Learning Resources

Types of Assessments (01/14/2024)

Prepared by: Jayl Cahayon

Assessment
• A tool to help you gather data about student learning and teacher effectiveness.
• A systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes,
aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning.
Purpose of Classroom Assessment
Assessment as Learning- Assessment AS learning is centered more toward actively involving students in
the process of learning. These assignments teach students crucial problem-solving and critical thinking
skills.
Assessment of Learning- This way is to evaluate students’ learning and whether they align with the grade
standards or the curriculum. These assessments are generally grade-based and include portfolios, exams,
final projects and standardized tests.
Assessment for Learning- Assessment for learning helps teachers map students’ learning by providing them
a clear snapshot of their students’ understanding and learning as they teach. These improve their teaching
tactics and classroom management strategies.
Assessment as a powerful tool to motivate leaners:

 Determines and prioritizes learning needs.

 Can encourage more independent study.
 Summative assessment can benchmark to an international standard.
 Successful outcome provides a sense of accomplishment.
 Can result in a gate opening for learners.

1. Diagnostic Assessment is a form pre-assessment that allows a teacher to determine students’

individual strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skill prior to instruction. It is used to diagnose
student difficulties and to guide lesson and the curriculum planning.
Set of written questions (multiple choice or short answer) to determine students’ current knowledge or
perspective on a specific topic is known as a diagnostic assessment. The questions are distributed at the start
of the unit, the course, or the discussion.
The objective is to gain a general idea of where the class is academically, emotionally, or ideologically
so that the teacher can decide how best to teach the new material and approach the course.
There are various advantages of different types of diagnostic assessment in education that help
achieve the purpose of diagnostic assessment, which is to improve quality. these are:

 They provide insights to educators to create customized instructions.

 They are usually informal and easy to use.
 They don’t require high-level training and don’t have standardized protocols to follow.
 Teachers can further refine or change their methods at any time.
 Such assessments show quick results once you’re used to them.
 Instructors can easily share their learnings with their peers.

The drawbacks of Diagnostic Assessment could be:

  They don’t take into consideration anything that needs to be done post the delivery of a lesson.
 The importance of diagnostic assessments also diminishes in large groups.
 A teacher may develop inaccurate assumptions about the student’s knowledge of a subject and
overlook that particular topic during the unit.
 Students new to this kit can become anxious.
 Generally, for this assessment to be administered correctly and executed reliably, special training
may be required plus, this whole process is quite time-consuming.

2. Formative Assessment- Higher education assessment and evaluation are not new ideas. Since the
beginning of time, teachers have assessed students' knowledge of a subject and tracked their
development through exams.
But over time, assessment practices in higher education have changed. Although traditional summative
exams are still widely used, educators are also placing more emphasis on evaluating students'
comprehension as they are learning. Formative assessment is the term for this kind of evaluation.
The goal of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can
be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. More specifically,
formative assessments: help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need work.
Teachers are able to identify misconceptions or gaps in students' understanding thanks to the data
gathered via formative evaluations. With this newfound understanding, they can adjust their pedagogical
approaches to improve student comprehension. Likewise, students can use formative assessment feedback to
reflect on their learning and progress, identify their weaknesses, and adjust their study habits or approaches.
Unlike summative assessments, which occur at the end of a term, formative assessments are ongoing.
Hence, they serve as a tool for improving learning rather than solely for grading purposes. A recent study on
72 Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners found formative assessment more effective on
academic motivation, test anxiety, and self-regulatory skills than summative assessments. It underlines the
importance of formative assessment in education.
Some formative assessment examples include:

 Asking students to write a concise summary of what they learned in class.

 Taking a short quiz after a lesson to provide immediate feedback to students.
 Conducting open-end discussions in the classroom related to a topic being taught.
 Asking students to give feedback on their peers’ essays, projects, or presentation.

Formative Assessments strategies

 Analysis of students’ work- Through collaborative process, formative examination of

student work enables mentors and beginning teachers to identify potential explanations for
students' performances, discuss possibilities for strengthening and changing instruction, and
discuss what different levels of student work look like.
 Strategic questioning- the skill of asking the questions that will make a difference.
 Think-pair-share method- is a cooperative learning activity that can work in varied size
classrooms and in any subject. Instructors pose a question, students first THINK to
themselves prior to being instructed to discuss their response with a person sitting near them
(PAIR).
 Admit/exit tickets- "Tickets to leave" are a formative assessment tool offering an effective
way to end a class. Teachers may use exit tickets to assess students' understanding of the
topics they are teaching in class.
  One minute papers- Students are given 60 seconds—either at the end of a section of work,
or at the end of a lecture period—to jot down on paper some anonymous responses to an
aspect of that day's class session.
Types of Formative Assessment
Formative assessment types don't have a set standard to adhere to. As a result, educators are free to
experiment with various methods and create a successful assessment plan. Formative e-assessments are an
option for instructors providing remote or online instruction. They have been shown to assist students in
higher education in tracking their development and enhancing their learning. For in-person classes,
educators can employ offline methods like oral or peer assessments.
In higher education, formative evaluation is frequently utilized in the following ways:
Short Quizzes- An excellent formative evaluation method is a quiz, particularly in online learning. It will
give instant feedback on how well the idea being taught has been understood by the students. Before
advancing students to the next level, instructors can prepare quick online tests for them to take during or
after a lesson. The exam can also be made more entertaining and game-like by adding leaderboards, badges,
and points and incentives.
Pre-Class Open-Ended Questions- Before beginning a new lesson, formative evaluations can be as easy as
having students recall what they learned in the prior one. The inquiries don't have to be extremely difficult.
You might just pose open-ended inquiries such as, "What about the issue most interested you? or "What did
you find most challenging about it?" Students will be able to gather their thoughts, and teachers will be able
to assess their capacity for memory.
End-of-class Poll- It's a good idea to conduct a final classroom poll if you've just finished a lengthy lecture
or conducted a thorough discussion on a subject. You can find out from your students how informative the
lesson was and if they understood the idea. The poll can be conducted in-person in the classroom using a
show of hands or online using emoji ratings. Teachers can maximize learning results by making appropriate
modifications with the use of survey insights.
Word Cloud- If you want a successful evaluation, think about using a word cloud. Request that students
respond in one word to your questions about the idea or subject you are teaching in class. Word clouds are
more enjoyable than lengthy response examinations and encourage students to consider their answers
thoroughly before submitting them. Instructors will receive dynamic visualizations of students' knowledge
levels based on their individual responses.
Concepts Maps- Students might also be evaluated by having them make maps or diagrams that visually
illustrate what they understand about a subject. It can be a useful tool for teaching pupils how to create links
and hierarchies between various concepts.
Peer Assessment- Students analyze and critique one other's work during peer assessments. It could take the
form of a written assignment, project, or presentation. Teachers should invite students to point out the
positive traits of their peers and offer ideas for development.

Class Discussions- Classroom discussion is a great way to increase student participation in the classroom.
Open-end discussions and debates allow students to express their thoughts and opinion regarding a topic and
foster an active learning environment. Through such debates, instructors can learn a great deal about their
students’ abilities and comprehension.
FAQS
Are formative assessments graded in higher education?

Formative assessments are typically not graded and do not contribute to a student’s final grade. They are
used to gather information on learning progress, guide teaching strategies, and provide targeted support for
better performance in summative assessments.

How can formative assessment be applied in mathematics education?

In mathematics education, formative assessments can involve observing problem-solving approaches,

administering brief quizzes, conducting group discussions, and analyzing responses that require students to
explain their reasoning and solutions.

What is the role of formative assessment in online education?

Formative assessment is crucial in online education to provide real-time information on student

understanding and engagement. It helps educators address confusion promptly and prevent learning gaps
from widening, promoting active learning and critical thinking.

Can formative assessment be used in both online and in-person education?

Yes, formative assessment can be adapted to both online and in-person education, with various techniques
such as online quizzes and classroom discussions.

3. Summative Assessment

Summative assessments are used to evaluate students' knowledge, growth in skills, and academic
achievement after the conclusion of a particular learning session, such as a project, unit, course, semester, or
academic year. Some well-known and often used examples of summative assessments include the
standardized tests administered by states and testing agencies; these tests are usually in the areas of
arithmetic, reading, writing, and science.

Whether the results end up on a report card or in the college admission process, they are frequently
documented as scores or grades that are subsequently taken into account in a student’s permanent academic
record.

Essentials Features of Summative Assessment

1. Practicality and Ethical- The procedures for summative evaluation are workable, adaptable, and
calculable. Because of their alignment, it is easy for the instructor to include them in a training
 program. Summative evaluation encourages distinct limits in instruction and learning. Before using
this technique, the educator must have the students' permission.

2. Reliability- Summative evaluation is a structured technique for knowledge-based assessments that

yields accurate and dependable outcomes. A clearly defined approach makes it simpler to assess a
student's aptitude in a subject. When applied appropriately, it also yields accurate and reliable results.

3. Variety- Under the summative assessment method, students are encouraged to demonstrate their
knowledge and abilities in a variety of ways. Remember that this approach is specific to the content
covered in the training or course, and it is employed for that specific purpose.

4. Validity- Never forget that summative assessments look at students' knowledge of a certain subject
in accordance with the training's or course's objectives and learning goals. For example, practical
exams and experiments are used in engineering courses to assess students' understanding of
fundamental concepts.

5. Quick Reports- Since evaluating students' progress is the primary goal of summative assessments, a
summary of the findings is always provided following the conclusion of the test. This facilitates the
instructors' comparison of the pupils' previous and current performance.

Examples and Types of Summative Assessment

1. Standardized Admission Test- These exams are administered by higher education institutions to
students to certify them for a particular course or program. The student is admitted to the desired
program based on their performance on the test and pre-established cut-off grades.
For example, TOEFL and IELTS are standardized English proficiency tests that determine a student’s
language skill levels. Usually, these types of assessments in higher education are conducted on a
large scale, and they utilize explicit scoring criteria for allotting grades.
2. End-of-Term Exams- One of the most popular forms of assessment and evaluation in higher
education is the end-of-term test. These tests follow a straightforward format: the instructor creates
pertinent questions, and students have a set amount of time to turn in their responses.
 In addition to offering quantifiable statistics that enable teachers to grade students and calculate their
success rate, they assist teachers in evaluating students' subject matter understanding. Additionally,
by using online test systems to administer the tests, teachers can avoid the significant workload
associated with paper assessments.
3. Oral Tests- The oral summative test is a great way to obtain students' reactions on the spur of the
moment, following a particular course or program. To evaluate students' progress, you can utilize
organized, semi-structured, or unstructured interview techniques. In order to assess their students'
comprehension of the material, many teachers give oral assessments on a variety of subjects in the
classroom. The interview technique you choose will determine the kinds of questions that are asked
in oral exams.
4. Formal Essays- Is there a more effective way to ascertain pupils' viewpoints and cognitive processes
than through formal essays? Students who are encouraged to write essays are better able to articulate
their thoughts and grasp of any subject. It's an excellent method of gauging their comprehension of a
certain idea. With formal essays, they can use descriptive prose to demonstrate their comprehension
of a subject, tell the story of their learning experiences, or argue for or against a topic.
5. Group Projects and Practical Assignments- Giving students assignments to do in small groups is a
great approach to assess their understanding. One way to assess students' problem-solving and
framework development after providing them with conflict resolution and collaboration training is
through group tasks. Teachers can directly evaluate students' talents and skills in real time by
assigning practical projects with clear instructions to students for certain disciplines. One of the main
benefits of summative evaluation is that it allows teachers to identify students' areas of strength and
provide them with helpful criticism.
FAQs
How does summative assessment benefit educators and students?
Summative assessment offers insights into learners’ progress, helps educators identify gaps in
understanding, and provides quantitative results.
What are the benefits of using online summative evaluation tools?
Online tools provide educators with better results and strategic learning decisions, making it convenient
to assess and analyze students’ progress.
Can instructors provide personalized feedback in summative assessments?
While personalized feedback is challenging due to the nature of summative assessments, the results still
offer insights into students’ strengths and weaknesses.
What distinguishes summative assessment from other types of assessment?
Summative assessment is typically conducted at the end of a learning period to evaluate overall
proficiency, whereas formative assessment is ongoing and focuses on guiding learning during the
process.
How do oral tests contribute to summative assessment?
Oral tests offer real-time responses, allowing teachers to assess students’ progress and understanding
after a course.
4. Norm-Referenced Assessment- One kind of evaluation that contrasts students' scores with one
another is called norm-referenced assessment. It is used to assess the abilities or knowledge of the
pupils in a class. This method can be used to compare a student's test scores to those of classmates
from comparable backgrounds.
 An assessment that uses a "bell curve" to rank pupils in order of performance to identify the top and
bottom performers is known as a norm-referenced assessment. This technique is used to determine how a
student's score stacks up against a pre-established group of people with comparable backgrounds. A student's
assessment results, for example, could be compared against those of students who completed the same
course in prior years.

Advantages

 It is very easy to use.

 It works well for the course with retention policies, and it limits only few students to advance to the
next level.
 It useful if the focus of the individual achievement of the student.
 It is appropriate to the large number of students.

Disadvantages

 The performance of the student is not determined by his achievement of the other students.
 It promotes competition among the students rather than cooperation.
 It cannot be used when the class size is smaller than 40.
 Not all students can pass the given subject or course.

Why are norm-referenced tests important?

In some cases, students appearance in the crowd matters just as much as their knowledge. Assume the
role of the third-grade teacher from the previous case. To obtain additional understanding, you employ a
nationally normed evaluation. Although your class is doing well by the standards of your own state, these
norms will show you how third graders nationwide are doing overall. You can determine how successfully
your students are competing at the national level by using normed statistics. You might also gain important
knowledge from this on how you are doing in comparison to your own peers.

5. Criterion-Referenced Assessment- Criterion-referenced tests compare a person’s knowledge or

skills against a predetermined standard, learning goal, performance level, or other criterion. With
criterion-referenced tests, each person’s performance is compared directly to the standard, without
considering how other students perform on the test. Criterion-referenced tests often use “cut scores”
to place students into categories such as “basic,” “proficient,” and “advanced.”
These results are usually “pass” or “fail” and are used in making decisions about job entry, certification,
or licensure. A national board medical exam is an example of a CRT. Either the examinee has the skills to
practice the profession, in which case he or she is licensed, or does not.
Criterion referenced assessment (CRA) is the process of evaluating (and grading) the learning of
students against a set of pre-specified qualities or criteria, without reference to the achievement of others
(Brown, 1998; Harvey, 2004). The pre-specified qualities or criteria are what students must do during
assessment in order to demonstrate that they have achieved the learning outcomes. How well they do this is
described at different levels - these are standards (or performance descriptors) often presented in a rubric.
Thus, CRA is assessment that has standards which are 'referenced' to criteria.

Advantage
 Students are not competing with each other and are thus more likely to actively help each other learn.
A student's grade is not influenced by the caliber of the class.
Disadvantage

 It is difficult to set reasonable criteria for the students without a fair amount of teaching experience.
Most experienced faculty set these criteria based on their knowledge of how students usually perform
(thus making it fairly similar to the norm referenced system).

What does CRA involve?

Rubrics
Types of Rubrics
1. Analytic Rubric
An analytic rubric is scored using a grid that outlines the criteria for a student assignment. Each
criterion should be in a separate row and each potential score in a separate column. The levels of student
performance are typically assigned a number and may also have descriptive tags such as Above Average,
Sufficient, Developing, or Needs Improvement. The cells in the center of the grid may be used to describe
the details of what the criteria would look like for each potential score. Unlike what happens with a holistic
rubric, analytic rubrics allow for the separate scoring assessment criteria. Common criteria include the
following:
Clarity: Is the thesis supported by relevant information and ideas?
Organization: Is the information presented in a logical order that helps the presentation flow?
Mechanics: Is the grammar and spelling correct or does it distract from the presentation?
Teachers may want to use the space in the middle of the graph to spell out details that support the
score. For example, a high score in mechanics would be supported if the student made no or few spelling
and grammatical errors.
Best time to use an Analytic Rubric
When you need to evaluate students' work in several areas and want to gauge their competency or
growth in each, it is the ideal time to apply an analytical rubric. For assignments requiring problem-solving
skills or projects with several components, analytical rubrics are helpful. A student presentation that is
assessed on content, language, organization, style, and other factors might serve as an example. If you want
to help pupils improve where they need to, you should utilize an analytical rubric to show them their relative
strengths and weaknesses.
2. Holistic Rubrics
A holistic rubric is made up of a single scale that considers all evaluation criteria (including clarity,
organization, and mechanics) at once. Using a holistic rubric, the rater evaluates each student's work overall
and offers a single score (often on a 1–4 or 1–6). An complete student project is rated by matching it to a
single scale description. Based on an evaluation of their work overall, students receive a point total.
Numerous factors could influence the score, but a comprehensive rubric does not provide a score to each of
these items separately.
In general, holistic rubrics are effective when a teacher wishes to grade a student’s general growth and
performance and doesn’t need the specificity that would come with a different type of rubric. The usual
scoring system for holistic rubrics is a scale from 1-4 or 1-6. Although they offer benefits, holistic rubrics
aren't the best option for every task or circumstance. Performance descriptions are written in paragraphs and
usually in full sentences.
Best time to use a Holistic Rubric
When constructing an assignment for which there isn't a single, right answer or reaction, that's the
ideal moment to employ a holistic rubric. Your objective is to have pupils solve an issue and then
persuasively explain what they have learned and thought about.
To put it another way, holistic rubrics are most helpful when grading student work according to its
overall quality or their general comprehension of the material. Assessing a student's development and overall
performance is more significant than giving evaluation based on specific criteria.
6. Ipsative Assessment - A specific type of survey or evaluation known as an ipsative assessment
requires the participant to select one option from a list of alternatives that are deemed to be socially
desirable. Unlike other standard evaluations, the ipsative assessment lacks a scale to gauge responses
to the questions. Ipsative evaluation differs from other forms of assessment in that it asks questions
or makes self-references. In this manner, it evaluates an individual's growth.

Instructors can utilize ipsative assessments to monitor students' progress over time if the goal is to
maximize each student's mastery. "Ipsative," which means "of the self" in Latin, is a term used in education
to describe evaluating a student's performance in relation to their own prior achievements. Students are
motivated to focus on improving themselves since it eliminates the point of competing against other students
whose aptitudes are better matched with a subject and whose mastery is stronger now.
The primary focus of ipsative assessments is self-awareness and personal development. They highlight
an individual's strengths and weaknesses over time, encouraging a growth-oriented mindset.
Advantages

 Ipsative evaluation gauges a person's development. The participant can observe if things have
improved and if the prior criticism is being taken into consideration.
 It is also helpful in assessing an employee's competency within a company.
 Selecting the most qualified applicant for a post can also be aided by ipsative assessment.
 Underachievers benefit from it as well because it pushes them to do better. Demotivation for lower
performance is eliminated as a result.
 The fact that ipsative assessment is applicable to both objective and subjective metrics is an
additional benefit.
Disadvantages

 Ipsative evaluation reduces a test's validity by incentivizing non-response or discouraging response.

 Ipsative evaluation discourages telling the truth. This is because, even though both items may be
incorrect, the participant is asked to select the one that is "most true."
 Due to their exclusion of some facts, the items that need to be listed are difficult to curate.
 Conducting ipsative assessments can be challenging as it consistently involves comparing the
participant's past outcomes.
 Since the most desirable alternative is measured rather than the facts, it may introduce bias into the
study.
What is the difference between Ipsative and Normative?
Normative assessments primarily measure personality traits that are proven, identifiable and
quantifiable. Ipsative assessment measures the orientations of a person and compares them.
 Normative assessments are most helpful in recruitment and application selection. Ipsative
assessments are most helpful in coaching or team bonding where the comparison is made between the traits
of an individual.
7. Scenario-Based Assessment- Interactive scenarios that encourage active learning serve as the
foundation for scenario-based evaluation. Students are asked to use their theoretical knowledge in the
presented scenario inside a hypothetical setting.
By using their knowledge in practical settings, students can expand their learning beyond the confines of
a lecture or textbook using this kind of assessment. Additionally, it allows the instructor to more accurately
gauge a student's understanding of the material by seeing how the student would apply recently acquired
knowledge in real-world scenarios.
Benefits of implementing Scenario-Based Assessment
• The development of problem-solving abilities
• Learning experiences that stick with students.
• A safe space for practicing or developing skills.
• Learning from mistakes by receiving feedback that re-enforces the proper approach.
• The opportunity for guided exploration
• An alternate assessment type for learners who struggle with other formats.
8. Oral Assessment- Oral assessment, which are sometimes prompted by questions or short
assignments, employ the spoken word to assess students' abilities and knowledge. It paints a more
accurate picture of their abilities, mental processes, and conceptual errors. It also helps students and
teachers feel more connected to one another.
Different formats of Oral Assessment

 Presentation on prepared topic (individual or group; live or recorded)

 Interviews or discussions to assess a students’ knowledge or skills.
 Simulations or demonstrations of skills individually or with others (ex: client or patient)

Advantages of Oral Assessments

 Can evaluate the breadth of a student's knowledge and proficiency, providing a more complete
picture of their aptitudes, mental processes, and conceptual errors.
 Possibility of interaction, especially in a remote setting, which fosters a stronger sense of connection
between teachers and students.
 If students are solving issues, exhibiting their abilities, and interacting with others utilizing
disciplinary language and circumstances, the assessment will be more authentic.

 May increase learning, as students often spend more time preparing for oral exams.

 Opportunity for clarification of ambiguous questions in the moment.

 Can avoid certain problems with academic integrity because students' thinking and knowledge can be
clarified by asking follow-up questions.
Disadvantages of Oral Assessment

 Generally, not appropriate for larger courses and requiring more time to deliver than written exams.
  Students often experience higher levels of stress, which may affect how well they perform. The
format may be foreign to the students, which could cause worry and panic. Particularly unpleasant
exams for kids with mental health issues may be oral exams.
 Possibility of unreliability and unfairness concerns if pupils receive various questions.
 As grading cannot be done anonymously, there is a chance for bias and subjective evaluation.
Evaluations of students' knowledge and abilities can be influenced by a variety of factors, including
their articulation, shyness, pace of thought, gender, ethnicity, language proficiency, accent, etc.
 Possibility of problems with academic integrity because students can share exam questions with
other students taking it later.
9. Gamified Assessment- Gamification refers to the process of evaluating and reporting on student
learning through the use of game elements including points, badges, levels, leaderboards, awards,
challenges, and narratives in assessment and feedback. Gamified assessments are a more
sophisticated form of traditional assessments that include Gamified assessments are a more
sophisticated form of traditional assessments that include game-based components in aptitude and
personality exams. These are quick and engaging due to their game format.
Benefits of Gamification

 Aids in cognitive development.

 Aids in physical development.
 Is not limited to the classroom.
 Aids in accessibility in the classroom.
 Increases level of engagement in classrooms.

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