Tf cerstaint js one do one WL Can pi anyhow >» Ore + many > In Loon > Mory do ore > Sn Citpmen = Mory be many > Ga burereuer |Aggregate -funct™* @ average - avg ® Mininum = - min ® Maximum - max @ total - uum ® wunt ~ counh Avg of balance ia branch X with bal 1900 / actect cvgtbntonce) frome —a.cassnl Uline | . | Gowup bY! x geleck avg (b account yep b balonee >I1200. No of tuples x Select maui “C8 fom aceourt ; alone) , paanch. name fem y branch - name having Sum of balan’ + Seleck am Cbolane) fom aceut .N | Grdition Inner Jorr natural lef outer join on < petodicate wight ovten join wy CA Ar, An) Full outer join # Me raed Jo cpedfy tondibiem if natunal condaut B& Provicleal . Aoean innerjoin burxewe on Loan: Loanno = basvrew en « Loanno ; OD) Loon jerenjeie naberal suwuein b : x Both ose Sore , natur ak — * loan, Aloft ouden Join> buvevetw.n ruil add tuple * ee [reso foayude PO ral pul | ko Rost @)+ fon nahnral sught oulerjove busvewet wil add [Now MULL NULL Howes iss | jo Fost O a A LOAN nab! full oes jour Wau be giving al pln goom poey 3 rewile- x Nosed _swoqurusa: <> Sok membership un > not —> ek comparusen > Some > ath > tet 4 ompty > exists => Net exist S duplicate quples > unigue > pot unique scntone, who Ba bolt ton & anh cee: > Gdlnck distince ars-nam fuorn bus wet = tok 4% pshorsr ors-rome an Cgeleck cus_name pom Geen * hy joy too bank bvi nol accourt * ' > Selick dintince cus_name fom bus ower ushow = us Name not in (Select aus-name rom deposiby)Seleck custome” . Beth Loan & account & oan at branch Dee CUS. PLE woh from bus ieweA Joon Qoanno = Loan. Loan .no and and Select dastnct uhiere — bivrerauwe? - _bsranch -nanat =x! (bscanchname, qusname) in (BSeleck braeh-nar, cus_name tem depositor, account - whore dpositer -0ceno = account, acc_no) f© ER model fr car iniwiance company > Customers oun one el mere, CHO ~> Fach tot bs awocialed with © (any nog eC accident Entities | Atlabtes ? CGostomers , cays, accident L Narn sod : Flac > Regn? Dote Addn Brand fagarthre Daivinglicente Manvfackrn D(A Qe”, Keno ER modal with. ; = cet of patients & et pedrcal Aaa, ws Associate with each pahent & log varies post Patents : Doctor ( —s) Relational Mo del : Rdlation aka tyuble: Tuple /row domain TYP es & aktaibute- & SM PAT * Single valuo # Mali vale + ious , Honea onic | x (ervporte ee aceetdingly. | * dovwed Super kay '- ; Buporsee of abl keys ufuich uniualy cdortifer a ty Caondidaber Minima supetkey Coneiden attmbute, Ceus-id, Cus_rame , cus streot , us city, Bovanch name ass amount, foen.nw , ano, balan x Join operat” Js not cost afi carts ‘ a Tf we he a deren ho nO account, sv ane Lye 02 NULL, « Tf seme customer have fork account, valuwr may be repalid . se abtsibul?> Data anconsistenty and clala. secluncaney 4a also porsible Hener we go for & table g joi them. Relafionall Above “Is Poocdunal Language URebcolieral Mehra. L Neon - Proceckouall Sonquoge. Csi] La These ae Pro cod fo quou a dotabase Basic D Select = — Ex)- SGispame x? Corstomeri) @ Project TT — Tawrrame Coumomner) — (A.V, 1) © Cartonan Product x AXB @ Rename XK Janome © Unien U © Set diporonce - elock is similan to wow clause Powmjeck is Sim. +o stleck clowse X ConmodKs ured jp Specthy moe Han ome cllribct, (A, Vi 7) PLONNLERS, “eean Paadud och new will combure with all sule sows in ObRe rlakioy . - TF Mm tuples aw in swtahion 1,0 In 22latm 9 cankornan produck gres myn Ruplers . :A, abvibale > Brame, is Lange « we Can stname and wae ahob name 5 We can we vera, & fed max § value un thoug angrogele function card by comparing wise Q tabe with self * Find names Q all austere uo Raye Loan Sard account. wn Je bank. : Teus_name ea O ‘is uatprean (bertnewer) * Fa Foo infersectian we Can pred erp ~€-5), | weg manasa, fend Ge recount balance | a Cement) = ; balan, "decounks balance ¢ T account :b : dane Sek membership = in, not in >t COMMPAHUEM -> some ,alh > Test for empty suldlion -» exists wot exists > Test Soy duplicate sunique , not umaue . Quary ; 1 Find name of all branch ushose anels ore gireake, ‘Ron ste Gg that bvanch located in cies K atleaxt| _, gome/ ald Select branchname $rom branch uhow axatks > Some ( Seleck assets from branch usho borandacity= x") | * Find name of all branch who. arsed ox poate, Wan all bsxanch in city “x! Seleck baanch-name From kianch show asseks > out ( Selock assebr from branch whow bronch.city * <> NOT operation x lew than <= wd than 24,40 gretr than vty than e&% 4*\y * Find all custome sho Pow’ Ith ocr, b-bons. Select cus_name Pwr buscewen whee opt, (ecleds Cus name 4ypuorn dopeatets unt 13. dupont WAnam = buss. Anat) * # Fiad all at with atmed 4 avarurk Ob bron de 6 e oT Colt Tusname 4yoom daperiborfusrure. unique (selede Rwanema fm accéure dupe oR usher T-ansname=K Uno R.geceno = aweunk déc-oe and accel branchnomer sf): VIEWS : Thyseeh Sepa), Apt? LTt isa virtval suldiien . Ro + Coeade view Vv as CQuoY Intpsmeny Create view oth wsdtomes a4 (gelock Anandh-nare, WUe—name fom depeutaT, oxceurkh ufos T.acc-no = X aceon) uumN 5) (odeck franch nome , Wsname 47u7m busveusenr 7 Soon 2 ustwrs Y. Joonno = Z Leen -no) * Wao connok do wrkasn modi fi vation | up dati en nr vie becawh is wal affeck she actuat atabarr The chong in achat balbte La suplocted sn rus *- Complex quours ; aeuirtd relations : Cpteck branch Name, avg (balanc) 4am Csolect branch -name. avg Chalanca) fron accourt gpvoup by branch: name ) as, beianth- avg ( branch -naws, ang-ba lan C2 yfort awg-talone 3(Q06. thee branches wiv owg-balane 7 Igoe . “slalaa Extended Rektionral © Sa Inlersecl” (s ns) or (-(r-)) - @ Natural join [need not tell the Common attriodte} @ aivision ® Assignment / L—_9 entries One Th natural you, Tf & amatching Bowe , toy wilh give (2) (a) Coma tree 0 table 4Die nee! 7, Division TS, Extended operat’s q Kolafimatl Alsebrar + Lk Gonwralsicd Pawjechin > Ranjeet” with Senne / couthehe escprussion involved | x Agg ae fanchons “ Mees, Fr) (e) | & expression | Cunt: info (cors.name, Limit, Credit-balonc). \ Teas name, fimit-cudik balance (oodst info) \ \ So run, max, ovg , count, um . AID, F202) 1. fn (any CE) | re ” | : apes. | $ oe banana Find gum 4 balance q actouds grouped by fale branchnome Shen Caccount) 7 rae tbadar) ® outer Toin ~ Lye >< aright DTK oh DLModifivation = oN‘ wtembantr ¥ ue). : > Deletion -[y — F-€ | ~? Updation | * Deleta atl act nocotd in bnronch x. acceurt= account - Thyanch name. Sé (account) a Snseut sek samat OBI, Re} * Updak? YT = Fufo, r,, (7) Vi irtual Realations : Views : * Coote view Vos sornsn (Crea views YB Sy of a q + it baanch-naws , foan-no( Loan) branch _ Soan = broncrbean () F 1! L lol} | hoor b> ocbssl aed branch loan ty view, Henk if Wt inget into baanchtoan it will be Aipleckd fo loan Nelad” with Bert amount value ar ON ULL | branch nam > * Pavypide” Coccout? not col | Nat a % V=VU % “Downtoum, ‘A’, Sooo] ined’ Fale came u— Comvornen YER Model bo Relalenal Mpdol ) ) Oe) [>) >) (3) (fea b's Gy [EI /e ) ayy WEY YP Ue RAY | (// oA (Fast } ee [foe pany ko mvany dorewwer ( + Suppose Entity set E), 62. awe pavhipabry 0 FS RS te : Kon buvwur), Conbanns atts butes free On pou (4), porary (62). py Ay, %,-- 4 eae puoewer(cws-id, foartl, arab date) a TF mary to many, pothe fegethor due primary Mey Moy Side acto as prerary buy 4 RS uy IX RS xT} ontone- citer 4 Hem can be paimers Gy Ph hau og [deb | ‘ ‘s ey x Gonmert this ER dua grom fo table |Table 1 [Poimarny Keys are underlined | + Employee Cemp-id name) ; © Branch ( brrcindh name. tly oweh ) geb ( Gee Lowel) ; + worksen Comp-id» bovanch.nom, bite) es * Cowart ER diagram to rshation ey he) (31. Ai) § /¥//3/ [3 ys Aco iw [ woerk Gxt | WEs = SES PALAz As, Aol 1B Be Bnd U prioary fey (B,)< m Chegpeno is disourinaten p _ Pouiory bey (A) prinny ty) Y digctininater Rolabiore : © decounk ( actn0, faloner) * aque ate Cohequie-no ,chague.data amouret date 0! > Conant, the acc_no in cheque shoud) be subse 4} pnd D planet account lation . * Only “if ‘tt Is Stoong bs, we vonvert the RS infotable © Tf we have’ weak Aalal ship sc wae the Gon por mary, feeg Soy would hae abraady put h weak ES, Hone read not ovate new table for dont fying RS a» it-wil bya to nedundanag _[darren Acoma combination: ans Ee many to ont fom AP n (Ar, PK(BY) B(B)) : fj 5] /é (g/ [$) / loan. af other vith mong i Tf jokal , ormbine WE) ' pei ad to haut & MP (wa can combue rrarey eae incae gq Saemnang manga ts 1? gan 3 EE musk be present Pare Abe scheme To tah portipation sean sor mang 4 bo comb’ eee 2ai | Sto ed Priocooluos & Tougp [eons | , Hl Stor ed Procedive name \ oe } ( v6 | Seale Poviedeor deletegmploge. Wemped vd an delete from emyplayee shore emp.id = @)emp-icl Aolete « depenclort where empid= @eanptd Go a Exec delete empl yee @ empicl =| Proceduunas clees net seb any value * We cuake functions to who value - Credle Funckon no_ef-yeors (date, date) sehour uit Begin declare dated Dates Sdict cwvurt-date() into date 2, Reto yeor(date2) ~ yean( date!) : END | Sotect emp-td, narvie no. par ( Stake, stoout_dodte) : 03 ‘Years’ peom employer.aie Puggers ane called by DB when wore ovent A Courale Cor Replace] drigger buggen nome $ Bejere (After [ Sratead of } ¢ Insert Cor) [updatelor] { dolote J Co trom] om snble name C Referencing old as 0 New an] Cfor each mew | shan Condiio Declare pec Stmts Eke stmts Exceph on Exec hand ling bird, Ci eaute ey Yep brigg 2! bio. inserg on Person Jor each sv9w- insert nko porson (1 Thu") before Unsent : john Update Porson sek rere update on Peron for cach BUF Loy ingot inbo Pourmn|» Valu (oldname, : nerons) end . alte trigger don ger name Loratle /discble | © alter briggr biyge! duiabla, 7 poet update cr deb for each 2180 nWUe- applrcalior PV-OU ¢ 1200 , deb cant bxcran}4 we . dnep iggy) kegel . ’. ah |Normalisation Goals : bTo av S ae sae ey & Get qunny » easily Functional Dependency : Pafalls ' ‘ Swppex we trae alk tHe info un a sAngke dobls... lending 6 brandrnon 1 dAY, onebs, Cusname , loan no, ancunt,) = insetborn anomolies sdolbion angnalis > Te dats Lalol, which is re ong Joan ina branch, the kranch datails unll be datotsd - > Updakion aramslin~ To uedals. aaak oh tagfer naed to get update hormalizat Decomporrg tre ” +(R) LER BER « > Cy dap xt pent} usren didn € FOR) ig 41 CoQ = t.Cal implies £10 PI= tO) Corsrdon A>c ‘ t(a}=teLa) & trlayete Cer] got dependenay exists .- c Consider CoA, tyCe,)= de fess but ty Caz #15 a] : 4 ene Not Patty depandart - Koy ia on pe side [1H om which & nia) Formal Defn's ! ioe Or V \ nad Sek of funcl”“tdapendangy oy soisfy F ® ®R satisfte, F F hptds on R Sotisfied by att B xSP is trviad rp if pow : : . * Clesure atria. se TOU 23 Oh : . while charges to suault) do So. each Fp poy tn Fido begin ‘F BSmewlt Mon semlt -— moan Uy nek Cappend whee y forwtd)yeah Given Heb of soncl*? dept RA B.C) ® @ S$ A+B, BoC} Fte §A28, 825, Ach At: ABC if Aisen pe 4% any FDinduda 34 FD Be \P Ase, Arcs CHH » ch>T . BoH At: ABCH (aa)* Aqeck re 1g we Find abi claw f gore sek athe ig it indudas apr Ha alinbubt § rulation , Had X-7 B Te deck 3D, minpy oe SPE aw et p [Fp cow) for adh PER / aed ” s3cypt D5¥ Closure of FD= Ft P 4 Fo Find cuper hay Armstrong Axioms’ ORepexivity @ Augmentabon X>P Y Y K->PB @ Tranutiervity We K>p. Br, F-K>/K Rektoxs vity O union whe (2B, K2I, K>BY @® Decompextion a py, AsB , ax=>yY @ Pseudo transitivity ula AB, PB>h “I> for 2a FD £ in Pt opply suplaite Z augmentation on £ add nowt to Ft for each pur QD Fi 2f, wm Ft if Si gh2 Con be combined transitivity add FD be Ft unbd F* dows net change. \RUA BO e= {A> B, Boch D 6 emg. ©D 0 (6362) 9 AzA Bo>> o° 4 4-9 A2e re) heb RBG Ashe Aw ABS Arg © (avs 46° O Be & Bowe BoBC @ (és) @D co aec © GO’ BC @ agct: ABC; hose Less Towr decomposition Apu, Sad extra ungeunalin. 2 dow net Fre wed ONou ors), old GQuduts Commen attbute nd be FD on abt atta bile in any 14 thy owlation Ri / Ro , R(AiBc) : Fe [+8 Bsc} yb, y R. (Ar 4 R(B,2) + $ fexs dain cb vhi 8 ~ Bc Los t ae ne ee, Rese NR,= B we howe (Bo Bo k 2 @8c) F., Ry Ro Re. AB AC AfRo= A @- A hoods bo ABC beth_ FNDIND Canpipate fey CCK) L&D Fied abbibutes uth ane agi tPox in wighk/ dept (e Find abbnibules only in ought Fund abbibubes only in Lafk @ Combure ax® aaa find doswa 5 © F nono © ye +O pttribules both sides. fron © bap adding F 2 fied dowore sof cA mee found wh wal cine RC ABC DEF) AB F APE FAG F Ome @ €G O ABDE#. Gombriing © @G) ABCD. (aeco)t = ABcDFES pres candidate are AL abisibules hence ACO 'S A&CDE) ARcOF, RACDH, ABCD EF, ABCD EL, ABCOF® AGWEFG@ (A&cD) ARC>D DoA om not, @oth*- X Baht > X deft > BC (6c)t— Bc. Add 4 abibuta ech > ABCD Y cardidole (ecpy = AacD .~ candidate cadidcta keys aw ABC and BCD . [Sperry aac, eco, pac |: D open dav ay Proserwalion ir = f = Ri Ro jh, Fy >R, t Restriction BF 0 Ri £2(C,P B, (A,B) alc P') A>B c>D Ff, te Fo pt. Fy tmtt... Pao if Union of clooue Q oll Roe FR 2 Ft phan ik is Dep Powrerasalion Cornpule FY fpt-tach—schenaa Rin RA cs for each echorna Ri (n R olo beg Fic sustachen & F' bo Ry Ord F’= fon each vwtnch on Fi do d ' FP es erd- Compute fF 4 iS CF % F ” selwun tru ele gyotum falsex TO war Vioalahon in dependenyy wo nad to Join ,. Rotations R(AB.O £{A=8, 82} Ry (Ay B) Ro(B,o) F fase] Ffpocs R, NR, = B B-> B,c = Ro Hence it is lossless go decompesion. Ft. ABC. F,UF,= (A>8 84) (Rur)t = ABC For pt = ABC _ Hena F¢t= Gury — Dependency Preserve 4 R(AB.C) , £2 £478, B>c} R, (A, 1 (A.B) &R, (A.C) Fi Lave} Fo-8 4 FUR: 928} (Be B mot prewurd dn’ tho docompord solation . (FiuF:)t = AB — ft: Agc rte quayR(A8,c,0) ED's fABac,.c+p,D2A} Fpt< £AB=sc, CoD, DA, AB>D, CoA For Ry: ft (agto & at (8c)t-5 Bc-BCA et. (40 > BR, FL BCRA,AB>C, COA Roe Fo {C>D] ct+-(Dé pt = ‘DE P(FUE): {Bc>A, ABSC, Coa +p) DoA iz not proowed [TE ic present in stiginal FD but net in (FiUA)*wil Canonical Coven / paimionerd pve. Fog 3 aA—B Ae xk few “ED fap] ethane (F- fa p3 lu L@-A BB gromove ox brane B Aisext 7 B AEB fe (x6) U £K + B-A)} vem extraneous. If FD petds A © extraneous in B. @) ahs speuld be single altnbute. Gy Fedundant FOS in F NOFD & 7 P fw F- SABI Bb equivalort do f (i) po edundar altabute en YOu“ F — Sa 7B 0 § Yop} we equal 2 bTesting Decomposiien.’ @ Restriction of Fa to F @r) vee ouyat sek g. ro. F gwen BA iv pute of Ri - K| AWW nol ack eto wn ute g dale ea b @ Tiere! (ot! @ at” exist in FF x= (at— x) NRi wwe can dain wot BNF. R (A,®: Cn Dé) FE ASB, BOODS z, CA, ® Ry =(Aic.0, €) AC? D at(AQ= ACBD do = ABCD-AL - BD Bpnk.= BBN ACDE- BD Aac—>Da 8 £,(A8) R.(ace) 2 2 R qh ism BOwF 3 (ACD) BCNF food to decomp Rel Rat 1s not dependency prusoured BONE Decomposihon Agousion not = £R} doconep: dane: false Compute pt pshile (not dene) do i$ Row is a sche RK; nok in Bun F) begin bok XB non tnvial FD Aolds on a xR; rok in Ft ans > rusult = Coasult - Ri) V (Ri-B) (HB), ond Me dene Are ae R (aBCDE) R,= (AB) Ra. (ACDE) eT For Ro. os ut2 ABCDE ini ball «B= ACD Ri-p = ACE goult - Ry = BABCDE —pcoe=&