198

Computer Aschil echue

what odo
Computer Osgan isahon how to do
SA nst set Ardslechwe (ta

R1SC CISC
Corrplex Jratrction
Reduced Instouctr
et Architetne
set Copub

mulilrt nep ea ted addit

835 (MUN op Coda)
Atakes l a
IS
S2a, whwthor opeat is pe ba (noi ( Computea suprk)
opands

Addneinhs Mede is supperled (not

1f esuppoted evd o ALU.

RISC Instrdcks is dacoded eak to ezeaui

exect
ls single ycle
ph Can be im ple mente
LPipelining cna

Abit
Reg sten memeit elemut o s t r data
Regs
Cache plaad bfw pmos &Proqam Mam
mime gnstruut" qetched e m PM2 stotd in tachi.

eyd daka &Inst memey

L2 not split
L3 3
on
kevela k n
m hoppens fn level 1. got
T
T
 caa ch in Prgiom

mimou
Lerel the acc Tlm
Now e
(ceep tcuaseng

become lunee
kan
tetthR
PO mêmety
Ust hom Last lurel op adhe l»)

Cen
cpt 3 La failtd
(avnund) 3hould be mun
eakag
heakage tim

ferietm anc shd be f.[ooli systen if heate4

Ifn ca
any tult, u covay em houll
bo avalable

ih
otasks/ inat cempltkod
a
No
PeRimanc
Neiic Bme

Respena tima diff blw 9tat tima &end tume

Incudry lakency alol seach though
dut level
Execution hima + Lakenuy

Thoeug put No intrut

fipelinin sed b achiee panalolum

9t is wd to
nouasng ioough put
5 tock Tnat feth
Decode tRe Jnst.

Erete
late bak Meney Rces&S
 rd HaZands
avojdo pelasy
sBae shd
comuw

No opeaf" 4o aco Same dato

a t a hazatd LaJnst t
Contael hazasd
instrut
all the
RAG Banch qhdgad
f theu Is any baanch

ino0ase bul pegomara doyrad3

*Only Rreugh pul
nsin Pipelining
anethon
oansher data foom one plau to
Buso

16lsl3a
Dieen types e Computes
endal Puipese
* PCis Rapbops embedded sylem hmobile Phers
Sever werketatibm, Ma aome computers
based en fim ina ) banEn

Supen computeu Es7q8 phou0h3

Specigi cation supn Comput-

5 Classifcatien

Flynm's- S1sD,SIMD, MI6D, MIMDD

Basd bn Snstruuci on loved/ Data lovel parallim

based on momey g r
Shared memei Arch
Mesago pang AsThe
UnifoAm membt ArCa Ravev can dcCDK
1wL hase many p1OCOL). a poo coRes

a panhulan momey cale shartd meme

is doe, Ren il's dishibakeol net haoed.
I f sliciag Non ni fbrm mem a r

He th mamely u o cal b own pro cOs

So ACCestime inouass becau t ,

has ho xarch
 Sn MesAe parn
tn
ony olKen pADcO S
f he data is phenl
communicale. thzoug" m PeAtne
Ahen hey neod Io dalo
o Acceu Cach otfeye
pass
inlecomteki'on o netyoAE
(3 Bavd m bype connicleA to aothrs
OCe sso_ ele menti
ate

Bus
Sing le us

*MulHple bus kaks Dva

ons
Ranlty,othor
becormo Muulbipe
Mulbiple bais
bas
bus
it conkinuus. Hence we go fo
Similad whoe E teppa
tem tke plac
Cxeautim t a ts
The
beett ault

Ring
Tosus

To
res ban
HeCue

fully cenneced bthe

All phocoAg elomesis
Cernocked Jo al
phoArg llrmerls

Dhsadv
dikfiat to rucht/Aad
ond aut comos,its
Bul
(A/8paca

Adv
t
Centacal nocle has motobafi, t w oltoA he
R ne tvotk.
noda

Nxdatana i ouly fot ong

in fhe aa
e l La ce mulbple root J

Vesh
is Connicled to k uigkbews
All poo COY>uy elamenks

me t oaabes foau
If we wnap aleund

chalat eloments
(A) Base_on_nahe p o48u Advan ad uduses
mackine
RISC CISC
INTEL8086
AKM, IN Advancod micro
a»chitechua,
DsP k vechr davncos
gFaut wifh i6

Homagenoul,
Hetero gendius
>
hadl
each wil
m-poces% ets, .)
eithed enA
avhi(nsc. misc, DSP
a d of(DSr/wcdo deer

made
adhi Con be

clas enpute
Somme Spenal panalled

&DReunt Pipelunes
Inetucion pkpel une
Special cpuaben, o do a mulipuat"
Aoi hmehic Pirelina
e
dat Gimila s MlMD
Muliplu SISD is ano then clas

n secl iMD
 S pocerem Mulbi pleDala

and wane mulhmedia appu cab on

Systou
Flsla2
Flynn
TSD
hsduclien
eE SMU

SIMD
Snatnicluon
Sane ntr.
is pase
PEI Daa MU cll Preesin
elemenb but
CU PE2atzMU ouhtenentdab
iwsed

Pen kData MUn

Vecke Axray Architechue
Shft/otate Arrot" mulki madia Inaga
MISD PrD@ g FPA

Insbr
c EDakz

Mu
M

Data

Ln

No such
 IMD fa 2ealion/Shiktina)
eclor A rchitechuo
Jnovehm

PE
MU M MU

Arnay Ardhidecue

*MiMD Achitechuws ae not widely USed

Only for Robotic vision, hey are trying to use

sardhitecture T
MD natrPE Vata LMU,
Or PC's

CUatPEPa
M

Data

M
In
wn i m
EAch Cenavi unit wi Snst r
 Cavueticd. MIMD
slouchay

cun ec t MU Compla paallbh

Can bo othnued
co PE M
chilkecAu

Shared Memel -Unifvm mAmef oUtO

ODD D Memey hand

and i net Jecal to R
Tntertannet etuksnput pao@ng elcmunts. Phne
PE sheuld CommuruM
hah Snte netwetk
Dla happens based on Inter. N/w wed 2 is ePa Sami
for al PETime bo occoy daka is
Samee all
Ditibubed Memey Archi Nen wnem min acas

MU Thme to accos data

is not Same fer all.
2m dapends on oluwtancee

SrbeRcondim ehaak o t Pe's

em wiuch
data iso be
Marns4 divide. getchu
qua 2 ven fo
each Pe
 Snteced" netupl

Buus PE PE Singe b

tho netwet wll equire Eatr

Scaling
HLa delay l ocun if n is meu Han 8

PE
Mult pk bu

OCCs
is Rat A an ault
The ad van trge
3 busRon next bus ed
Di rad s had Cest wiL

Rung
4/8 16. Maaumum Sntenede
dutanca Dis n tn Q.6
Because e t Unicat
happa tReg Sheuest pik

teunad lutar
Mainuuu

Root Fat t r e

n seet woAk is distibkse

Sent to e t Run o utke Omeng 7eet nedes
 Hybaid
To t Rhra

Me Rouh ng poeca
s dupiclt
--
-
Fut pases infounatien a euzertal uE Ran
Kin

vea i c l . An d n to aach
9-lo - Il - 12 - 2 -

L oeaing t a u elemint s agai dih'ant. e s t

NasP aleund He m s to Caate bius

Aceos eduLB a
Compannd o mak fopo
Hyre cube;

nodes a Pesent

bo

(oo

bit changa in its neihbeu

On neycocde t
 LSB Changts honce 3-

Sends o ied 7/1

Oolo llo
Conyite aUnNent w th datanabon

Haydreeus

DSP( OsfF Dr

Rc R1SC
DSP

poiailel hchilechuna
Speual
EFDExMORNB
oaha Pa
FP additon Pipeline

a : 0o4S Xio

bO8142 x10

OFetch ae
Comp erpemant

Alig mantsSa

Ad
No m alh2
 Fefdh fele
exf mdnlissSa

Comeare edp\ Alig

man hssa

Ro

Snstrucb en pipalne »
Shgle pipeline
Snstr. + Data Mulh pla
MUITIP LE SMD MIMD
POnit
Daka flouw Achitedhue Lwe has onrd ove dak

Contaol Rtsw (sIMD, MMD.)

wR h a ortovf on instuehon

C axb
a ab -

Proces lem tau exeaut

One it it uuive Anput

wtee
14 also Mves he dlatinabon
noult , to ba Aeed
QlSRR otocOxsot Mermoy ndeaCornochon

(ompenmfs p1ocessON :

Memory Jnteac0.swiqral
nagkA MAR, MDR
91 Regisle
IR Cu
AL

MAR Mam add mja

MOR eyo dlea M
Compiler HLL
Assemblesa

A-Btc
Oexical Analysis
Synkax Analyss
m a n i e Aslkis- Daka-plow
i analystel

.out t int in binay potat

poom
MicTDinto
Nono int

Clock cyela U
9RLckanulat toue fom lt &-cyca
Futedic vep resekah m a nal
 avwao Named MtnD lo ca.fin

valua )-rlocal" vabus

ba Aiplacornet
LoAD M[B) Ro
LeAD
A DD R R,
STR R, M

D Daks me
no h dan
ngts 4 ingtouetiom - wod lony

1 bit H an rdna 61 bt al on inanc 8 byts

1wmnd

Addus Dot Contnel Buy

No w d unty b
LD Ro
LD, B R

PxccoM am eaeut
|ST E C

addn
Re insfrut" tunanl in endut"
Snnction lgides7 helds
taeaulid
lourte-hods Ka
adhs nutr ukich will be
Paogam
9P Stac Addies toy rtece wwlo uug
Poin sak Architedl
 Achitechue lan bk ohargel

, doa 4ob
penin gives pathue /f»omuro

Ovqenla1 Peal wifk Cornponend uv

TU anale l an nduer r e i t
Panal
shcd w input handle, alonnal n al denl! urth
S eant Charga
6 i t melrs

how it is uwcd
(lan chan

ang
PC helds auby n a l

ero MD IR than PC nom

tFis is SInstr Fetc

Plne ado A isMAK

Han hots o MRR-> Rofwait Back.
AftA

Exed
3 fetch decode
ARM I T DML>
Exucta WB
Felkh docole
4 Mim acoy hE
Exco Cu
Retch deCoo
S

MAR

Snstrud
n ALD> acumulato
agsa
Special Ppese Ccumulatu

3eult is
ARte exe at" baou NB,

o }tchad oALU
Wnile rut, luls bad|Wer

RAM mydur lo y
DAM cep i lot

Cotaoy, Mo J od iskGSp

AUn bolh, ke Usevjofuali7at

Divide proyom iol nf
poy, moo ga
BAing o y hose age9 wdh rosds lo s onu

Rogh)es a (achs «f AM hand d t used lo pn

FaslesA o slou> Roguln (1 spaedu nusmbin)

Cach. (SRAM fob Soms pd os moo

Assoaave Mappirg Cache rMis kAM d

Set Assoúahiva Mafriy

AMada dpubls dsta,

Mens faph Copadtor ù dihange) 3chasvged
0gpin
RAMsped, MHz.

PoasO
 Handdisk Roadu0uie pointen [»th side unde
Tnack Each dplo
div ino etot
i v 1lo blor
e4fa-iJ

ROM Reod om muMey

Bootstaop plegrom is ploxnt in RoM Res

Foova On self Tet PosT BIOS

Bauc 1/e O/p atem.

PROM »Pnoarammab RoM
1hme l a n psORNaM

BURN wite in CD.

v a e Conlent q CP
SNPRARGD Aght

EPRDM

l9e ygu cp, DVD

SSOsolidsiole clive
4MB

TaP Dave.
anbo
quenhial

a akaR data
(Handdlk Ram Cachs Regist2

DAAM
transistor
Capaclfor

Copata dischange..
T ranb iS* T oyen dves
&datadisdves
Gal capact chagtd
Caako rar dssed.
data s 90mains
 Bahe Ano, Cepacon
is patcka iitTIT
o hat i t takes lus im to stol data b@cau
w d pADvde Oma ISV hany t
SRAM
s
Dianuten i wd, no eNCApt topale
2R. SRAM- jodss

No charga ( paa chang d

LEaka uwunt aadu

DIM
DEAM is in gom
Dual Snline Memoy MBdul (OIMM Ri/p pir

Sna 32 bit machhs

4GB Ram abik. 3 a bits

moRe en a3*bits neg umul Notpo

S GBRam

>YG8, it
y Ram
Ne Cant acCos OddN 3 2 61t, f app 44B,
but
hena wRo t 6 4
el
In 6 bit bIMM DMM- t33 MH2
hant RiM)
B/w wR
R/MM SOOMPL
 1t/ nenfo, nl n ,M
SDIMM 3 bytes
SMM ( byles 3 i l /

Data Road
PDR: Juble
3DRSinglo Data Read

iing end Single datnead

f data send o on

ULLISU
dolb Lent on bok nsi faing nd
bec. dala can be
send in
incoases tRe peouocmana
P Ocirg QPR le cloct yete

sp4DDR) 2x spead DDR)

DPR 2'3 hae 2SopAn

&40 MH2

pDR 3

Notdh
accondirea
Motho ba ad deign
Hene con4 chare dd

ap
Cost Tehoontachuu) die
diet
:
(ot Die +o fetnj
te
+Cen Packogirg & nal
Remove th
(final est yield)n 2ond 1cs/compontnts dies uCh ane
not coplela
Podncad
 Co, die
oy Aionfunlp Die10

Dionwafen T1 TT
Diogo
Die oneo

DeVicld Wako Yield x 1 ,

(T+0eed /Uit g0Y Die gno onperi

aor 0:1-02,linch

ASsunmp a r Yield loo7.

find die yield hat ou

I SCm on a Sids & 10m m a ide 2.

asuming delee dity 90031/C , N13'5

Die yeld
4 o.031) xot9}135

-0 3

1t o.06975 15
695

Dieyald fe locr
/106q75)'
t O9slx) 3-
 Die yul N
Deel AonailyXhir awoa)
0 31
Dekeet donidy
For co 1: (15 (m)
Ca 2 (lc)

N- 13 S

Depndabiy
O Servia acomplishment

SeRvi a intenuptio
A Sint Movemt of stak 1 - itale
2 falwu

1 ios0?ncauon
(Se STSA)
Ceninuous SAccempli'sment
MTTF Meaua
Man hme to {aily

MTTF
Failuw n Time

MTTF + MTTR (8e1VIR Snteruptiom)

M TB F Ypotun
failure
Mean hns Ho folwa

Modula Availabilily
Aate. a auomplushnunt &
Alteation blw

tntenuphio0m
MTT
MTTF MTBF
MTTF MTTR
inm to nepawr)
Mean then thee
lure Component
in toanista /tow
fav}
orponert
hugh lod
h a n l t in

L A S C A l u f agpeemint)

Int BevicR is luss than

atua
Penalky f
 Sewice Accmpienl , i e p yo vido d (guonkntesl
t) n
ill any didaa

letuup es vn nnl povidiJareedng

Thletp

Disk Suys Subagslem

MTTF hn
l o Disk each nal el at 1,000, 000 r MTTF
A T A tontollo S00,000 h

pOuwe supp
pwen 2,o0, 000 hn
fan ,00, 000 hn

ATA Cabla 1,000, 00o h,

Compule MTTF

o O0o
+ lo00y00
L 5L 2L oYORo

SL

20 +2+L
1oL

PIT oL
00I+Aa 13
oo

4-3
JOg0,O00

MTTF 23
93
80
MTT -35R Io7 61
 For 1 disk if FIT
MTTF

Fov 1o dik TIT

MTTF

SPEEDIPUP
Running program in parallel
Progrom Contans Serial Srub [SD2 Pmalel
Gnatruction [PT
Some i0str Can be oun parallel (P] [rot al aSr]|

Spead Ratio = Time taken o eoceude pgm osing i proa3 o

Tinetaken to edecue Pam sing. n p00xor

uR n=
d,4, 8,16, a..

'a

Amdhal's kaw speedup Ussng n procOeh m

am
parti culas poog

AsSUMpt: enMdo onlg Hxed Sized_pxogam ot sedl&

If w kup inoeaseng -901.114e

the numben p 0COBOvs 7S

5o
tke spend up wont keep
.
toCreae Lnealy ala 0 panalle!, (o'/Coy
late
Tniha lg it is 1 inaay bnt
Becausk all
achieve Sa twnation.
weuld haue enecuting
JKa pavwlel instuct"
and onl ST wpuld hae ken kt
panalol
Atre

nOnlly
no Po1o e
Snts
th eruidal
The Speol up is akecled by
We skeukt ay o cowent
Snas n to parall)

pet
meu he pesd up
Henca
Henc losser tfe SI

t s , Pot (1-) paialo/_jz

Pauu

s
2
n preoXD

Pa
fCs) +(1-(E9
ftsB-f

Spenp up s(n) ts Timafors SL

Pt) +(- HtS) x.Time br lI

parallel

SOTal no pND CAHOL,

nft (1-f I+S(n-)

 Sys A is 2 times fazten hon sysB
Exeadi
eati on times is halk the Ex. Tim B.

Dhisadv ontag es o Amdatials

Not Ueful for vauabie Su pote

path bocomus the botto nack
-9qulontfia

fPrioblen hat
ConudUi on enhancement X un
we
Suppest
faste that Ougnal machie, but
to tmes

usable onl 40 O% he th me. Ovejal speadup

itIs
incoporafNy en han a ment
ain ed by
SuppoR fi faken =|

(New he 407 +60/2

Spa p 4 6
40. q coda enhancod to 3 ti moluler
OS?
Ovignd hne

o +607

Speu

Gx23
t
1Ox23
138
/230 1uS
81 98
148
enkaneed to . hneKoa
( 007 coda

Sp Uy

s8
430

298
-

298 149

1 f 10 omputat cdh be |A,

Ahat

Speed uP wwn 8poCOMOLI

o
 Cache Memory
mion instr per Second

MIPS=l0
CPU RAM HOnd CIPS=lo1
disk
Bloc

CPU& Cadhe runs in order o ne

RAM m
Si0gle aCLmulatore
4 types Organizabon.
Mode Opcoda epuand
Sngle Ocaumalatei

operaf datr
Memory Sta ogani alion
si2e-unknaun Modl:1 Sn drect odd vess
aennal Punpose [ Gnstr mode direct addsovwy
Regite tack oigonizauen
LDAD A Jlds A in acc

ADD Badd acc +8 &She

aCC.
STORE C Sskre A+BinC
Rugiskers eneral Purpose
Inshrvchen Reguten
Voda Opode| DetaRa 2
TempoYy. tgister
Stack ngste ADD A, 8,C

Psogam ugotem A-BC

Accumulator

dlata naguteu

Mme Stack Ragslen Stck

Con e Us
1, BAt , lunulid aa
Spood
 DUY mg Mappiag SAi AMCach
Domng stnt of pangam,cache y O
This ist fhone miss uill apre) o1 M
it is calli d av
Conpulse UA

CAC HC
RAM WW|ww , Seppe
s us/a .
16lhw us/
/ Cache sie 16h
Cache size

RAM Cach line 4W a jo

Is 128w-
is 128w-69
Jw
each Bck 4Woseh w otal4 Pines
7otalblock3.SRbahwww
Iyees o MaPping-
Dvect Mappin K7m> no i
Block o
stoted n
> k) Block in RAM wll he

(kn) th Aine n Cache

utich ew) LBlckno
32
2t

7bits USe bits to perbI|bhet

shiCh celums

Totaly 38 bock, &03)

CPUConwets
O00O1|o0 W
Cache addous RAM
elock NOAt

o oloo 00 WI
eloct Ne *
 advantng (onuut
Ko s
enel musesfvon Ro ua
Space to accomodalaa Hock, Suice tke dinect

map bla a spea bna, Ba

mope
P a a Cant b d

Covpulse progom
all nas
kh
Dwg
Dmug
tha skauäng
block is availabla in cach
aDue pes g no

apaa ms
meu Bra
kht Capacily
Block Me kecsms

C a c h e

nLA
corpaion bec
Lns no given
Aw o implemirt taa
adds
CPU gnenat t ml legua

Si lgied AdeF Toits]

bet Met+5bt block no
( 2t2t3-1
Forcach Tog 32
n u m b e

O00o1o0)
blod
L2

's
Phyrical addres > aboUUo RAM nm.
 Fuly assoialue

Tlsadyoan! tte
bl>k
bicauw

fo
Dne ncel o seandh evey n t Jeah hea
anupurk LT
be, placad
QR the b locks Can

Advantage
No Kts As inLasid,

get oLativitt Divect Mapt full asooali

S-(se O)
BB3
S1 (set 1

oO niBd
nAPd 2 O.
Seto Tt is mandalsy tnat
htoe
o, Ba held he
n

yed 2 O

3 med 2
-

| Seti.9etodBat t can
b
anywhoo tn u t

no s e
noCache lune
K-wa
K
Here tadhe Junes & &way set a uans

no suts
 Repo(eseNtaUOYn

nusnhyi

Coo o 0)
e 9t iplabon
Blotk

be p trumb n
m Compauson g w , we

drecyH

Ways to Wute in case amiss o r u (s

Neid Aoneugh LtoM/MoN

Updatee te vadlu n Cache murey and

Nam memety [1f

data is (rupled/ propaat'ad dolo
ue on pkeh dake dinecly from RAm

Wte back. [eAeeLY

RAM
Onky ha tacke mbrney geks pdaas. Te
pdaled aken blod is w i c Len Cocks

Evalua Yoakotmana CaChu

Acas Tim
AMAT Avenog Mornb
Mis pinulby
AMA T Hit hons + Mos Ralu

ad 3enel poeys
acO P o m * Cae
Hid hoe, Time to t o
PAM CaCR2 r k o pea
ta la atw fam
ToA
Mispenally
22 Level Cad
AMATL(htimt t2 + MR, * MP
3 loe Cach
tiHme 17 +(Hilh L3
ML3 MR))
MP,

1h uax Mis, h taten o aias o

e r o Iaterj
FAM an h bod Cod
 OPTIMIZATIloNS to oduce hit t h e
mus natoler

Conider aa d toay e l aso1ai *1

Coche Size 6KB black sr2E 566ztt
Size main s 188 KB ind no
memoS

0No bits in
tag
0) Tag director si2e

No &1 a10bytes
1 Cach abybts
No 2ets in
& uwaF
22

Sbi
ge no

Tag bits= 4

lo set> - 3 a

Ne 0Hset 8 bits
128 KS
Note: Total nob i t Cache a
Squuin ed to opAONt an oavidd bls
lock s = n e hobits A 2d n, be
prasent
29
ned o
2 ien-t
in the RAM S t asoci.u
each byle/word
an
tonl
Aepend
Thu's will No
20 RAM byt/wriks aa spsu
 Ci) Tag divctovg size
*
tag ze.
mo t a
No
ones in cace x nD q bs in tog
64 XH
AS6 bits

32byies -

towe
STATIC PoWER DYNAMIC POWE natuue
Based on the worir the
N nwd o kaep sPPyng
Coponnt, Powe ucualos
eNen if he devi c
powen Ldle
use) Copodbnload xV
erpoynt ib (not in namc 6nerg
bit pehon
whniren here is change in

Stahc stake 101J

Current volHaga Pous Cemume duw Dprat"

Suppesk nod to Chone 101111

we

04
USualy swtthing P0 usud 0 1
is

40-1
not ange
SNew LSB and MSB c u
mddle bt.
Chory nly the
Cack is nLaIAd
hma
pply LRulMRU auplaa.
Swtd-
bus
oploa
Cutenia is ued 18
a above lOrd x U
f apoch
Dynami e beuomus

heuenee Swif ched

Dynomic huen :
Ene dynamic
Copadive loodlXv
+frea Swntchud
 ow dunarwi niduud f rea is
1 f L adu a hswlt Ca
vel to both neduce Pdn dyo
Ways tonuduce feusen wt cache
mene
O To nedue tap acaty ms, we unrLAseS
but this tRe peuen
Cache
T o To rdure compuluoy mis wL nULaR Dacbale
S 7buut Hut bme will &statie peUON
aso naeasLS
> To noAuca Conlit mis, hegs highn osOLabvi
but we ned osppl Mste pou
>Muls-Jeed cocha - Redua mis penay
3LLevt Cache
Lelrelol&2 om chipf
oln is for surngle uel Cache

Powen is SV f mulh-lerd S - S n ngRe lewre

wulis
iv1 ng Pi Dn ty a d oen
Rolatod data hazand.
Witr aten write NAW)

nead akten wule (KPA W)

ulated t RAW
wnte aten rwad WAR
'soved sa wue bus
R)-F2t6)
I2

S
IF D E MA we
TF D EX MA WB
T2
wait back in Kg happens un sh CC,

but ¬x I Acauud Kat 3 CC

 o oveine Ahs pAoblem. we dwiectty tocwad
w n t f bufsey
s soe the dalaaßle eveny
sAage
nge and

neat inst AUec inslead uwalon

WB

au e d oly n Wile bock

N9u de biufierns

0se 768 rondale

)Poidina Addreys tranalakion:
Bu nan mem 17Erm
CPU Geherale logical add
Conbou
yramic Parhihon
ixed Paahhon
OS
CS

33
Hota

Can't hol KB
oC
T n t e n af +Exfernaf Extennel
ragnu t unilc!

Deye Molhpro.

Segmet don
a1
In Non-Conhgou

foomus
fraend,
RAM div. into
Prous div ine Pg
no's.
lonta fane Sore n MM,
lablu 2
fase tabL Ss we
CLala Pau Man mor
or all Pro

Segnert fable nead main tain

once we
dR6 Sí Le,
Smens
e en
BA &3i 4
BA d sgmet sie
 Inteuupt from dinc
Handsane fee nd ofp gef yp
Sw inteupt (Sog faull, trot)

CxRpisn O)
rap has 1
poioai
&SSnbuupt tonlaoUul fet hlw nterup

Multi-taxb

euead) kunnus beamna

MM i p w o t
Suspan)

Kiady gtata RRha pnoni pa

Sbe
Se- danic
2
paocass tettk
fom
*UI Pam Mou
Sec d i u u e
Ne has prous brohttuern

CPUidle whr l(P olP.

on-pe@mph ve Multi-progioanu
Prtphi ve

Po table enti es a sored in TLB

main Mo
Ca

oddn PT

TLB

Hit TLBhut +
MiSS TLBi+ar
 AMAT h homa Ms nale x Ms plnal

t o Pftrmtzaibm technicquos to 1 peformanco

Henee h t time &n oeases

less Ait byme, we t Jns no dunl
* Tn eck
noct map teve
H hma
L s cemp@ruLon &l s eochuiy
SimaU& sim,Cacho3
T6y keep aROU AA Vihy as (ew a s peyIbla
Hig hen Jort appbcation nend hghen ouoidch vi

hsay Preditkor
way
aowance and
suleds tku bbck
in
t
8ased om hutor,
It
Prog- Conlen plaAs
bok p MM 4 g comparunen Starla
LF ohet ugd, if net n t
o Sucos

set aodiative.
Taxs TCorpanus or
Woa a Orl for d,4,8 way

blo Iduni hlahonm Bck 3uplacauint

Pipolintd Cadhr

CampHt/ms MOnb
MOy
Pace bledk| Tas HM MEM
TC

fet Pipekine cache

1 7 4 Clk ycles bosting
8 LoR Twba Spetet
i x-seni
Hyp0)-thrladug J2
Rouad pan cela
eni 6 e
Nomal

chip 1-Sam
PppleLaluel smly
Sne snaptrasgsm
Non Bloking Cach
Insoveloths, polu cochs
datg
aut ingpile dMAA cach.
Lnaucthon ane
Canuo
CIecuta
0ul o odIL
nDn b (ncf ng eyec. in 32qune
not
ngty orden is
Singlolmolhple

Ms Oen hi

Mui banked Cache B3

Cae is div. in banls (o dd (euen banks

i 4 bant in bankp
acces wR div ca Cha
hor eay

Ealy Rostan
6) Caib ca wand krut
Missdata f MM>cach

Earw
naguotoA
T
Suppex bloclc was MM
uhun plaed Cade
oOrd Sent
does not wait for
Cae i-e
en tive ebloce o Cone in do M M

Ctarly Rtart
(CF Mlmey
i t & brouph to
blok s a
fRen 0mang
rought
h nom. hnten +ee
hloks aa nvtangis,
 Mevging hbite Bukon

Neute Hlocatien

INout D2 allocahn

emperal lo cai

Nidel ued - writa allocalien, write thneugh

nbule buRer

Compilen Opbmizatien
Leep in te
 Cache Cohonony PsuetD col
MullapPCD
ooPAng Based Sha0d mem
Mulkprpe09AN
mom
buted
DUiectey 6asedDIain
MM
SNOOPING BASED Ca C
PAvc A Read X
Paac Paoc B Read X

ADCA wute x . X:5

x =
Proc8 ReadX

Po
Co

Sha ad
Mee

P a o a s e A updatu BeX5,
Now Procose B has X- l io s cache ad
herna ads X=and net X 5

To ovenEML his inwsisten w usedCache

Cekinen P0bo cot
For LOAD: fePa ak for Read X [Both ae mus

Th shaud memay dhitecbun

a tho bas
hen a 0guRL s placed, E sneep ne
Check all
R PTC t s caa 0ontainsu e vauable
A

N E abus =S euwnen U erneena LR

(Shaaad) Main mervdy
taubus bS.
9 Updat
 D Po Auet l e (Hit
Now foouocm ule, wo naod o chock ho stotu
f i t is S i moonst u had wth 6tha
Poces nd 3nds g1ade noquast

uPgnade 90quot i 8 Sont by Po

chages staubs to vaidoo, Po chonge) a

stata do mediud
Now modified tatuu
Sndialu a t it bR
Cune o Be Nauabls.

Nou Reod XLMiss

Snoo p bvn busFnd e xtatus aaseead
modifed and updates e 2 tRings

O arges stabus in Po fuom medfed hand

bock in to MOun MMO
Naile
Makus b haaud
Nou P updales e

New Pe requut WuteX LHit

Statu in PoP RLen
Puts agust on Bu, hanes
o in valudaTe
haud
Updates a Valu n P&chane 9tabs from InvModife

wwle X CMi
LMu
Now P2 0qut
atu Modifed > 9 Tnvaldata
Pa
Opdats Stabas o maoihed
P MM
Updat" is
+IS wite akto uue
noe
doe not Aapfen

PaRoad
PSats T> Shareel,
P 3 M - > T n v a l i d a t e
 Maun

haned mirnps
Wile aley tRdo. nol updaled
in

Roao a4ter twilo MM iupdalod

Madid Jhaned

M S Muill bo updakes
Shay ed Memor
MM Only loal cade i updal19

moufhed Medyud

PemaPl3.

Po
CoC C2C M iss, S S h a v w d

Rd X X
Miss,St: Shaud
P
Invalid, St Modf
Mua, St Po$:
P WX
Hit St: Modugied
PW A Updatd
Mis: StP2:S,
Sih D,
in Shand M

St loS, St P:TN, Updata S

tn

Hie:
Po Rd x
Muss+StMod, St: Po:hv I
Pa

Rea,nbus Ofo vepomds

State
C2 C3 C
Hrt/iss
Raad x SM S
PRUX Mis

PRdx Mi PoadX SM
WX Inv Mod
2whX
esporo Tnv Inv Med
PsWX M WT
S
MU ed
fyRdx Updoa p
SM
 Disnectan baed Cadha Cchaace_PhotooP

Pa
P
Po
C C C
:
X.S

lo
Dir Dir
XPoSPaSs

qGB Tnier cormuNt N/w.

Po1nt to point

Pon shand/not
DAnedoy Cenkcuns gsba unlo
ofhon prvenes
loca info all

peont to paunt
Pouo cesei becauk k
u
itermediada

LPaswnt Pruocesge X
X Joadad in to P in P
Pooded n toPo (X: PoS Shard. update
RopdX
ByP2 Raad X

onkain s loca inketm akion

fo and P2

P: Wnite X
P23nd u q o
o wri te.
has t h Vasuabla
has injo at P and P
Now P to
t ends Jvalidata a2 &.
Ad. Hene
emenE (ack) sym
foLD serd acknowledg
 Sadata pepi*
Du to Tmore ak 2a, Inv mugpA het ruarh Pa P

ate Hence uiv 0k a m

P wats uwhy

P&P
One ak IS e caAved, plsms uaite prak Tn

Stobs 9 X Pz MadifAiedin P

Rdx b P
o
Sina Invalid atd. nd 70,
P P to gat x
PShaua n Pa PS) n f
Modahed ardHonro e back happar s

maun MNGH

Pgebam

H/Miss Mesaa Dirstn2 C2 C3 Cy

P,Rdx M Raad MasRaX SPaX Share
P2Rdx Mis Serd raq bbuss
Pa:S SS
WrX Ht Wnite Ht lrxM, XËKM
M,P
PaWrXMis

Py Rd K

NLAaye Dir State C2

RRad Mis XsPL
Ra XM dindin Op
R24, cn bsdin xSP,P S
Rd XM Receiveatk
WiX aM dhve Tnv o
wne penm
o P2 XM:P M
PaWrX M Send Tnv t Pa.Reuive adxM.Pa PM
wnle penm
ko Pa
ve
0pords
Raa, bo Bu. f2 X:S:PaPa S
Pa Rdx pdatz P meme
Sahs btomeShdd

P Rd X P
XS: P S
Ls Dnec Brotocab. 0 pra 3calable tRon nobpI
poocots b they 3rd p u t ogut mg k Tnv
mOage, Ao those. nodos hat haue piu a bockk

usRile spapp Snboplng P2p but bop odoy al! 929ut

invalidoles o al odo

& ourna hot a l Cach

Corndon 8 pmoto»o yttm
hane imvalid block

Eo each 229uances bel, Adintt wch nodes O v e

each 1quast invalidatR

Po,O wute (oo8o

wute 102 8 8
,D

Py O wi te 1 90
la8 18
PO uwnjte (urhh poa92 hanes
Fo7udaridina
R value
MES IE `walidab

Shnd
nD rod Pu
excluive |R/w Cune &value,
on bu
9reep u g
Mod tud M8L Proc@s

Stote dogama RR ad
hut
same

ruad mis denent

wn V O WRd ug8 , Sam po Cb oY

Rad u S ) uad hiE dif pratsor

AAd Mss
LHItemiss,digb proor
in dfewt
poCo
yoI
0Tite miy.same_ p KN
M

wule'nmSS
pons
nu ys e
Wut hut
Procay M
Vel,D = | Sa p ah

: Valua Is ort/not
Valid b t (V)
uplake
bit D)Value
Doty
Un
 AMD MO E S I

OwYod IlORTCUT fOR

PRE,TN,POST ODRCR
Chamsnm
LRor P

(o
34
Insde a0 30 31 oo 33

Pas 4 30 20
3 3S 3s 7 P
T 20 30 3Ao
33 3S39
Ps 20 3 30 33 33AD
Y
 Veccor Exeut"Time
Depends o

loryPh veckor u t (VL)

ha2an
eue deta
Time (aken t
ShructUra) hazad

1 vectet Int to complile Exeut" :

Time taben fot
Vector lenpth (vL) +Ini iabien
Rate
vecor un it
Rate at uhih

Censum nw opeaNds & phoduUCod

a ult.

Convo vect
i t cdeut
Squone Jnst evecu fed povvIded
haue data ( Strudural hazasnd (DH/SH

Tf H/DH PA0sent, execute in diff cOnVoy.

Conwe
DaMAY Chune
Execurt i
Tume toko e exeuue 1 cenvoy

LV Rx loads vect data elanm in gusta )

MOL VSD , VFo ( Mut vect 2 scalai)

LV V3 Ry
ADD VVD V4,V2.V3 Add" g a veco)
SV Vt Py

90pad nstr Stoucblial haznd keap in 2 di Cenuoy

Covoy 1 2 3 Chumg

Cenwy2 3,4
Conwe S
 FoAuaid data o nu xt tundlonal unut c u d id RAW
hozand

.Hene we call a chainng

Data Rurm thi

AFHeEey sage o have buten.
bufa ia 3Rnt fewaudod lo mevt na) unt

Data Dependies2 Sendouios

O Jutaud" i poducs a n0Mult hat may wed by
1 ' is daka dapndent o
eCkt)
pOP LD F) OR)
Comalotes
FP instr ADD DFFo, P F2
Fo Can be used b odd nl
ake load Cenplit
SDF4,o(R,)
Fy tan be 3toved O(P,)0
in

DADDUI RI,,t-8 aea addit

is connpluksd)
in tegg
BNE R Rz LooP Ri Can used b compae
0ry aye R-8 conpleba)

Hazand3
Ondu
Dppeh bourd on 1 2 tanpembly be eaplotted

To evecoma
Main toin dapendene but ONoid hazand

Eliminale dependona by Code ( Schaduling tte coda)

t Leep centrollng

Data fleuo
Jocaien
Data felckad kabm 90gikes |
Mem
B
whe
w 09Ra, we Can eaiy find
is H d a fleuung
 Data flow blus n09der Dan lp denht

But data flo a, memoy

Dotation d ICult Monha,

becew b0ed on adpun npdo wo nod

d a k fLen e aogwed Jo Ca

Name Depend enCOs

0gka
TuwD inatrucbon iies b wwle jnko Sams

R merneu loaton
Anbdepen d a n lards k wAR)

wol tes a 9 Imem hat i mads WAR)

Output dependanu (wAW)
2 wai les

Cenkot Dependor
S is depondend on P,
SI 3
ene cannet bung S by. P

S
it can4
If any Centrel dapendent stament is psent
be beuyht begeL Lentef stalement
GerContkrd ndependant atemb houd B net
be broyh ihko Leop

5 Aages pipelure

(IF IDEx ME M WB
A N IN 1 I LINC

N&7e le ['Ped fo dalo son ase)

(muk F Addr. dBoran

rCaw n hopam (DUnlt

Cletate CA 0ADESUR) BAt OPk) ( )

Feoun ailamehe oPealion| a Kog ot Ko Trediah. gard

Mena
Weile Brck:
4 stoage wun'E happen
ALU

HAZAROS
ARMAdvancad RISC Machu

CISC-Tn tel,
fipeline
C
C
C2 C3
C
For non *pipeline
F 1D Ex MEM WB
1F DEx MEN wB 95-
IFID EX MEMWB aSClock C cles A
S nStructa
1 1D Ex MEM|wB
1F IDEx MEM WB fov pipelna
5+5-1: 9 CC

pendi x-C

add , xz, RAW Hazard

sub Xy.(x), *s
XS
 NAW
add () Xq , X2

Sub
NAR
add . KqX
Mlhods o fvoid Hazonds

No-operaluen
Forw durg
CPU

DDO Gageid

GC M

JnepabJ Disonta2
nthin GPu) Grophics cand

bjr
pei Pu.: Pallel Proaxo
>Snnall

PCICupheol r
npontrt mkucerveet) So mony
coe

enables ionect b{w GPu wit LC

Aeolulon,
NU IDIA 80 Cou> 69 TC Chps

dota Povci dlue (Pc9

SIMO
SIMT St@an Muli proceOL
heads
 CPO GPU
fee CO9LO
Moo D

Bells for SCial ed bpes af" & 1 9o0n Corob

p oh 2es
la ttncy Aedut n

Maximin23 thamu put

lira
GPUendos ins fipe
heubls puu)
Floahrs Pt ( SingRe
Repcetghn
Snbg Vecbn a
B
CP,Cars B,7 Skz, b2,5

24

32
 RA Aprdra
riAR orb dapordani

WAW 0p dpndin
A
Dernain& Eong, ot ha zands

PAW
Demar ROn
oRR3 R
RsR +Ry RS

to e
Rn I,(D+ on RAw

WAR
RiP2t Rg DoMau Ran
R2 Rs
RRytBs y RS
rwa bocU
T() n(R)+ ¢

WAW Dmai Rarse

P R2 +K3

K Ky t Ks

fo ocay
T(aR)+n T (R)t for Was
 R

78

F
 Banch Hazasuds
C u o n l Jnuttr

CBanch Jnsloucdiorn
seauNa/ LHdes.
instr in
mnl1al JnsM CN
inMu
TL Bonach Tanqp Into
hazand
Uope Sotuluon to ayoid Bruonch
BT TF ID ExE MEM nB

EXE MEM hN B
Bsucce TF TF ID

We wul only
PAadi d Rat no banh s e to
)
er TF 1O EKE MEM NB
EXE MEM NB
T ID

E KE MEM WB
TF ID
stall
intro duee
1f pediction is t o n ,

BT I F ID EXE MEM B
S l Shrll stall
TF

IF ID EXE MeM wB
142 8T I -

Predd buanch s alwas kaken .

BI TF ID EXE MEM WB

ExE MEM WB
BTI

BTI2 F
is in tod ducul
is wndn, a l l
Tf Peduchen MEM WB
IF IP EXKe
Stall gtall
BTI
12t
 DA DD R., P, R3 DSUB P, Pg,Re DADD R. Ph2R

f R, o khon DAPDR, P, P iR-O Hen

i R o on
Dstot
DSIot DR R R
DSUB Ry Rs R
f bhore)
We bring BTI o
Delay slot 14en W bnng nest instr toDeloy
D slol Delay slo Sim branch taken slot Heno Sim b branch nof a n

Avoid Stall, nsteod Delay zlot

ins fruden
4 indeperdand
Jn D Slot, we pict

execule nstruben biou h NI Se

Jn Dela Aot we

Out o Ordu exeailien (o0o)

(O0o)

Cax
f Rz 0 Ren
Cf
n dependand
R2&if endit
cne

DclayslotDADD RER

instr inshr
to f
Ca 2 wih m meduatë befoe
WR
haw RAW dopen dlney psUB)fo dalay e t
MsE bie
1nst pSUB) foa delay
we chese st
Hen a
no dependera

f R O en
DSUB Ry Rs k
slt
otke inst
ndependont
q
Caso 3 OR opena hion is
delay let
b r i l bto

pelay slotPOR Rq,Rs

 Beloo
ro s t dhech ho1o is poblo

mol heck om fonqol

Al 3 Cases hae 0ul onden erorulnon

Dunamic PonedicAom
Bael on hisloy obioreh
State. P9uedicten
AssUme boanch alwas taken ot
banh is alusa NT

&tate duyne
n e t taken

taken
Tauken

net tadzen

Poey gate & n e t s t i h

TTNTT
V X X V Aam C et pWdI on

MUs O| e O Ms pedn iun

PreaiChon Palckion

To Oveom Ms predihi orn We se bit Pudicte

S t v n g aben

NT
TC TL io)
T
NT TTNT1
NT
VV x V V
oo)
T weaBl NT
Sons
 wcac

Nr

NT NT NT Sona
t a r i n

NT

Trnstsucei en Fetchin

Jnstr
PCis fetchad&
pocdn
Mem PC Addr ot rejse
Mem

Tn oemant PC
NPC PC +4
next

Deced
Snst nch om temp g e )
pla od
i0
A:B ane
RMP Aisk (Sona e .
oddn:s immedha
ngn eyknd)
Liadun To Calc efethuR
g isken
B Ra
Jmmeduaa Sgn-Extended

Execuh em
R-R
R-1
A ture B
R-R) ALU O/P
A func T
CR- ALU O/P
A LU 0P NPC + nnm addr)
Brandh)
+Cend i4

LMD
Mlon ALU olp
LOod
OlPJ- B
STORE Mem CALU

Nite Back
Keg ALU OPP

LMD
 Exception
Snteouupt
DMA COntreller feupt)
wst ((intrupt)
in

uqusst
& o/e
tkee i Ve
wheneye to DMA
slealod &ien
CPU cycle
rajt& inihe
it
owmo
beornes
DMA

CPU
1/0 eguost HLD
7Ack
PMA Mr

O1/o reguat
Aai thme thc peaat" oven plew
algnmont (in Cache /MM)
Tmproptn Mmey

H/w fautt
Powen failwR
Break point
Shstru ct" Exeu"
T1 aing a

access OS sewia user os)preyy

Usen tries to are ar

olaion
Meryey protecn Vi

5 Categeos
Stnhyuonouu & Aby ehnoneus
9nhronous
9ynd Acces dot Rat is nof available ( )
LRelatol o stnw
Easy o hande > Pooaxamme

(fault devi e)
Anchonous
H/ws
2elatad b
Up paodickable & diff mana
Gedundan t op o ecoe |aul ecavel n
 Usen Reg u&xt VS Coencad

Use aquOxE
Predictab excephen
enBaeot pe /ra ún lnsB éxeut
L

Con cad
Depe nds On h/w& Unpredictable

Pow n failw

seon Mask s Un mask

Usen Mask
not FheWm
U n Can Cnel TKA exaphon /duabe it, hence

o otke devi ces

Unmask
Con hrot ldisable
Usen an't uRn

cait be en trella!/ disabld y

LH/w ala ted exCpt'"

Instruchen
Withio VS Betw een

gtulNs ( hows many C bst

With have in hoduce
b manage,
Difficu H
hin 3.0a
Proaam w

Snstr mechanuam)
adwanea [ kOve
Aandl kneuOn,
An

i n t r (out 3
o»da)
B
e xeuftd
Eas o oth
Jn>tead hald,
Delay s e t ,

Vs teinalad

Resuad
Rosurned be s u m ed
.

Can
N o t all
Cv
Instr is u n e d a

Teminated.

S n t teni aqkes,
 YCepl" 10 S Slaa Pipels io

F Page faul4 o1 Moro malignvd

Mem P, Loteclinn Vio lation

ID Uodehined oillenl OP ade

Ex
Ex Ai tAmote Excopluon
Page faul

MCM PE data pekz

WB Non

MiPS Ex. dividad in 4 di-ff f a unt

I n lege exeuuh on unt
Tnt
FPM
16TDK FP Adu

Inihab on Inteval
Functional Unit Labenay
1
IN ALU

FP MUL 6 Ca-
FP ADD 3 (4-
FD DIV 24 (25- 5

DM

MIPS > to7 Mulh ydo Openati en

Immediately o e tee exeut0
value can be utd io next s t o immedialel

or v E P Mu) oR haR to uait fo 6 CC. HOn

7Stages a p0Ak

fP Mo)
 -oY tP Mu
Lakon d0 Pipe une de p - |

Laton 1-1 6

Dison oP, 24 eC 1 90g wnod

Thore o Pipoline

to cemPUl.

CC
be suppli ed 1 intea fov a
Can
Next Snst
oy all o ttu pipefina is pren
ex p t d i v i s i n
beC

foY FD div

next intfr.
C C e have
to waid give
SnteNVa) No 9
ni hatio

Comple " CC

F MUL D 11

fP ADD D

LD D
O
ST D
S
nULD 3
2DH IH2-3-3-5-03Me-wB

DD D

ID D F-

Hazamd3
Structuwial Hazarnd
CC is >1
in a Loo ao
le Wi
No Regis is mulh qda, Henitma
poraien .
inst
6veay wrfe
than
meu
one
CC having
laken may Conplete
wa» en
which ealwn
An inst given
WAW instr which
wa

an
ma lad lo wA W
execut
ecu
Honu out o d e r

00 enplut stalls aluo dlvs

be euuund [ino A
stalo w baxd on inatr
RAW
 i

T2

7D
CN

9
 .

T
 LD F6. 32
(Ra)
LD F2 H4(R3)

MULD FO, F2,F4

SUBD F8,F2, F6

DVD Flo, FO, F6

AD D F6 F8,F2
ROB
Entryl Bosynstr|State
Com
Dest Value
N LD Commt F6 MemC32+Reg (R2))
N LD N
MenC4 +Ra [R8])
F2
MUL WR Fo 2 x Rag CEAJ
SUB t2-+ 1
6TX8 WR F8
y DIV FlO
EX
ADD F6 tty+#2
Tomosolo

Eaocdeout f ordey execut2

Anti dapendonce. pemb
Tag field vse
Handw e ba3

RoB Re Order Buffen

Osed
Nom ber is

Res Stabw

ROBeny
Roß en
Bus

rBulta Ona wal abla

The calculaton happons and he
WAR WAW hazad
buL not p date n algiten ( To overoms

nder exttulion happans)

SSssue Snstruchim can
be suad pr Cc)
Statie fhan 2 nstr
-rd (Not moYe

VLIW Veny long s t r Waruc

DynamIc -out orolen

&ahe
First half cc » 1 inStr

at Mar int ss ued

Onlg 2
narrew

Dynanue F-ieba)
n single e ünsir uct on
Molhpe openath
PeiAl
Henca ony ne
o cpenat "h
Bundk b r e a k & execuke
PLeaw
n e exe uru
hazard, dagandeny,
If Ony
VLIW- trac

max
In uale
BuNDLE -4 instr

Tomozol o hdw depindoa

Chaplin 3

Jowmo (PERE Simulato

 omaBulo Pipeline Phases
. f f e l dhw Snst io a qRuo
JssuL
gel nxf instr from oueue Lend

Instr to k
R SRS fre, ISSue
value also isved f
availabla) to RS
openond &RS whuch
not p3t, idanhifien of
opengnd
u ued.
wil paodua that openand
Exeale s fpa
Al o pen anda availb 8 fundalun if
beau H
imot check Common data bus for

Wnite Result
(DB to a l waih 3takon 2 f
wHite YBvlt
matk RS free

ion Stathon 7 Aeld

Kesenva
valValz n dld1Bu RS
Op RSIRSa
12:5s/a 1
add Mul2 0 |la
Jack if
f valoe no Valavailgble S
Opnahon oaded then Val io
avaable which

op toa Podua hat Bax Stahon

ins}r if pvesent pea is kockd,
valve is Sfored

uwond becau in tead 5 waiting

N od wahing
Nane dependo ins tad wabb
ins teadwas
becot awaul abA
valu lo
tor sBen pwduang
epenat"
ko UMUt oepnat"
tsestatt

hat vaue
WAR 2WAW olinunaa.
 Hazad
fo Pevent RA
FOwarding tehniqua Hazand.
DADD ), R2 Ra Leads to RAW
aoi.
DSDB R4Rs e forwandng concept
Pipelune Regiatea ae
AND RgR).R
USe e
OR Rg,Rq
intat
XOR R). R
bee it is not load /Stote
ex/Men MuyNB Pas2
By
I7/ID D/6x

3Forward ng

Ex/mem
Mom/w8
Mem/we8
Can be dsona erm
fowoding P Trtr Ia
PPIntr L3
A b ALAD
fipe Pipeline Ragut
b ecau
becauR first fak CC>
agued or Iy
No gotwO9rding
next half ad
Selulon A f a RAW
u net a Cempletr
Fonwandung
hoaand seo exanple O)