UE23MA141A: Engineering Mathematics – I (4-0-0-4-4)

Unit 3: Differential Equations of Higher Order and Partial Differential

Equations
Method of Variation of Parameters, Solution to higher order Linear Differential
Equations with variable coefficients - Legendre’s Differential Equations, Application
problems - LR circuits and Mass Spring Mechanical system (Free undamped oscillations
of a spring).
Linear Partial Differential Equations of the first order, Lagrange's Linear Equation,
Solution of PDE by the method of Separation of Variables, Solution of Homogeneous
Linear Partial Differential Equations with constant co-efficient.
Self-learning component: Cauchy’s Differential Equations and Formation of Partial
Differential Equations. 14 Hours (18 Sessions)

Class work problems

Problems on Method of Variation of Parameters

1. Solve 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 by the method of variation of parameters.

𝑒 −3𝑥
2. Solve 𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = by the method of variation of parameters.
𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
3. Solve +3 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 by the method of variation of parameters.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
4. Solve + − 2𝑦 = by the method of variation of parameters.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑒 𝑥
(Homework)

1
5. Solve by the method of variation of parameters 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = . (Homework)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Problems on Legendre’s Differential Equations

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Solve (2𝑥 − 1)2 + (2𝑥 − 1) − 2𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. Solve (2𝑥 + 1)2 − 6(2𝑥 + 1) + 16𝑦 = 8(2𝑥 + 1)2 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. Solve (1 + 𝑥 )2 + (1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [2𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥)].
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. Solve (2𝑥 + 5)2 − 6(2𝑥 + 5) + 8𝑦 = 6𝑥. (Homework)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 15
Ans: 𝐶1(2𝑥 + 5)2+√2 + 𝐶2(2𝑥 + 5 )2−√2 − (2𝑥 + 5) −
4 18
Application Problems
1. A condenser of capacity C discharged through an inductance L and resistance R
𝑑2 𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑞
in series and the charge q at time t satisfies the equation 𝐿 +R + =0. Given
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
−6
that L=0.25 Henries, R=250 ohms and C=2*10 Farads and when t=0 charge q
𝑑𝑞
is 0.002 columbs and the current =0. Obtain the value of q in terms of t.
𝑑𝑡
Ans: 𝑞 = 𝑒 −500𝑡 (0.002𝑐𝑜𝑠1323𝑡 + 0.0008𝑠𝑖𝑛1323𝑡)
2. A body weighing 10 kg is hung from a spring. A pull of 20kg weight will stretch
the spring to10cm. The body is pulled down to 20cm below the static equilibrium
position and then released. Find the displacement of the body from its
equilibrium position at time t sec., the maximum velocity and the period of
oscillation.

Problems on Solution of Lagrange’s linear PDE of first order in the form Pp+Qq=R
Solve the following Lagrange’s linear PDE’s
1. 2𝑦𝑧𝑝 + 𝑧𝑥𝑞 = 3𝑥𝑦

2. 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 𝑥𝑦𝑞 = 𝑥 (𝑧 − 2𝑦)

𝑦 2𝑧
3. 𝑝 + 𝑥𝑧𝑞 = 𝑦 2 . (Homework)
𝑥
Ans: ∅(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑦)) = 0
4. 2𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)
5. 𝑥𝑧𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
Ans: ∅ ( , 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 2) = 0
𝑦
6. 𝑝 + 3𝑞 = 5𝑧 − tan (3𝑥 − 𝑦). (Homework)
𝐴𝑛𝑠: : ∅(3𝑥 − 𝑦, 5𝑥 − log (5𝑧 − tan (3𝑥 − 𝑦)) = 0

7. (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2)𝑝 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑞 = 2𝑥𝑧

8. 𝑥 2(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑞 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦).

1 1 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠: ∅ ( + + , 𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

9. (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦).

10. (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑧 + 𝑥 )𝑞 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥−𝑦
𝐴𝑛𝑠: ∅ ( , (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ) = 0
𝑥−𝑧
11. (𝑥 + 2𝑧)𝑝 + (4𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑞 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦. (Homework)

Problems on Solution of PDEs by the method of Separation of Variables

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. Solve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 0 by the method of separation of variables.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2. Solve by the method of separation of variables 4 + = 3𝑢, given that
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥
𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 2𝑒 5𝑦 . Ans: 𝑢 = 2𝑒 − 2+5𝑦
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3. Solve by the method of separation of variables =2 + 𝑢, given that
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 6𝑒 −3𝑥 . Ans: 𝑢 = 6𝑒 −(3𝑥+2𝑡)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
4. Solve by the method of separation of variables + = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2 2
Ans:𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘(𝑥−𝑦)+𝑥 +𝑦
5. Find various possible solutions of the one-dimensional heat equation 𝑢𝑡 =
𝑐 2𝑢𝑥𝑥 by the method of separation of variables.
6. Find various possible solutions of the two-dimensional Laplace equation
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 by the method of separation of variables.

Problems on homogeneous Linear PDE with constant coefficients

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝟑 𝝏𝟑
Notations: D =𝑫𝒙 = ; 𝑫′ =𝑫𝒚 = ; 𝑫𝟐𝒙 𝑫𝒚 = ; 𝑫𝒙 𝑫𝟐𝒚 =
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚𝟐
1. Solve: (𝐷𝑥3 − 6𝐷𝑥2 𝐷𝑦 + 11𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦2 − 6𝐷𝑦3 )𝑧 = 0 .
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓3(𝑦 + 3𝑥 )
2. Solve: (4𝐷𝑥2 + 12𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 + 9𝐷𝑦2)𝑧 = 0
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑓2(2𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) or 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 − 1.5𝑥 ) +
𝑥𝑓2(𝑦 − 1.5𝑥 )
3. Solve: (𝐷𝑥3 − 3𝐷𝑥2 𝐷𝑦 + 4𝐷𝑦3 )𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 .
𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2(𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) +
27
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
4. Solve: −4 +4 = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) +
2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
5. Solve: 2 − = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 2𝑦)

6. Solve: (𝐷𝑥3 − 4𝐷𝑥2𝐷𝑦 + 4𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦2 )z = 2sin(3𝑥 + 2y)

2
𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 + 2𝑦)
3
7. Solve: (𝐷 2 + 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 6𝐷 ′2 )𝑧 = cos(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2(𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
5
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
8. Solve: +3 +2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑥2𝑦 𝑥3
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) + −
2 3
9. Solve: (𝐷𝑥3 − 2𝐷𝑥2 𝐷𝑦 )𝑧 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦.
 1
𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦) + 𝑥𝑓2(𝑦) + 𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + (3𝑥 5 𝑦 + 𝑥 6 )
60
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
10. Solve: 2
− −2 = (𝑦 − 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑨𝒏𝒔: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2(𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥
11. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒: (𝐷 − 𝐷 ′ )2𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 sin (𝑥 + 2𝑦)
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2(𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥

Unit 4: Partial Differential Equations and Special Functions

Solution of non-Homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equations with constant co-
efficient (PI: When 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦), sin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦), 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 ,
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦)).
Definition of Beta and Gamma functions and its properties, relation between Gamma
and Beta functions, Duplication formula and problems, Series solution of Bessel's
Differential Equation, Recurrence relations (without proof) & related problems,
Generating functions, Bessel’s Integral formula, and Jacobi series, Orthogonality of
Bessel's functions, Problems.
Self-learning component: Proof of Recurrence relations. 14 Hours (19 sessions)

Problems on non-homogeneous Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1. Solve: [(𝐷 + 𝐷 ′ − 2)(𝐷 + 4𝐷 ′ − 3)]𝑧 = 0.
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑓2(𝑦 − 4𝑥 )
2. Solve: (𝐷 2 + 2𝐷𝐷 ′ + 𝐷 ′2 + 2𝐷 + 2𝐷 ′ + 1)𝑧 = 0.
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 𝑥 )

3. Solve: (2𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 𝐷 ′2 + 𝐷 − 𝐷 ′ )𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦

𝑥
1
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2 𝑓2 (2𝑦 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦
8
4. Solve: (2𝐷 2 − 5𝐷𝐷 ′ + 3𝐷 ′2 + 𝐷 − 𝐷 ′ )𝑧 = 12𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2 𝑓2(2𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
5. Solve: (𝐷 2 + 2𝐷𝐷 ′ + 𝐷 ′2 − 2𝐷 − 2𝐷 ′ )𝑧 = sin (𝑥 + 2𝑦).
1
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) + (2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
39
6. Solve: (𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝐷 ′ + 𝐷 ′ − 1)𝑧 = cos (𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥+2𝑦)
Ans: 𝒛 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓1(𝑦) + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓2(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) +
2
7. Solve: (𝐷 2 − 𝐷 ′2 + 𝐷 + 3𝐷 ′ − 2)𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
1 3𝑥 2 3𝑦 21
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑓1(𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓2(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) − (𝑥 2 𝑦 + + 𝑥𝑦 + + 3𝑥 + )
2 2 2 4
2 ′ ′2
8. Solve: (2𝐷 − 7𝐷𝐷 + 6𝐷 )𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥3𝑦 7𝑥 4
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (2𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + +
12 96
9. Solve: (𝐷 − 3𝐷 ′ − 2)2 𝑧 = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑦 + 3𝑥)
Ans: 𝒛 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓1(𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) + 𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦 + 3𝑥)
10. Solve: (𝐷 2 − 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 2𝐷 ′2 )𝑧 = 16𝑥𝑒 2𝑦
Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑓1(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 2𝑒 2𝑦 (1 − 4𝑥)

Beta and Gamma Functions

Prove the following Standard results:

1. 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 𝛽(𝑛, 𝑚) (Symmetry Property)

𝜋
2. (𝑖)𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = 2 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑚−1𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1𝜃𝑑𝜃 . (Beta function in terms of
trigonometric functions)
𝜋
1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
(ii) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽(
2 , ) 𝑝 > −1, 𝑞 > −1
2 2 2
∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 ∞ 𝑦 𝑛−1
3. 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 (Beta function in terms of
(1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
improper integral)
𝛤(𝑚)𝛤(𝑛)
4. 𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛) = (Relation between Beta and Gamma function)
𝛤(𝑚+𝑛)
𝜋
5. 𝛤(𝑛)𝛤(1 − 𝑛) = , 0 < 𝑛 < 1 (without proof)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋
1 3
6. Use the above formula to prove the result 𝛤 ( ) 𝛤 ( ) = 𝜋√2
4 4
7. Legendre’s duplication formula (Statement only)
For Gamma function:
1
𝛤(2𝑝)√𝜋 = 22𝑝−1𝛤(𝑝)𝛤(𝑝 + )
2
For Beta function:
1
𝛽 (𝑝, ) = 22𝑝−1𝛽(𝑝, 𝑝)
2
Prove the following results.

Evaluate the following integrals using Beta and Gamma functions.

(Note: We can make use of the above results to evaluate some of the integrals
given below)
𝟑
∞ 2 𝜞(𝟒)
1. ∫0 √𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ; Ans:
𝟐
∞ 2 𝟏𝟕 𝝅
2. ∫𝟎 (𝑥 2 + 4)𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans: √𝟐
𝟖
1 1
3. ∫0 √−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans:√𝝅
1 1 𝑛−1 г(𝑛)
4. Show that for 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0 ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑚𝑛
∞ 2 √𝝅
5. ∫0 3−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans:
𝟒√𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑
1 𝟏
6. ∫0 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans: (Homework)
𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝟑
1 −1 𝟏 𝜞(𝟓)√𝝅
7. ∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 5 ) ⁄2 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans:
𝟓 𝜞(𝟏𝟏)
𝟏𝟎
1 𝟏
8. ∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 3 )4 𝑑𝑥 Ans: (Homework)
𝟏𝟓
𝜋⁄ 3√𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝑥 2 −1⁄
9. Evaluate a) ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫0 (8 − 𝑥 3 ) 3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝟓 𝟏
𝟔𝟎 г(𝟔)г(𝟒) 𝟐𝝅
Ans: a) 𝟏 b)
𝟏𝟑 г( ) 𝟑√𝟑
𝟏𝟐
2 𝑥2 𝟔𝟒√𝟐
10. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans:
√2−𝑥 𝟏𝟓
 𝑎 𝝅𝒂𝟔
11. ∫0 𝑥 4 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ; Ans: (Homework)
𝟑𝟐

Prove the following results:

2
∞ 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜋
1. Show that ∫0 √𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∗ ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2√2
√
3
3 𝑥 ⁄2 1 𝑑𝑥 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝝅
2. Prove that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 × ∫0 =
√ 3−𝑥 √1−𝑥4
1 𝟑𝟓

Bessel Functions
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Give the series solution of Bessel’s differential equation 𝑥 2 +𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 − 𝑛2 )𝑦 = 0 interms of Bessel’s functions 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) and 𝐽−𝑛 (𝑥). (No proof)
2. Prove that 𝐽−𝑛 (𝑥 ) = (−1)𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) where n is a positive integer.
𝜋
2
3. Prove that 𝐽1 (𝑥 ) = √ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and hence find ∫0 √𝑥 𝐽1 (2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥. 2
2 𝜋𝑥 2

2
4. Prove that 𝐽−1 (𝑥 ) = √ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. (Homework)
2 𝜋𝑥
5. Give the following recurrence relations without proof.
𝑑
I. [𝑥 𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 )] = 𝑥 𝑛 𝐽𝑛−1(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
II. [𝑥 −𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 )] = −𝑥 −𝑛 𝐽𝑛+1(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛
III. [𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 )] = 𝐽𝑛−1(𝑥 ) − 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑛
IV. 𝐽𝑛′ (𝑥 ) = 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝐽𝑛+1(𝑥)
𝑥
1
V. 𝐽𝑛′ (𝑥 ) = [𝐽𝑛−1(𝑥 ) − 𝐽𝑛+1(𝑥 )]
2
2𝑛
VI. 𝐽𝑛−1(𝑥 ) + 𝐽𝑛+1(𝑥 ) = 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 )
𝑥
6. Express 𝐽5(𝑥) in terms of 𝐽0(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐽1(𝑥).
𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟗𝟐
Ans:𝑱𝟓 (𝒙) = ( − − 𝟏) 𝑱𝟏 + ( − ) 𝑱𝟎
𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟑

7. Express 𝐽5 (𝑥) in terms of sine and cosine functions.

2

𝟐 𝟑−𝒙𝟐 𝟑
Ans: 𝑱𝟓 (𝒙) = √ [( ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙]
𝟐
𝝅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
8. Express 𝐽− 5 (𝑥) in terms of sine and cosine functions. (Homework)
2

𝟐 𝟑 (𝟑−𝒙𝟐 )
Ans: 𝑱−𝟓 (𝒙) = √ [ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙]
𝟐
𝝅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐

9. Evaluate 𝑎) ∫ 𝐽3 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝑏) ∫ 𝑥 4𝐽1(𝑥 )

10. Give the expression for the generating function of Bessel’s function (without
proof)
𝑥 1
(𝑡− 𝑡 )
i.e. 𝑒 2 = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)𝑡
𝑛

11. Establish the Jacobi series:

𝑎) cos(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) = 𝐽0 − 2𝐽2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 2𝐽4𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − ⋯

b) sin(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) = 2[𝐽1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝐽3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝐽5𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 − ⋯]

1 𝜋
12. Prove that 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥 ) = ∫0 cos(𝑛𝜃 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 where n is positive integer.
𝜋
(Bessel’s Integral formula)

13. Using the Jacobi series, show that 𝐽𝑜2 + 2𝐽12 + 2𝐽22 + 2𝐽32 + ⋯ = 1
14. Orthogonality of Bessel function:

𝑎
0 𝑖𝑓 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽
Prove that ∫0 𝑥𝐽𝑛 (𝛼𝑥 )𝐽𝑛 (𝛽𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ={ 𝑎2 2
𝐽 (𝑎𝛼 ) 𝑖𝑓𝛼 = 𝛽
2 𝑛+1

Where 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the roots of 𝐽𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 ) = 0.