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Powerplant 2 Module 1 Part 1

This document provides an overview of gas turbine engines and different types of jet propulsion. It discusses the principles of jet propulsion based on Newton's laws of motion and describes the basic operation of jet engines. It then defines two types of jet propulsion - air-breathing engines that use oxygen from the atmosphere, and non-air breathing rocket engines. Specific air-breathing jet engines are also outlined, including ramjets, pulse jets, scramjets, and gas turbine engines.

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Santos Maine
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26 views19 pages

Powerplant 2 Module 1 Part 1

This document provides an overview of gas turbine engines and different types of jet propulsion. It discusses the principles of jet propulsion based on Newton's laws of motion and describes the basic operation of jet engines. It then defines two types of jet propulsion - air-breathing engines that use oxygen from the atmosphere, and non-air breathing rocket engines. Specific air-breathing jet engines are also outlined, including ramjets, pulse jets, scramjets, and gas turbine engines.

Uploaded by

Santos Maine
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE MODULE 1

- Gas Turbine Engines Principles

PREPARED BY : ENGR. CHRISTIAN A. PAGTAMA

MATERIAL SOURCE :ENGR. ELIJAH A. MALIZA


FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
PRINCIPLE OF JET PROPULSION

Newton’s 3rd law of motion


-
“For every force acting on a body, there
is an opposite and equal reaction”

Newton’s 2nd law of motion


–
"Force equals mass accelerated (F =
ma)."
2 TYPES OF JET PROPULSION
There are two general types of jet propulsion—air-breathing and non-air
breathing engines (see airplane).

• Air-breathing engines use oxygen from the atmosphere in the combustion


of fuel. They include the turbojet, turboprop, ramjet, and pulse-jet. The term
jet is generally used only in reference to air-breathing engines.

• Non air-breathing engines carry an oxygen supply. They can be used both in
the atmosphere and in outer space. They are commonly called ROCKETS OR
ROCKET ENGINE and are of two kinds—liquid-propellant and solid-
propellant.
Jet engine thrust can be
increased in two ways:

● Increase the speed of


exhaust gases.

● Increase the quantity of


exhaust gases.
Jet Engines – Basic Operation

• Air enters the trough the intake duct


(cowl).
• Air compressed by passage through
the compressor.
• Mixed with fuel in the combustion
chamber.
• Fuel is ignited, Pressure and
Temperature raised
• Some of the pressure used to turn a
turbine;
• Turbine shaft drives the compressor.
• Hot, high pressure air forced through
a nozzle.
• The reaction force is the engine
thrust.
Jet Engines – Basic Operation

• Air enters the trough the intake duct


(cowl).
• Air compressed by passage through
the compressor.
• Mixed with fuel in the combustion
chamber.
• Fuel is ignited, Pressure and
Temperature raised
• Some of the pressure used to turn a
turbine;
• Turbine shaft drives the compressor.
• Hot, high pressure air forced through
a nozzle.
• The reaction force is the engine
thrust.
TYPES OF AIR - BREATHING JET ENGINE

Ramjet
• An athodyd (aero-thermodynamic-duct)
which has no rotating parts and consists
of a duct with a divergent entry and a
convergent or convergent-divergent exit.
• With a forward motion imparted by an
external source, air is forced in the
divergent inlet (increasing its pressure)
the total energy of air is further increased
by combustion of fuel and the rapid
expanding gases accelerate to the
atmosphere through the outlet duct.
Pulse Jet
• Can be run at static conditions unlike the
ram jet and is constructed with a robust
construction
• Inlet duct has spring loaded inlet valves
to the open position.
• As air passes to the combustion
chamber it produces high pressures as
to force the valves close. As the exhaust
gases exits, this creates a low pressure
allows the valves to open and repeat the
cycle.
• Unstable as a powerplant due to high
fuel consumption and cannot match
performance of modern gas turbine
engines
SCRAM Jet
• A scramjet (supersonic combustion
ramjet) is a variant of a ramjet air
breathing jet engine in which
combustion takes place in supersonic
airflow. As in ramjets, a scramjet relies
on high vehicle speed to compress the
incoming air forcefully before
combustion (hence ramjet), but whereas
a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic
velocities before combustion, the airflow
in a scramjet is supersonic throughout
the entire engine. That allows the
scramjet to operate efficiently at
extremely high speeds.
Rocket Engine
• A jet engine that does not use
atmospheric air as a propulsive fluid
stream (non-air breathing)
• Uses propellants thus enabling outside
atmosphere operations
Gas Turbine Engine
• The gas turbine engine is by far the
most practical form of jet engine in use
today. In fact, the turbine engine has
become the standard on nearly all
transport category, business, and
military aircraft.
• Works in the same manner as a
reciprocating engine but all events
happen simultaneously.

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