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Functions
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FUNCTIONS Functions finan i a special case ofa relation. To be specific, let X, ¥ be two non-empty sets and R (ef) bea elation from X to, then R may not relate an element of X to an element of ¥ or it may inate an element of X to more than one element of Y. But a function relates each element of X to @ {nique element of Y: We have: Definition. If X, Y are two non-empty sets then a subset f of X x ¥ is called a function (or mapping crap) from X to iff for ench x © X, there exists a unique y e Y such that (x, y) fle is written as fiXoY ‘Thus, a subset fof X x Y is called a function from X to Y iff (i for each x e X, there exists y € Y such that (x, y) € fand (ip no two different ordered pairs have the same first component. Inother words, a function from X to Y is a rule (or correspondence) which associates to each clement x of X, a unique element y of Y. pie ‘Outpat A function ‘f’ can be thought of as a f nechanism (or device) which gives a unique *~4) cutput (x) to every input x Tnpat Mechanism Fig. 91. Image of an element. The unique element y e Y i called the image of the element x of X under the Jinctionf:X > ¥. Ih is denoted by f(x) i. y= f(a). The element y is also called the value of the function f ats, Independent and dependent variables An independent variable is a variable that represents a quantity which is being set or manipulated in an ‘periment, A dependent variable represents a quantity whose value depends on the independent variable. sfr,soris an independent variable and A is a dependent variable. Forexample: If ris radius of a circle and A is its area, then A = m1, Here, A depends on the value Ith . ‘i, inthe context ofa function, the independent variables are the inputs to the function and the dependent tr "able are the outputs of the function. For or example: Ifyis a function of f (x) ie. y = (2), then x is independent variable and y is dey Pendent variable. The value of y depends on the value of x. Domai, ‘main and range of a function te ‘fb a function from X to Y, then the set X is called the domain of the function fand the set Y is called odomain, ant voted by F(X), Thus, range of f= (f (x) : for all x € X}. Set consisting ofall the images ofthe elements of X under the function fis called the range off It is Functions m 297Note that range off isa subset of ¥ (codomain) which may or may not be equal to Y, For example: x Let X = {1,2,3,4, 5], Y= (0, 1,2,3,5,7,9, 11, 13) and ( f= (G, 1), 2, 0), @, 7), (4, 9), ©, 13), then fis a function from X to Y because each element of X has a unique image in Y. Range of f= {1,0, 7, 9, 13}. Note that some elements of Y are not associated with any element of X. x y (ii) F=((1,3), 2,3), G,5), (4,7), 6,5)}, thenf isa function from X to Y because each element of X has a unique ( image in Y. 2 Range of f= (3,5,71. Note that the second components may repeat. Fig. 93, x ¥ i is not a function (iii) f= (CL, 5), (2,7), (4, 9), G, 0), thenf is nota ad ton X to Y because the element 3 of X has no i image in Y. oo Fig. 94. x y (i) f ={2, (1,2), 2,3), 5), 4,7), 1), then fis Gan aaey not a function because the different pairs (1, 1) and L—-~ (1, 2) have same first component ie. the element 1 of isa X has two different images. Main features of a function Let be a function from X to Y, then ( toevery x € X, there exists a unique element y ¢ Y such that y = f(x). (i) no element of X can have more than one images in Y. (ii) there may be elements of Y which are not associated with any element of X. (2) distinct elements of X may have same image in Y. (©) function fis determined when f(x) is known for all x € X. ie ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons, @ R=(2, 2), 3,0, 4,2) @) R=(2,3), d 9), (2,7), (-4, 6)}. Gil) R=((L, 2), 2,3),8,4), 4, 5), 65,6), (6,9). e Solution. (i) Domain of R = (2,3, 4). We note that each element of the domain of R has image, therefore, the relation R is a function, 3 1 (ii) Domain of R = (2, ~4), We note that the element 2 of the domain of R has two, images 3 and 7, therefore, the plation Ris nota function. 298 m Applied Mathematics-X1 (yr ji Domain of R=(1,2,3, 4,5, 6}. We note that each element of the domain of R has a unique ca) Piveeterefore, the relation R isa function. pie fA Uh 2, 3) and f, g hand s are relations corresponuting to the subsets of Ax A indicated waist he, oki off 8, hand s are functions? In case ofa function, find its domain and range. @fzt2D.G.9) i) $= 14, 2),(1,3),2,3),3,D) Gap b= (C3), D-B.2) (io) 5=10,2,@.2, 0) rion. (?)fisnota function because the element 1 of A does not appear as the first component of Cae dered pairs of f, so 1 has no image in A. isnot function because the different pairs (1,2) and (1,3) of g have same first component a the element 1 of A has two different images in A. {i hisa function because exch clement of A has a unique image in A Domain of h = (1, 2,3) =A and range of h = (3, 1,2) =A. isa function because each element of A has a unique image in A. Domain of s= {1, 2,3} = Aand range of s = (2, 1) (ii) (io) ample 3. Consider the following diagrams carefully and state whether they represent functions. Give reasons for your answer. In case of a function, write its domain and range. ¥ x x \ \ ft a fi i fark 6 Fig. 96. « Solution. (i) The given diagram represents a function because each element of the set (a,b, c,d) has a unique image in the set (g, f, m). Its domain = (a, b,c, d) and range = (gf, m). (i) The given diagram does not represent a function because the element 3 of the set {2,3,4) has two different images 2 and 4 in the set {1, 2, 4,5,7). Example 4. A relation ‘fis defined by f: x -» x2 - 2, where x € {-1,-2,0, 2). (i) List the elements of f (ii) Is fa function? Solution, Relation fis defined by f: x > x22 ie. f(x) = x? - 2, where x € [-1,-2, 0, 2] @ fel) = (12-2 =1-2=-1, M-2)=(-22-2=4-2=2, f0)=02-2=0-2 -2=4-2=2 {Q)= (-1,~1), 2, 2), 0,~2), (2,2)) | fi We note that each element of the domain of f has a unique image, therefore, the relation f | isa function. am 5. Let f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (0, -1), (1. -3), -=-) be a function from Z to Z defined by Solu, ) = ax + b, for some integers a and b. Determine a and b. Mn Gene ar me Le ff Ad efsay= sali) = mtb=3 i) =atb Functions m 299 >Subtracting (i) from (i), we get a= Substituting a =2in (i), we get2+D= 1 = b=—1 Hence,a=2,b==1 Example 6. If A and B are finite sets such that (A) = p and 0(B) = 4, Hen find the rumbep f fare ‘from Ato B. | Solution. Any element of set A, say 3)(1 SiS p) can be connected with an element of set in, Similarly, any other element of set A can also be connected with an element of set § i Thus, every clement of set A can be connected with an element of set B in q ways, Therefore, the total number of functions from set A to set B =qxqxq...ptimes = q Remark , Ae Note that the number of functions from a finite set A to a finitie set B= (n(B))"(*), EXERCISE 9.1 1. Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. Ifit is a function, dete domain and range. @ (@,b), (6,0), © a), (de) (i) (2), B,D, A, 3), 4, (ii) (2,1), ©, -1), G1), 6,4), 1,0), B, 4), 2,0} (iv) (2, 1), 4,2), 6,3), (6,4), (10,3), (14, 7)) 2. IEX = 4, 1, 2,3) and Y = (a, b, c], which of the following relations is a function from x; Y? (@ (C4,4), (1,4), 2, 0) (4,8), 0,8), 2,0), 0) Gil) (C4, a), (1,4), (2, 6), 3, 0, 1, 3. () Afunction fis defined by f(x) = 22+ 1 where x € {-1, 0, 1, 3). List the elements off 2x1 where x € {-2, 0,3, 5), then find its range, Ve in 4. The adjacent arrow diagram represents a relation. List the pairs that satisfy the relation. Is this relation. a function? Also find the rule (relation) for the above correspondence. 5. Write the relation represented by the adjoining diagram, by listing the ordered pairs. State the domain, the codomain and the range of the relation. Is the relation a function? ) 6 Antacttaiandj={(s Zeal. |" i eal ( List the domain off. (i) List the range off.” to (ii) Is fa function? find a and. 300 m Applied Mathematics-XI ie Fp 5A
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