the Web server that corresponds to a user's entered Web address (URL) in a browser. In this
fictitious example, the DNS converts the URL www.company.com into the IP address 204.0.8.51.

- Without DNS, you would need to enter a string of four digits and dots into your browser, which you can do. Look at the IP address. It
is a system that works similarly to a phonebook by matching names with numbers.
- The first thing a client does when trying to resolve google.com is checked its DNS cache. It will appear if it has it cached.

- Just enter the URL into your browser. If not, the lookup process will start.

3. DNS Types

DNS Resolver: When a client sends a DNS query, a recursive resolver will first send a request to a root nameserver, then another
request to a TLD (Top Level Domain) nameserver, and lastly a request to an authoritative nameserver. If any cached information is
located, it will be returned. If the recursive resolver does not already have the requested website in its cache, it will get the IP address
of the site and return it. The IP address will then be temporarily stored in its memory (W3schools, 2017).

DNS Iterative: The user enters the URL of the website they are looking for, and the resolver either provides an answer from cached
memory or asks another DNS server whether they have the answer by returning the address of that DNS server; if it is unable to
produce a conclusive answer, it will ask the next server. Based on the referrals it receives, the query will start at the root server and
move down the levels.

DNS Root Servers: The root name server for DNS records is a server that is crucial in the process of transforming a domain name
into an IP address for a machine by responding to requests in the DNS root zone. Queries that have been cached in the root zone can
be answered by the servers. They have the ability to send requests for non-TLD servers to the TLD server.

TLD (Top Level Domain) Nameserver: The TLD nameserver is used to describe the portion of a domain name that follows the dot.
Country TLDs and industry TLDs are the two categories into which TLDs are split. an illustration. FR refers to France, and.GOV
indicates websites run by the government. In the root zone of the DNS for the internet, the TLD is the top level of domain names. It
is the final part of domain name 1 for the lower-level subdomains. TLD nameserver management is the responsibility of the ICANN-
affiliated IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) (W3schools, 2017).
Authoritative Nameservers: A nameserver with authoritative status offers responses to DNS queries. The caching memory for
websites is not used to provide responses 3. The IP address of the website (or other servers) being requested is returned by the
authoritative nameserver to recursive DNS nameservers. Records for domain names, such as A, CNAME, MX, NS, SOA, or TXT
records, are managed by the authoritative name server. A DNS server becomes the authoritative server for the example.co.uk
domain if it contains a record for a website, such as www.example.co.uk (W3schools, 2017).

4. How DNS works.

4.1 How DNS are organized?

DNS servers are organized hierarchically and communicate with one another using proprietary network protocols. Each DNS server
has a public IP address and a database of the network names and addresses of other Internet hosts (Fielding, 2014).

Process:

Step 1: Requesting Website Information

The process starts when you ask your computer to resolve a hostname, such as https://dyn.com. Your computer looks for the
corresponding IP address first in its local DNS cache, which stores data it just retrieved. (Mitchell, 2018),

Step 2: Contact the Recursive DNS Servers

The recursive DNS servers (resolvers) of your internet service provider are contacted by your computer if the information is not
stored locally (ISP).

Step 3: Query the Authoritative DNS Servers

The root name servers are contacted if the recursive servers are unable to resolve the issue. A name server is a computer that
answers requests for IP addresses and domain names. The TLD name servers look for the following request component,
www.dyn.com, and direct our request to those name servers. These authoritative name servers are in charge of being aware of all
information pertaining to a domain, which is stored in DNS records. There are numerous distinct record types, and each has its
unique collection of information.

Step 4: Access the DNS Record

The recursive server acquires the dyn.com record from the authoritative name servers and keeps it in its local cache. The recursive
server will already be aware of the response and won't need to repeat the lookup process if another client requests the dyn.com host
record. Every record has a time to live value, which functions like an expiration date. The recursive server must periodically request
a fresh copy of the record in order to keep the data current.

Step 5: Final DNS Step.

After receiving the response, the recursive server sends the A record back to your computer. Your computer delivers the information
to your browser after saving the record in its cache and reading the IP address from it. In the following step, the browser connects
to the web server and downloads the website. The entire procedure is finished in a matter of milliseconds.

The DNS root zone is at the actual top of the hierarchy. ICANN allots associations to oversee Top Level Domains and certifies
enlistment centers that buy and keep up with spaces inside these Top Level Domains for organizations and people.

4.2 How DNS are managed

A hierarchy is used by DNS to manage its distributed database system. The DNS hierarchy also referred to as the domain name
space, is an inverted tree structure, like eDirectory. The one domain at the top of the DNS tree structure is known as the root
domain. A comma or a dot designates the root domain (.).

A comma or a dot designates the root domain (.). The DNS hierarchy is broken up into sections by the top-level domains, which
come after the root domain.

The organizations that use each top-level DNS domain are listed below. Below the top-level domains, the domain name space is
further divided into subdomains that represent specific organizations (Mitchell, 2018).

II. Explain the purpose and relationships between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server
software with regards to designing, publishing and accessing a website. (P2)

1. Communication protocols.

1.1 Definition

Communication protocols are textual explanations of the digital communication standards and protocols used by each PC
connected to the Internet. They are crucial for communication between or inside computing systems in telecommunications.
Communication protocols cover authentication, error detection and correction, and signaling (Mitchell, 2018).

1.2 Purpose

Communications protocols include provisions for authentication, error detection and correction, and signaling. describing the
syntax, semantics, and synchronization of analog and digital communications.

There are many of communication protocols in use, and they are all implemented using hardware and software. They are necessary
for computer networks to function.

Communication devices must agree on a number of the physical components of the data to be communicated for data transmission
to take place.

Rules called protocols specify the characteristics of transmissions.

Some of the more popular ones include packet size, transmission speed, several types of error correction, handshaking and
synchronization mechanisms, address mapping, acknowledgment processes, flow control, packet sequence controls, routing, and
address formatting (Fielding, 2014).

Servers perform a wide range of functions, including web, mail, and file servers. Each type operates software that is tailored to the
server's function and plays a helpful role in connecting with various devices across the network. They are as follows:

- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a well-known protocol for transmitting and receiving data over a network. Any
communication is divided up into a number of packets that are sent from the source to the destination and then put back together
(Mitchell, 2018).

- Internet Protocol (IP): IP was developed with the purpose of serving as an addressing protocol. TCP is the most typical association
with it. Before reaching their destination system, packets with IP addresses are routed through a number of network nodes. The
most often utilized networking protocol is TCP/IP.

- User Datagram Protocol (UDP): Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a loss-tolerant, low-latency communication protocol that
can be substituted with UDP.

- Post office Protocol (POP): To receive incoming emails, POP3 was created.

- File Transfer Protocol (FTP): SMTP, or simple mail transport protocol, is a protocol used to send and distribute outbound email.
Using FTP, users can transfer files from one system to another. Among other file kinds, program files, multimedia files, text files,
and documents are examples (W3schools, 2017).

- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A protocol called HTTP is used to exchange hypertext between two or more systems. HTML
tags are used to build links. Any format, including text and graphics, may be used for these links. A client system can connect to a
server machine via HTTP to send a request. HTTP is based on client-server ideas. The server accepts the client's request and gives
the proper answer.

HTTP convention:

HTTP requests: To a certain host on a server, a client sends an HTTP request. The purpose of the request is to access a
server resource.
 HTTP responses: A client receives an HTTP response from a server. The response's goal is to either give the client the
resource they asked for, notify them that the action they asked for has been finished, or let them know if there was a
problem processing their request.

Apache: is a general-purpose HTTP server created by the Apache HTTP Server Project with the intention of developing and
maintaining an open-source HTTP server for contemporary operating systems like UNIX and Windows NT.

Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) - Microsoft's Web server: that provides the framework for Web applications
on Windows Server; IIS 6.0 is the most recent version (Fielding, 2014).

Novell's Web Server 3 is a Web server for NetWare users; the most recent release is the NetWare Enterprise Web Server,
which is included with NetWare 6 (Mitchell, 2018).

There are some HTTP request methods:

- GET: The GET method demands a portrayal of the asset that has been determined. GET requests ought to simply be utilized
to get data.

- HEAD: The HEAD method demands a response that is identical to a GET demand, however without the response body.

- POST: The POST method presents a substance to the specified resource, frequently causing an adjustment of state or
incidental effects on the server.

- PUT: The PUT method substituted all existing representations of the target resource with the request payload.

- DELETE: The DELETE method deletes the specified resource.

- CONNECT: The CONNECT method creates a tunnel to the server recognized by the target resource.
2. Wed Server hardware

Server Hardware refers to the Central Square-provided computer hardware that has Licensed Software installed on it, operates in a
local area network, and is home to an administrative system that limits direct access to the network and its resources while generally
making them available to computers acting as network workstations.

3. Operating systems

Software is merely a set of instructions that hardware can store and execute, and software on a computer consists of the programs
that operate on that machine, which humans cannot hold or touch. On a computer, there is a ton of software. Each piece of
software is designed to perform a specific function.

4. Web server software

Server software is software that is created with the intention of being executed, managed, and consumed on a server. For a range of
high-end computer services and operations, it permits and makes it easier to use the underlying server computing resources.
Server software is designed to interface with a server's physical infrastructure, such as its CPU, RAM, storage, I/O, and other
communication interfaces. Depending on the type of server and how it is used, there are various categories into which server
software can be divided.Each communication has its own set of protocols, and the HTTP protocol is also included in Web Server
Software.

5. Relationship between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with
regards to designing, publishing and accessing a website.

Communication Protocols: The protocol communication specifies synchronization, synchronization rules, syntax, semantics, and
error recovery techniques. It is possible to implement protocols using hardware, software, or a mix of the two. The four elements of
data communication are message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. There are a number of characteristics of a
transmission that a convention might classify.

Servers Hardware: Hardware is comprised of the multitude of actual items that you can contact and see that have been incorporated
and incorporated into a solitary substance known as a Personal Computer (PC). In this present circumstance, it very well might be a
PC or maybe one of your cell phones. Web server hardware supports the conveyance of web content that can be gotten to through
the web, and it is significant for web traffic since it should guarantee that HTTP demands are overhauled with the briefest
conceivable reaction time. Web server hardware is likewise significant for the client's point of view, as it is thought to be impolite in
the event that a specialist co-op makes his client look out fundamentally for the web (Fielding, 2014).

Operation System: These web server hardware, software, and communication protocols must run on a host operating system. The
host operating system makes use of container-based virtualization, where containers are logical partitions used to divide programs
on the same server and enable them to sharethe same operating system while retaining hardware isolation. There is, of course, more
to it than that. Device drivers, which give "commands" to the hardware to carry out your desired tasks, are the means through which
the OS and kernel communicate.

Web Servers Software: It is installed and run on a computer, and as it functions as a Web Server, users can view Web site content
from any computer on the network (internet, intranet). Web servers can transfer Web clients across the Internet thanks to the HTTP
protocol (or Intranet). Any computer can be used as a web server until it connects to the internet, with data transmission rates of
OC-3 or faster. It consists of a physical server, server operating system, and software that enables HTTP communication. It is a
program that uses HTTP to serve files from web sites to consumers.

III. Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and back- end website technologies and explain how these relate
to presentation and application layers. (P3)

1. Front-end
1.1 Definition

The front-end of a website is everything with which the user interacts. From the user's point of view, the front-end is identical with
the user interface. From a developer's perspective, the interface design and code are what make the interface work. Backend
functions and data processing, on the other hand, take place behind the scenes.

One of the primary aims of front-end development is to provide a smooth or "frictionless" user experience. In other words, the front-
end of an application or website should be straightforward and easy to use. While this may appear to be a straightforward aim,
achieving it might be shockingly tough because not all people or gadgets are made equal. For example, a mobile app requires a
substantially different frontend than a desktop application. Websites must work well across a wide range of devices and screen sizes,
which is why responsive design is so popular in modern web development (Wales, 2020).

Examples of front-end elements include:

- Application or page layout

- Graphics

- Audio and video elements

- Text content

- User interface elements such as buttons, links, toolbars,...

- Flow of users (how one interface leads to the next) preferences, themes, and customizations of users

1.2 Front-end technologies

HTML:
The HyperText Markup Language (HTML), together with JavaScript and CSS, is a critical component of the internet. Its major
purpose is to organize text through the preparation of documents for web display.
 HTML5, which was released in 2014, enabled HTML to natively contain multimedia components like video and music. This
advancement effectively removed the need for Adobe Flash Player and other related plug-ins.

HTML is essential for teaching a web browser how to display text, images, and other material on a webpage and is thus
included on every web page.

CSS:
CSS is an abbreviation for Cascading Style Sheets, which describes how a page is styled and presented. CSS, for example, is
used in HTML text to manage the visual aspects of a web page.

CSS manages a website's layouts, colors, and fonts. CSS3, the most recent version of CSS, introduced in 2001, modularized
CSS standards, giving developers greater overall freedom.

JavaScript:

JavaScript has been around for the past quarter-century. The programming language is well- known for modifying the web
due to its dynamic properties.

Dynamic content is malleable, but static content is not. Prior to the arrival of JavaScript, the whole web was static. A website
page was basically a block of text.

Then came JavaScript, which enabled interaction like scrolling and clicking, among other things.

JavaScript is currently used on practically all websites and serves as the foundation for a variety of front-end frameworks,
several of which will be explored briefly today.

Vue.js:

Vue.js is a JavaScript library that permits you to make unique web interfaces. Its fundamental library is exclusively worried
about the showcase layer. Accordingly, you may effectively interface it with different libraries and devices to obtain the
outcomes you need. It can likewise be utilized to control Single Page Applications when joined with extra apparatuses and
frameworks.

Angular JS:

Angular is a JavaScript-based front-end framework. It is an MIT-licensed open-source technology. The technology has
increased in popularity since its launch in 2009 as a result of the benefits it brings to businesses.

Google maintains and supports the front-end technology, which is popular among a huge community. The JavaScript
framework is legible and consistent, allowing businesses to create a diverse set of high-performance applications.

Because the code is based on the MVVM design, it is straightforward to refactor and maintain. Additionally, because it is a
component-based design, it improves code quality and simplifies testing.

Paypal, Gmail, and The Guardian are among the best applications that use Angular as a front-end technology. Goodfilms,
Freelancer, Upwork, IBM, and Netflix also employ Angular for their varied online and mobile development projects.

Bootstrap:

Bootstrap is a popular front-end framework for building mobile-first and responsive websites. There are the most popular
HTML, CSS, and JS frameworks included. They profit from the ease of using a preset grid, which reduces their coding time. It
offers the following advantages to developers.

Grid Responsiveness - It minimizes grid coding.

Responsive Images - Bootstrap includes code that automatically resizes images to fit the current screen size.

The Bootstrap framework includes navigation bars, dropdowns, progress bars, thumbnails, and other components. These
components are simple to incorporate into your website.

It makes use of JavaScript and provides a slew of JQuery plugins that let web developers create and deliver more engaging
and simple solutions for modal popups, transitions, picture carousels, and other features.

Chrome DevTools:

It's a suite of developer tools included with the Google Chrome web browser. This is one of the most cutting-edge front-end
technologies on the market. These tools enable you to modify pages on the go and spot issues rapidly. As a consequence,
you'll be able to produce more effective websites in less time. DevTools also allows you to inspect and alter any page.

It has a built-in terminal for executing JavaScript and may be used on a wide range of displays and devices. Developers
consider DevTools to be an essential front-end development tool.

Typescript:

TypeScript is also an Apache License 2.0 open-source programming language. Microsoftcreated and maintains it, and it uses
the same semantics as JavaScript.

For front-end development, TypeScript offers a slew of benefits. TypeScript-based apps are extremely scalable and will be
quite useful in the long term. They are also more responsive and speedier.

There are fewer issues to worry about using TypeScript, the software is simple to maintain, and codes can be refactored
without difficulty.

Responsive web design:

According to research by Similar Web in 2015, mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, rather than conventional
PCs, contribute 56 percent of traffic to the top US websites. This development has caused challenges for developers who
aim to guarantee that all visitors have the same experience when visiting their website, which is why responsive design, or
tailoring websites to fit numerous screen sizes, is more important than ever.

Delivering responsive images is another critical aspect of responsive design, and becausevarious devices favor different
 browsers, cross-browser development is essential.

Perceived Performance:

To ensure that a website visitor has a positive user experience, a front-end web developer should master the fundamentals
of perceived performance. What design improvements enable people to feel a website loads faster or performs better?
Knowing what improvements to make will keep the user happy and raise the probability that they will take a certain action
(such as purchasing a product, signing up for a newsletter, etc.).

2. Back-end

2.1 Difinition

The "back-end" in the computer industry refers to any component of a website or software program that users do not see. It is
distinct from the front-end, which refers to a program's or website's user interface. In programming terminology, the back-end is the
"data access layer," whereas the front-end is the "display layer."

The vast majority of current websites are dynamic, which means that material is created in real-time. A dynamic page contains one
or more scripts that are run on the web server whenever the page is accessed. These scripts produce page content and send it to the
user's web browser. Everything that happens before a page is seen in a web browser is considered the back-end.

The back-end is basically the code developed by the programmer that handles server-side procedures like CRUD functions with
databases and any server logic (Akhtar, 2021).

The majority of an application's working logic and data are stored and retrieved via the back-end. The back-end of any computer
application is unavailable to users.

The following are examples of backend processes:

Data encryption and decryption file uploads and downloads processing an incoming webpage request executing a script (PHP, ASP,
 JSP, etc.) to output HTML retrieving data from a database, such as an article, using SQL queries saving or updating records in a
database encrypting and decrypting data

2.2 Back-end technologies

Python
Python is a well-known general-purpose programming language. Python's key strength of short and understandable code assists
back-end programmers in creating acceptable and explicit scripts.

Python is inexpensive since it is open-source and free. As a result, developers and entrepreneurs now have access to a plethora of
free libraries and other tools for their projects.

IoT Possibilities: Using Python's most recent programming tools, you may create physical projects on the Raspberry Pi. Embeddable: It
is straightforward to include Python code into the source code of languages such as C++. Thedevelopermust, however, remember the
WORA (Write Once, Run Anywhere) principle.

PHP

PHP is well-known as a server-side programming language. This open-source back-end technology is commonly used on websites.

This general-purpose scripting language is easy to learn and use for modifying database information. This technology also benefits
from a big community, a stable codebase, and simplicity of deployment. On Linux, it is best to utilize PHP in conjunction with MySQL
and Apache. Using PHP scripting tools, you can easily automate development operations like session management, URL mapping,
and authentication. PHP is unquestionably regarded as a vulnerable backend language among developers. These threats can,
however, be avoided by utilizing built- in security safeguards.

Java

According to the TIOBE Index in 2021, Java is the second most powerful back-end technology. James Gosling designed this
programming technique in 1991, and Sun Microsystems released it in 1995.

For many years, developers have opted to construct feature-rich and adaptable web programs using Java. Java, on the other hand,
may be used to build software for mobile devices, severe, and microcontrollers.

C#

C#, sometimes known as C-sharp, is a prominent back-end programming language used for automation in the Windows environment.
C# is likewise utilized for web improvement in the ASP.net framework.

This backend technology is now largely used for desktop apps and embedded devices. C# executes quicker than most other
programming languages, including Python. Because C# is an object- oriented language, you may use classes and relationships to
structure your code. It is advantageous to set up a system that allows for simple troubleshooting in the event that something goes
wrong.

Cross-Platform: C# backend applications may operate on a variety of platforms, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Interoperability: C# programs are backwards compatible with legacy platforms.

Server

Web Server may handle increased data storage capacity, allowing it to create many websites.

Configure log file settings such as where log files are kept and what data should be included in log files, among other things. Configure
the website/security. directory's For example, which user accounts are allowed to access the website, which IP addresses are allowed
to see the website, and so on.

Set up an FTP server. An FTP site allows users to upload and download files. Create virtual directories that are linked to actual ones.

Custom error pages can be created and assigned.

On your website, the server may generate and display user-friendly error messages.
Default documents can be provided; for instance, if the name of a file is not specified, default documents will be presented (Akhtar,
2021).

Service

Web services are programs that run on their own.

Client-side software is not required. You will need a programming language that supports XML and HTTP clients to get started. On
the server side, all that is required is an HTTP server and a SOAP server.

Web services speak for themselves.

A Web Service Description Language (WSDL) file includes all of the information needed to build or utilize a Web service as a provider.

Web services are basically open, with standards-based XML and HTTP serving as the primary technological basis. A significant
percentage of Web service technology was developed through open-source projects.

Database

Database management system (DBMS) is a software or tool which can be utilized for overseeing and keeping up with the
information inside the database.

The following are the primary capabilities of DBMS:

Data Storage: The data will be stored in a tabular format under the RDBMS paradigm, where a table is nothing more than a collection
of rows and columns.

Data Retrieval: The index system in RDBMS provides for quicker data retrieval. RDBMS uses DML commands to facilitate data
modification.

Security: Authentication and authorization will be employed in the RDBMS paradigm to offer high-level security. Data Independence:
Authentication and authorization will be employed in the RDBMS paradigm to provide high-level security.
3. Relationship between front-end and back-end

The front-end refers to the user interface/client and related code/tools, whereas the back-end refers to the server-side and related
code/tools. CSS, HTML, and JavaScript, as well as the myriad tools and frameworks that deal with these technologies, will be utilized
by the User/Human to interact with the application.

Back-end or server-side execution always guarantees that the program contains the entire code phrase, algorithm, and network
communication for each action that users interact with on the front-end side.

In response to inquiries, the back-end/server will interact across the internet via the "HTTP" protocol, which allows requests and
replies to be delivered as "packets" across a network or networks.

Based on what the user does on the front-end or client side, the back-end will include some code (PHP, Python, Java, etc.) that will
direct the server on what to do, such as whether to acquire data, produce new data, update data, remove data, and so on. The
server will communicate with a data store, such as a database, through a series of interactions to store and provide structured data.

There are a lot more cycles and innovations included, yet the fundamental connection between front-end and back-end is that it
licenses collaborations between a human on a program (or one more server with a simple back-end by means of APIs)
server/database someplace on the internet (Wales, 2020).

Roles:

Both are basic parts of web development, and in spite of their disparities, they resemble cut out of the same cloth. The visual parts
of a website that a client might see and experience are alluded to as front- end. Back-end web development, then again, is liable for
all that happens in the background. It's, even more, a front-end web experience empowering influence.

Front-end alludes to the visual parts of a website that clients can see and collaborate with. The backend, then again, is answerable
for all that happens in the background.

Essentials:
The front-end of an application is sometimes referred to as the "client side," as opposed to the back-end, which is referred to as the
"server side." Back-end web development necessitates the use of programming languages such as Java, Ruby, Python, PHP,.Net, and
others. The most prevalent frontend languages are HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

4. How front-end and back-end relate to presentation and application layer

Front-end layer

The presentation layer, otherwise called the front-end layer, is comprised of the UI, which is a graphical UI that can be gotten to
through a web program or a web application that showcases content and data that is important to the end client. Essentially, this
application layer is made utilizing web innovations like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as systems, and speaks with other levels
by means of API calls (Wales, 2020).

Back-end layer

The application layer stores the functional business logic that drives an application's essential features, which is often written in
Java,.NET, C#, Python, C++, and other languages.

The database/data storage system and the database layer are both components of the Database layer, and examples of these systems
include MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Microsoft SQL Server, and others. API calls are used by the Application layer to access
data.

The presentation layer is typically delivered via a web browser or a web-based application hosted on a web server to desktops,
tablets, and phones, though the application layer is normally facilitated in the cloud or on a devoted workstation, depending on the
application's intricacy and handling power prerequisites.

There are numerous advantages to using three-layer architecture, including increased development speed, scalability, performance,
and availability, as well as improved development efficiency by allowing teams to focus on their core skills.

IV. Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom built sites with regards to design flexibility,
performance, functionality, User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI). (P4)

1. Online website creation tools

Online website construction tools are premade webpages or collections of webpages that are essentially clones of a website's key
core foundation parts that can then be marginally altered and populated with your own content.

These templates are created by web professionals and contain critical aspects such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to ensure that the
website functions properly. Similarly, in order to use an online website builder, users must first create an account. Some themes
are free to use, while others need money. After purchasing a template, some sites also provide web hosting services, as well as a
dedicated server that allows the site to load as rapidly as possible (Bhavin, 2019).

In general, it simplifies the web development process for consumers who require websites quickly and affordably but do not require
anything particularly creative in terms of design, performance, or functionality.

Wix.com, Google Site, and WordPress are examples of online website creation tools.

Benefits of Utilizing Online website creation tools:

- Online website design tools are affordable for those on a tight budget. It will provide you with all of the tools you require to get
your site up and operating at a low cost.

- Users are not required to have any prior coding skills. Drag and drop functionality in template web designs enables anyone with
any level of knowledge to build a website. Regular functions necessitate minimal to no programming.

- By using a template, you can substantially cut the time it takes to build your website.

Because you won't have to employ someone to put it up if you do it yourself, prebuilt templates result in lower initial costs.

Drawbacks of Utilizing Online website creation tools:

- The site's customizing options are limited. The template constrains the site to work inside its boundaries, limiting your uniqueness
and features.

- With so many businesses using the service, users will almost probably discover that many others are using the same designs as
them. In the end, this means that this website will struggle to stand apart from the pack.

- Some features and technologies may not be suitable for use on websites. Templates provide a structured approach, which may limit
the number of plugins that may be utilized, hence limiting the web's future capabilities (Bhavin, 2019).

- The user interface may vary based on the device used by the developer and may not perform properly. As a result, there may be
differences in the user experience across devices.

- Developers typically build templates, release them, and then forget about them. This means they aren't updating its coding and
structure, which might pose major security threats if a WordPress platform upgrade destroys the template's compatibility.

2. Custom built websites

Custom-built websites are created from the ground up for your company (much like a bespoke tailored suit!) and often necessitate
the collaboration of a trained and trusted team (Bhavin, 2019).

Everything begins with extensive brainstorming sessions and a well-thought-out strategic strategy that reflects the website's value
and brand.

In a nutshell, it's a creative method to determining who your target market is, how developers want to reach a larger audience,
what the objective of this website is, and how developers want to be perceived on the internet.

Benefits of Utilizing Custom Built Websites

- The website will have a completely unique design that combines the company's branding and is precisely tailored to the needs of
the customers.

- Future updates and expansion: Because developers have complete control over all codes, the development team of specialists
 may make changes swiftly.

- Easy administration: Because the website was built to specs, developers are already familiar with how to use it.

- High security: custom-made websites are safer than layout destinations gave they are refreshed consistently.

- The site will be search engine optimized (SEO). One of the most significant aspects of a website is its SEO friendliness, which
includes its speed, keywords, meta descriptions, and even URLs.

- Complete responsiveness: if the user experience or business rules must be changed, developers may do it immediately.

- Complete adaptability: developers can tailor the website to reflect the company's image and marketing strategies (Bhavin,
2019).

Drawbacks of Utilizing Custom Built Websites

- The initial costs of realization are considerable.

- Fixed maintenance costs: To ensure responsiveness and security, a staff of professionals must be maintained to monitor and
improve the website.

- Longer development time: Depending on the complexity of the website, development could take anywhere from a few weeks to
a few months.

- To conceive, construct, and submit custom-built website designs, customers must have a background in coding or hire someone
who does and can build their site. Above all, having a custom-built website has a far higher entry barrier than using a template.

3. The differences between online website creation tools and custom built sites Flexibility

Online Website Creation Tools - The majority of templates are created so that what users see is precisely what they get. Colors and
possibly typefaces can be modified, but the layout is fairly fixed. A template might be a good alternative for users if they genuinely
enjoy the style and design and do not want to change it. The site's customizing choices, however, are limited. The template forces
the web to operate inside its confines, limiting your creativity and features.

Startup companies and do-it-yourselfers usually want a website to be up and running quickly and on a limited budget. WordPress,
Squarespace, and Wix are examples of plug-and-play website layouts and systems (Bhavin, 2019).

Custom-Designed Websites - A custom-designed website can be expanded at any moment. You can always phone the web developer
with a crazy notion, and they'll usually find a way to make it happen. We call it making a customer's website do cartwheels. Custom
features can be implemented to make website management and, in some situations, business management easier. When it comes
to events, members-only sections, project portfolios, or any other idea consumers or developers have for demonstrating how
amazing their company is, the possibilities are endless.

Users may and should use design to showcase their company's culture and personality with a bespoke website. A one-of-a-kind
design can be displayed, altered, and transformed into a custom website template. A competent web development business is
constantly updating their code and looking for new ways to make their sites endure longer. They are constantly on the lookout for
new Google SEO best practices.

Performance

Online Website Creation Tools - When compared to custom-built sites, online website creation tools are designed by professional
designers who make less mistakes. However, some websites operate poorly as a result of poor code. Users cannot rely entirely on
an online website to provide fast performance because the speed of an online site is determined by the coding style employed, as
well as the quantity of plugins and animations used.

Website Development - A competent web development business is constantly updating their code and looking for new ways to make
their sites endure longer. Search engine optimization benefits from custom- built websites. However, a custom-built website is
created through code, and the designer may make mistakes. Custom Built Websites are slower since they have more plugins and
animation (Bhavin, 2019).

Functionality

Online Website Creation Tools - The user interface may differ based on the device used by the developer and may not perform
properly. Accordingly, there might be irregularities in the client experience between gadgets. In websites that utilization

Functionality of Online Website Creation Tools may be reduced. Adding e-commerce and other bespoke apps to template sites is
difficult or impossible.

Website Design - Web developers that build websites from the ground up have the technical expertise to ensure that your site is
search engine optimized. This is a vital feature of any digital marketing plan, especially if you're targeting a certain geographic
location or service/product category.

User Experience(UX)

Many people are disappointed with the style and appearance of websites built with online web construction tools, and it is unable
to construct a user-friendly UX. Furthermore, the user cannot change the User Experience in order to attract visitors, and the user
must be satisfied with the User Experience design that is provided.

so.

Custom Built Websites - The designer can create various User Interfaces to attract visitors, as well as UX that can be designed in
different pages of the same website to draw people and keep them coming back to your site to obtain the information you have
available. A variety of technologies can be employed to improve UX, and they can be tailored to the demands of the client.
Furthermore, online templates cannot create user experiences, whereas a custom-built website designer can.

User Interface(UI)
 Clients that continue to use online web construction solutions that are inappropriate for their site, such as e-commerce, will not
acquire a proper User Interface since users will not connect with the site more friendly. However, the website should be user-
friendly so that visitors can access and interact with the material on the site.

Custom Web Development - It maintains the User Interface and makes the site more user-friendly. A website can contain a variety
of information, and if several functionalities are provided, it will be easier to manage that information. Users will be able to obtain
information more quickly than on other sites, which will help the site rank higher in terms of user information. Furthermore,
designers can use a variety of UI technologies to create outstanding visuals in reasonable timeframes, which can be completed in a
custom design website and help to improve the design procedure in a variety of ways, and the User Interface can be changed later
if the user wants to create a different UI (Bhavin, 2019).

CONCLUSION

Through this essay, help me better understand how a website works. Learn more about domain management and organization. See
the relationship between communication protocols, server hardware, operating system, and web server software. And especially the
way to present the web interface.

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