Water Conditioning

and Environmental
Protection
CHE 2204 LESSON 3
CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES [1]
 Part A

•Water
Conditioning
Introduction

Water Conditioning
- the process of treating water, so it is more appropriate for a given
use, whether for consumption, manufacturing, or even disposal
 Water conditioning and wastewater treatment have long been
essential functions of municipalities.
 However, the importance of suitably preparing water for the
chemical industry is now fully recognized.
 Industrial wastewaters present a complex and challenging problem
to the chemical engineer.
 Besides moral and community considerations, laws prohibiting and
limiting the pollution of streams and air require these problems to be
considered as a necessary operating expense.
 Although the solution is specific with each industry, a few general
principles may be observed.

Image source: https://www.hatenboer-water.com/water-conditioning/

Introduction

General Wastewater Treatment

Principles for Industries:
Increasing reuse of wastewaters
1
Control of pollution
2
*to lessen
Recovery* of by-products at their source
3 (if feasible)
treatment
expenses

Lagooning** of wastes
4
Introduction

Waste Lagooning

 a natural treatment process to neutralize

waste by accumulating them in
biological or stabilization ponds

 keeps pollution at a minimum level

 effects savings in neutralization costs

Source: https://www.lenntech.com/lagooning.htm
Introduction

Water quality and quantity are important

factors in choosing plant location.
Both the surface water and the groundwater should be considered.

 Surface water
 water from lakes, rivers and streams
and is drawn into the public water
supply by an intake
 used for drinking, irrigation, electricity
 Groundwater
 located underground in large
aquifers and must be pumped out of
the ground after drilling a deep well
 more suitable for cooling purposes,
Source: https://www.watereducation.org/general-information/surface-
but harder (may cause scaling) water-vs-groundwater
Introduction

Water quality and quantity are important

factors in choosing plant location.

 Groundwater
 usually more suitable for cooling purposes because of the fairly constant
temperatures through varying seasons
 generally harder, may cause scale, which may interfere with heat
transfer

 The impurities contained in water vary greatly from place to place.

Introduction

Water Hardness
 Hard water is that which contains
objectionable amounts of dissolved salts of
calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), usually
present as bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates
and nitrates.
 These salts give insoluble precipitates with soap
 Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), carbonate (CaCO3)
and silicate (CaSiO4) form clogging scales with
low thermal conductivities in boilers
 Magnesium silicate (Mg2SiO4) and calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) may reduce heat transfer
in process heat exchangers
Image sources: https://homewater101.com/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/2014/08/img-content-11a.png,
Scaling is a type of fouling caused by inorganic salts in the water circuit
https://www.lenntech.com/applications/process/boiler/scaling.ht
of the heat exchanger. It increases the pressure drop and insulates m, https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/heat-exchanger-tube-
the heat transfer surface, thus preventing efficient heat transfer de-scaling-service-17965356648.html
Introduction

Water Hardness

 usually expressed in terms of dissolved Ca and Mg salts

 calculated as CaCO3 equivalent
 divided into 2 classes:

Carbonate (Temporary) Noncarbonate (Permanent)

Hardness Hardness
• Caused by bicarbonates of • Due to the sulfates and
calcium and magnesium chlorides of calcium and
• Can usually be greatly magnesium
reduced by heating • Requires the use of chemical
agents for removal
Introduction

Total Dissolved Solids

 Dissolved solids (DS)– any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions

dissolved in water
 Total dissolved solids (TDS) – inorganic salts (principally Ca, Mg, K,
Na, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts
of organic matter that are dissolved in water
 Water that contains 1000 ppm DS is considered poor quality even
though it is 99.9% pure (1 ppm = 1 mg/L)

Other water impurities:

 Suspended insoluble matter (turbidity), organic matter, color
 Dissolved gases (free CO2, O2, N2, H2S)
Introduction

Water Supply and Demand

 The Philippines obtains its water supply from these sources:[2]

Rainfall Surface Water Groundwater

• 1,000-4,000 mm • rivers, lakes, reservoirs • ~50,000 km²

annual rainfall, with • 18 major river basins, aggregate area
• 1,000-2,000 mm 421 principal river • continuously
collected as runoff basins, 79 lakes recharged by rain &
• 704.4 billion m³/year (mostly for fish seepage from
average water production) surface waters
precipitation [3]
• ~70% recycled via
evaporation and
transpiration
Image source: https://pmm.nasa.gov/education/water-cycle
Most
municipal
waters are
reused for
agriculture,
cooling and
process
water, and
nonpotable
domestic
applications Source:
https://www.oasis
academybrislingto
n.org/uploaded/Br
islington/Curriculu
m/Year_11_-
_UK_and_Global_r
esources_2019.pdf
 Water Use in the Philippines in 2000

Agriculture
17%
9% Industries

74%
Domestic

 28.52 billion m³ of water was withdrawn from various sources in the

Philippines in 2000: 74% (21.10 billion m³) was used for agricultural
purposes, 9% (2.57 billion m³) for industrial processes, and 17% (4.85
billion m³) for domestic consumption.[4]
 Increasing population makes for local shortage.
Introduction

Water Supply and Demand

Image source: [4]

 Water demand is rapidly overtaking water supply.

 With the continuing increase in population and industry, this trend is
likely to continue in years to come.[5]
Introduction

Water Use Patterns

 Industries may withdraw large quantities of water from the original

source and use it in varied ways, but it actually consumes very little,
so that most of the water is returned to the source for reuse by
others.
 It is estimated that the average chemical process industry plant that
had recycle rates of 2:1 to 5:1 before is expected to reach 1:1 (pulp
and paper), 27:1 (chemicals), and 40:1 (petroleum refining).
 Recycle rates = ratio of gross water use to intake
Introduction

Industrial Water Use

 In many areas, treated sewage effluent
is of a better quality than the natural
water supply.
 With improved waste treatment,
industrial water reuse becomes more
feasible.
 ~70% of all industrial water is used for
cooling.
 Industrial reuse helps to reduce the
chemical, thermal, and resultant
biological stream pollution and brings
the handling of water more under the
direct control of the plant manager.
 Table 3.1 shows the trends in industrial
reuse.
Introduction

Water conditioning problems depend on

use and require expert study

Reuse Pollution

Quantity

Quality
Introduction

Water Problems

 The problems of quantity, quality, reuse, and pollution are complex

and usually require expert to decide between alternative sources of
water and optimum treatment to minimize total cost of use.

 The decision generally depends on the use, whether for power

generation, heating, cooling, or actual incorporation into a
product, or its manufacturing process.
Introduction

Water Conditioning

 Water conditioning must be adapted to the particular use for which

the water is designed, and problems should be referred to the
experts in this field.
 The use of elevated pressures (17.2 Mpa and higher for steam
generation) requires the employment of extremely carefully purified
boiler feedwater.
 Each industry has its special water-conditioning requirement; e.g.,
 laundries require zero hardness to prevent the precipitation of calcium
and magnesium soap on clothes
 Ca, Mg, and Fe salts cause undesirable precipitates in the textile
industries and with the dyes in paper manufacture
Each industry has
its special water-
conditioning
requirement

Examples
 Laundries require zero
hardness to prevent
precipitation of Ca and Mg
soap on clothes
 Paper and textile industries
use dyes, with which Ca, Mg
and Fe salt can form
undesirable precipitates
 Steam generation need
extremely carefully purified
feedwater for boilers

Image source: https://www.facebook.com/lavendolaundry/photos/a.465041983686604/667140423476758/?type=1&theater,

https://cochran.co.uk/products/steam-boilers.aspx, https://www.paperindustryworld.com/bright-stars-paper-turkey-special-attention-
tissue/, https://www.globalvillagespace.com/textile-industry-100-mills-to-open-as-govt-allows-subsidy/
History of Water Treatment [6]
Methods of Water Conditioning

 Softening – term applied to processes which remove or reduce the

hardness of water

 Purification – refers to the removal of organic matter and

microorganisms from water

 Clarification – the removal of suspended solids and solid particles

- may be combined with cold-water softening by precipitation
Methods of Water Conditioning

Library Work:
1. Ion Exchange
2. Lime-soda Process Research on the following
3. Phosphate Conditioning methods of water
4. Silica Removal conditioning.
5. Deaeration
Explain each process, the
6. Demineralization and Desalting
equipment used, and the
7. Purification chemical reactions
involved.

Ask help from Bertha.