13.

5 MODELING OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW

Derivation of Equation:
We make use of following experimental facts or empirical laws:
) Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature.
(i) The rate of flow of heat through an area is proportional to the area and to the

temperature gradient in degrees per unit distance (u where u(x, t) is

temperature distribution normal to the area. Constant of proportionalityis
called the thermal conductivity of the material and denoted generally byk.
(iii) The amount of heat required to change the temperature through a given range is
proportional to the mass of the body and the change of temperature. The
constant of proportionality is termed as specific heat and generally denoted
by S.
Consider a homogeneous bar of uniform cross-section, sides coated with
insulating
material. It is assumed that the loss of heat from the sides by conduction or radiation is
negligible. One end of the bar is treated as the origin and the direction of heat flow as
positive X-axis. Let p be the density (gm/cm"), 'S' the specific heat (cal/gm deg) and
K the thermal
conductivity (cal/cm-deg.sec). The temperature at any point of the bar
depends on the distance x of the point from one end and time 't' and is denoted by u(x, t)
or u. Also the
temperature distribution through a cross-section is same.

Q,

- öx-

X+dx
X
Fig. 13.3
Engineering Mathematics Il (Mech.) 13.24 Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Now, as the quantity of heat crossing any section of the bar is proportional to the area
and the temperature gradient normal to the area, the quantity 'Q, flowing into the section
at a distance x is,
Q, = - kA

The quantity 'Q flowing out of the section at a distance x + òx 15,

(Ou
. =-kAOx)+8x

Quantity of heat retained by the slab with thickness öx is,

[(Ou . ()
Q-Q kA

But the rate of increase of heat in the slab

= SpA öx Ou (2)

. From equations (1) and (2),

Ou (ou
SpAox a kA

Ou
Ou Ax+öx Ox
SPa Sx
Taking limit as öx 0

Ou ou
lim ox)x

Or Sp ox2

k
For Sp = c2, it reduces to c 2 and is called one-dimensional heat flow

equation. The constant c2

=

Sois known as diffusivity of the material of the bar.

H3.6 SOLUTION OF THE HEAT EQUATION BY METHOD OF SEPARATION
OF VARIABLES
We have to obtain solution of the P.D.E.

c .. (1)
Engineering Mathematics I(Mech.) 13.25 Applications of Partial DifferentialEquations
Let u (x. t) =
F(x).G) bethe solution. (2)
Ou Ou
=F()Go and = F'(x) G()

Substituting in (1), we get

F(x).G't) = c* F (x) G()

GO F"
c2 G(t) Fx)
Since L.H.S. is a function oft alone and R.H.S. is a function of x alone, therefore
of each other, hence can be equated to any arbitrary constant,
both sides are independent
say k.

G) F() -k
c .Gt) Fx)
Case (i) : Let k =0 G) = 0 G(t) = C

F(x) = 0 F(x) = C2X + C

and

Complete solutionis
u(x, t) = (Cx + C3) .C

.. (3)
Or u(x,t)= CX+ C
Case (i): Let k >0 (say k = m2)

F F x ) - m2 F(x) = 0
F(x)
dF
dx2mF =0 Let D =d

(D-m) F =0 F (x) =
c, em +C2 em

Also, GO m2
c G()
GO log G(t) c? m2 t+A
c m2
=

Gt)
G(t) =
ca ent

Complete solution is
mt
u (x, t) = (C, e + C2e " ) Cj.e

Or (cj e""+ cs e*) e*m* ... (4)

u (x, t)
 Engineering Mathematics -

Ill (Mech.) 13.26 Applications of Partial Differential Equatinn

Case (iii) : Let k <0 (say (k = - m2)

F') - m2 F(x)+ m2 F (x) =0

F(x)
d'F
dx?+m2F =0 Let D
(D+m) F = 0 F(x) =
C COS mx +C2 SIn mxX

Also G'O_ = -m CO = - c2 m2
c2 G() G()
log G() = -c m2t +A

G(t) =
c3 e em
Complete solution is
u (x, t) = (cj cos mx + c, sin mx) ca ecm*t

Or
u (x, t)= (c, cos mx +Cs sin mx) en (5)
Again the question arises which solution we must adopt. In present case, we are
concerned with conduction of heat from a source which has finite temperature. Naturally,
the temperature u (x, t) cannot become unbounded as t increases. Naturally the solution
given by (4) is therefore to be rejected and solution given by (5) is suitable in present
case. Solution corresponding to k = 0 does not involve any t, hence it can be considered
as steady-state solution i.e. solution when temperature no longer varies with time t.
Hence in obtaining solution of the problems of one-dimensional heat flow, we will
always begin with solution given in (5) and consider solution (3) under steady-state
conditions.
Note: Insulated boundary or end means no heat is flowing from it, meaning thereby
Ou
X
0 at that boundary or end.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Ex. 1 Solve if(i) u isfinite bi, (iü) u 0 when
:
a = x =
0, zVi, (iü) u =
mr- x
when t 0 and 0 S x St.
Ou
Sol.: Given equation is =a2. The boundary conditions are given as
i ) u (x, 1) is bounded Vt
(ii) u (0,) = 0, vt
(i) u (7, t) 0, Vt
(iv) u (x, 0) = ax - x2, 0 x Sn
(Dec. 2006)
The most general solution is
u (x, t) =
(c^ cos mx + C, sin mx) e ...()
 Mathematics I (Mech.) 13.27 Applications of Partial Differential Equations
Engineering
the second condition:
Applying
0 c =0
u (0. t) =

u (x, t) =
c, sin mx e"*
condition (T, t) 0
Applying the third
u =

0 = Cs sin ma en*t

Now since cs 0

and emt 0 sin mT = 0 ma = na

m= n for n = 1, 2, 3, 4..

Solution becomes u (x, t) =cs sin nxe"for n = 1,2,3 ......

Taking n = 1, 2, 3 . and varying the constant cs for each n, we see that the
.
general solution is

u (x, t) = 2 b, sin nx e" (2)

n =l

Using aforesaid condition (iv) in (2), we get

TX x2= u (x, 0) = 2 bn sin (nx); 0SxT

n =1
In order to treat this as half range Fourier sine series of (Tx - x^) in 0 x T,
bh should be chosen as

b. (Tx x ) sin nx dx

cos cos nx )
=(Tx -x) |- --2x)-n+-2n
for n even
0,
(1- cos nit)= 8/tn, for nodd
Solution (2) becomes

ux,1)
1--
n
sin (nx) e
O0

Or u (x, t) = 2 r in [(2r + 1) x] e ) 'which is the required

solution.
 Engineering Mathematics Ill (Mech.) 13.28 Applications of Partial Differential Equations
ons
OV
Ex. 2:Solve a = k if
dx (May 2011)
(i) V V
ao as t = 0, V

(ii) V (l, t) 0. b
Sol. : The
=
(iv) V(x, 0) =
V,. Jor 0 < x <L (Dec. 2004)
most general solution is
V (X, t)= (C cos mx + Cs Sin mx) e k

kt

Ox- m c , sin
( mx + m c; cos mx) em
Condition (ii) cs = 0
2
V (x, t) = Ca . cos mx . e kt

Condition (iii) = 0 =
c cos ml e"*
cos ml = 0 ml (n is odd)
=
,
or m ( n is odd) Or m (2n+1)/2,n =0, 1, 2,
- [(2n+ 1)T/4) kt
V(x. t) [(2n 1) U2] x
= C4 Cos = 0, 1,2, ..

Taking n =0, 1, 2, ... and combining all these solutions, we have the general solution
I(2n+1T/4]kt
as V(x. t) = 2 a2n+1 COS [(2n+1) U2] x e
n = 0

Note: Notation a2n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, ... is used instead an because n is odd.

Applying condition (iv), we have

d2n+ COS
[(2n+1) T/2] x
n = 0

which is nothing but half range Fourier cosine series for f(x) = v, in (0, /) with ag = 0.

na2n+
1)T2x
fv, cosEn +) 2 d (2n+ 2
L(2n+ 1)T sin
SIn
2n+ 1) x
2
4 1
a2n+ T(2n+1)sin (2n+1)5=4 2n+1
4V
4V D (2n+1) X
V(x, V x, 1) =
2 2n+ COS
2/
4
 1ll (Mech.) 13.29
Engineering Mathematics Apphications of Partial Differential Equations

00
Ex.3: The equation for the conduection of heat alongR a baroflength l is k
neglecting radiation. Find an eypression for e if the ends of the bar are maintained at
ero temperature and if initialy the temperature is T at the centre of the bar and falls
to zero at its ends. (May 2012)
uniformly
Sol.
(0,0) (/2, 0) A(I, 0)

2 0-2-x)

Qv
Fig. 13.4

Given equation is = k a n d the boundary condition is given as

(i) e (0. t)= 0

(i) 6 (1.t) 0

(111) a.0) = x for 0sx s

- ) for xs
The most general solution is
6 (x, t) = (C4 cos mx + Cs sin mx) ekmt .. (1)
Applying condition (i), e (0, t) = 0 Ca=0
6 (x, t) = Cs sin mx ekm
Applying second condition, 6 (, t) = 0
sin ml = 0 ml = NT

1. m= 1 for n = 1,2. 3, ...

Solution becomes
nTX
6 (x, t) = Cs Sin e

Putting n = 1, 2, 3 and varying constant c, for each n, we have the general

solution as

nTX
. (2)
(x,t)1) = b, 7
Engineering Mathematics - !Il (Mech.) 13.30 Applications of Partial Differential Equations
Applying the last condition, at t = 0

e 2 b, sin n7Tx
n= 1

where =Sesind
21 sin dx + (-x) sin d x
I/2
/2

nTX TX
n?T? Sin 0

- cos
nTx
- Sin nTTX
n2n2 sin1
nT
b, 2n7 cOs 2
nt t n nT
sin2+ 2n7 cos 2 + n sin 2 ]

8T nT
T2Sin5

Substituting in (2), we get

e (x. t) = ?8T 2 s i n . sin nTX e

n= 1
2

e.1) =
sin 7 e - s i n e+
fu rod without radiation.
Ex. 4: Solve k for the conduction of heatalong a
conditions:
subject to the following
(i) u is not infinite as t o

(ii) = 0 for x =
0, x = l (i.e. ends are insulated i.e. no heat flows through
the ends) and (iii) u = lx - f o r t = 0 between x = 0, x = l.

Sol. We have
m
u (x, t)= (C^ cos mx + C5 sin mx) e^" . (1)
Engineering Mathematics Ill (Mech) 13.31
Applications of Partial Differential Equations
Now applying the second condition.

forx =0

=(-m C, sin nmx + m

c, COS mx) e

=
0. x = 0 c, = 0
Solution becomes
u C4 COS mx e-km*t

Cu
Also. Ox
-
m C4 Sin mx ek
Cu
0 x = I 0 =
- m c sin ml ek
Ca0 sin ml =0 ml =
na
niT
m=

kn
Solution is u (x. t) =
C cOs for n = 1, 2, 3, . .
2
2
NTX -kn
1.e.
u(x,) =
2 a, cos e? (2)
Applying the third condition u = lx - x fort = 0 between x = 0, x = l.
By putting t = 0,

nTX
= 2 a, cos
n=l

which is represented by Fourier half range cosine series for lx x* in

-

(0, ) where
a s - x*) dk =
0

nTX
a,
0
dx -x)cos dx

nTX
x-x) sin - 2x) COs -2)Tsin
n3 T3 Sin

2T? COS n t -
nt
0 for n odd
2P (1+ cos nu)
for n even
Engineering Mathematics lI (Mech.) 13.32 Applications of Partial Differential Equations
Let n 2p
4P
for p = 1.2.3, ....
ap 4p? Te
p T
Solution (2) becomes

u = a + 2 a2p cos

i.e. COS

P 1
which is the required solution.
Ex.5:Solve k f
(i) u (0, t) = 0
(ii) u, (, 1) = 0
(iii) u (x, t) is bounded and

(iv) u (x. 0) =f o r 0 Sx Sl. (Nov. 2013, May 2005)

Sol.: The most general solution is
etm
u (x, t) =
(c, cos mx + Cs sin mx)
Applying condition (i) > c^ = 0
u (x, t) = Cs sin mx e"

u,(, ) = 0 ou :0

Ou eknri
Ox m .C5 cos mx

0 = m .c5.coS ml e""

cos ml = 0, ml =
(n =odd)
(2n+1)T
m 2 or m=
21 n
=0, 1, 2, ...

u (x, t) =
Cs
(2n+1) TX
sinn+ ) i x
21

-k2n
s i n n + )x
O u (x, t) =
2 b, 21
e 4
n = 0
Engineering Mathematics
-

(Mech) 13.33 Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Applying condition (iv), we get

b, 2 b,sin (2n+1)IX
n = 0 2

where sin (2n+1) dx

2
2 2n+1) -(1) (2n +1) DX
8
COS
-2n+1 T 2
(2n +1)2 Sin
(2n + 1)
8U
(2n+1 Snnt+
8 1
b T (2n+1(-1

. The complete solution is

8u
u (x,t)= T (Zn + 1? sin
4 t ) TX
21
4

n=0

Ex. 6:A homogeneous rod of conducting material oflength 100 cm has its ends kept
at zero temperature and the temperature initially is
u (x, 0) = x 0 Sx s50
= 100-X, 50 Sx S 100
Find the temperature u (x, 1) at any time. (Dec. 2008, 2010, 2011)
o'u
Sol.: We have to solve =
c subject toconditions
(i) u (0, t) = 0

ii) u (100, t) = 0

(1i) u (x, 0) = x . 0 Sx 5 0

100-x, 0 S x 100
(iv) u (x.) is finite Vt
The most general solution is

u (x. ) (C^ = cos mx + Cs sin mx) ecmt

Condition (i) > c, 0

2
u (x, t) = Cs Sin mx e . (1)
Engineering Mathematics Ill (Mech.) 13.34 Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Condition (i) O= C sin 1 0 0 m e *

sin (100 m) = 0 100 m = na

m=
100 n =
1, 2,3,
Solution (1) becomes
nTx 1000,00
u (x. t) =
Cs sin 100 n =
1,2, ...
Combining all these solutions
n
NTX 100,00
u (x, t) =2b, sin O0 ... (2)
n =
Applying condition (iii), we have
NiTX
u
(x, 0) =2 b, sin 100
and is half range sine series for u (x, 0).
100
NTX
b, 100 u (x, 0) sin 100 dx
50 100
nTX nTX
50 u (x, 0) sin 100 dx +
50
u(x, 0) sin 100 dx|
100
nTX nTX
x sin 100 dx + J (100- x) sin 100 dx
50

50
nTX
-
0xEco -» n2T2S 100 sin 0

100

+(100-x) 100 nTX nTX

nt 100/ sin 100 50

100 nT
s0 50cos-0n sinsin0n0-50 cos

100 ( sin nt - sin

n'T
 Il(Mech.) 13.35 Applications of Partial Difflerential Equations
Engineening Mathematics
0, if n is even
, = 100) 400
. b, = 50nT2 sin 2 = sin 400
n' 2 (-1"2, ifn is is odd

2n+ 1
Replace n
400
b (-1 (2n +1) r
Required solution is

' x 400 Sin (2n+ 1) X 100

u (x, t) =2 n0
(2n+ 1)7? 100

EN. 7:A bar with insulated sides is initially at temperature CC throughout. The end
I=0 is kept at O'Cfor all time and the heat is suddenly appliedso that 10
atx =l
for all time. Find the temperature functionu (x, t).
Sol.: We have to solve the P.D.E.
Ou

Let u (x, t) = F(x).G(t)

FG = a FG

F a
G
G = -

m2 (say)
then the solution is
mt
u (x, t) =
(C, cos mx + c2 sin mx) ea (D

Also, a2G0

then the solution is

u (x, t) = C +C x (I1)
Conditions are
) u (x, 0) = 0

(11) u (0,1) = 0

(iii) Ou =
10, for all t.
ox)x=
Since the above conditions of the problem are such that any one of the above
solutions (i.e. (l) and (1l) does not satisfy them. We use the combinations of the solutions
to satisfy the given conditions i.e. sum of () and (1).
u(X, ) =
C% + C, x + (C, cos mx + C, sin mx) e"a
Now (i) C% =
0. C =0

u (x, t) C, X + C Sin mx . e
 Engineering Mathematics Applications of Partial Differential Equai
-

Ill (Mech.) 13.36 ations

Now (ii) Ou e na
C7 + m C> COS mx
Ox
a
T0 = C, m c, cos ml e

C= 10
(2n + 1)I
cos ml = 0 m/=
2
(2n + ) TX 4
u (x, 1) = 10x + 2 Cans sin e
2
n = 0

Now (i) t= 0, u =0
10 (2n + 1) TX
-

x =
2 cn sin
n = 0

C2n+ = S-10x) sin (2n+)x

2 dx

2 (2n +2 2|+ 4P Sin t)ix

(2n + 1)T
COS
2n++1)
(2n 1Tr S 2

C2n+
801
(2n+ 1 ) 7 sin
(2n +1)
2
: The complete solution is

u(x, t) = 10x- 80L sin 1) Tin 2n+Dx eu 4

Sin
T2 (Zn 2 21
n=0
Ex. 8: A rod of length I has its ends A and B maintained at 20C and 40C
respectively until steady-state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is suddenly raised
to 50°C while that at B is lowered to 10'C and maintained thereafter. Find the subsequent
temperature distribution of the rod.
Sol.: Here initial conditions of temperature distribution are not explicitly given. We
will first obtain the same. Initially steady-state conditions prevail, the temperature
depends on x only, let it beu,, (x) Ax +B. =

20
x = 0, u, (0) = 2 0 ° , x =l, u , ) = 40C, 20 = B, 40 = Al + 20, A = 7

u,, (x) = + 20

Hence, we have to solve the P.D.E.

Ou to the
= c , subject boundary conditions
Engineering Mathematics Il (Mech) 13.37 Applications of Partial Diferential Equations

i) u (0, t) = 50°C

(ii) u (. t) =10°C and initial condition

u (x, 0) =
u,, (x) : 20x20
Since the boundary conditions are not zero, we cannot proceed directly.
Note that after certain time, the temperature distribution of the rod has to reach steady
state which implies that the solution has two parts

() Steady state part and

(ii) Transient part which ultimately becomes zero.

We denote these as u, (x) and u, (x, t).

.
u (x, t) = u, (x) + u, (x. t)

where, u, (x) satisfies the P.D.E. under steady-state conditions i.e.

u, (x) = cx +d

where, u, (0) = 50°C and u, ( == 10°C

50 = 0 + d d 50
10 = lc +50 c -

u,(x) - = +50

u(x,) = - 50 + , (x. t)
Our problem reduces to obtain u, (x, )

where u, (x, t) = u (x, t) + 40x - 50

Substituting u, (x, t) in the P.D.E.

For obtaining boundary and initial conditions

u,(0, t) = u (0. t) + 0 50
= 50 50 ( u(0, t) = 50)

u, (, t) =
u(l. t) + 40 50

10+
40-50 u(l t) =
10)

u,,)= 0
Engineering Mathematics (Mech.) 13.38 Applications of PartialDifferential Equations

40 x
, (x, 0) = u (x. 0) + 50
40x 50
20 + -
60 x
u, (x, 0) = 30

m
Solutionis u, (x, t) =
(C, cos mx + C2 sin mx) e

=0
u, (0, 1) = 0 c
u, (x, t) =
c, sin mx en

u, (.t) = 0>0 = c, sin ml ee

sin ml = 0 m =, n = 1, 2,..

nTX
u, (x,) =
2 b, sin

NitX
, (x, 0) =
2 b, sin

b 3 0 | sin dx
nTx

- nT2Sin T
30 (-1 30!
nit nT

60
ba = R I(-1+ 1]
Nt

1+1 Sin nTX e f

, (x, t) =
- n

60 2ntxd
u, (x,) =
- x2. sin
u (x, t) = 50- neie
sin2nx e
Engineening Mathematics I l (Mech.) 13.39 Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Ex.9:Sobe d =
(i) u is finite for all
(ii) u (O, 1) = 0. Vr

(ii) u (l,t) =
0, Vr
(i) u (x. 0) = uo for 0 s x s I , where I being the length of the bar.

Sol.: (i) The most general solution is

(May 2008)
u (x. t) = (C cos mx + Cs sin mx) e " e t

(11)
u (X. t) = cs sin mx e"*eit

(iii) 0 = Cs sin ml enf est

sin (ml) = 0, ml = na

m , n = 1 , 2, ....

NTx
u (x, t) =
Cs Sin , n = 1, 2, ....

NiTX n
Or u (x. t) =2 b, sin e . ()
n = 1

Applying condition (iv),

NTX
u, = 2 b, sin
n =|

Susin, s i n nTX dx cos

n

b
ntX
u (x, 1) = sin e
n=

Ou
Ex. 10 Solve the equation = a where u (x, t) satisfies the following
conditions: (May 2014)
(i) u (0, 1) = 0
(i) u (, 1) = 0 for all t
(ui) u (x, 0) = x in 0 < x <l
(iv) u (x, co) is finite.
Engineering Mathematics Ill (Mech.) 13.40 Applications of Partial Differential Equations
Sol. : The most general solution is
2 2
m
u (x, t) = (c, cos mx + Cs Sin mx) e

) Ca=0
2
a
u (x, t) = Cs sin mx e
2
a m
(ii) 0 Cs sin ml e
Sin ml = 0, m = nT

m = 7 , n = 1, 2, 3,.

nTX
Cs Sin e n= 1, 2, ..
u(x, t) = .

Combining all these solutions, we get

niTX
u (x, t) =2b, sin

(i) x = 2b, sin nitX 0 < x <

n =l|
which is nothing but half range sine series for f (x) = x in (0,

ntx
.
x sin dx

os (1-sin
-io-
u (x, t) = Isin n
e
Ex. 11: The temperature at any point ofthe insulated metal rod of one metre length
Ou Cu
is governed by the diferential equation = . Find ulx, t), subject to the following

conditions:
0C
(i) u (0, 1) =

(ii) u (1, 1) = 0C
(ii) u (x. 0) = 50C and hence find the temperature in the middle of the rod ar d

subsequent time.
Engineering Mathematics I l (Mech.) 13.41 Applications of Partial Differential Equations

Sol.: The most general solution is

2 2
u (x, t) =
(C, cos mx + Cs sin mx) e
*

) C=0
2 2
m
u (x, t) =
Cs sin mx e
2
Cm

(ii) 0 =
Cs sin me
Sin m = 0 ' m =nt, n 1,2,
2
u (x, t) = Cs sin nTX e n =1,2,...
Combining all these solutions, we get

2 2 2

u (x, t) =2b, sin nTx e*°rt

Applying condition (ii), we get

50 2 b, sin nzx, 0 < x < 1

n=l

which is represented by half range Fourier sine series for f (x) = 50 in (0, 1)

b 2J 50 sin nzx dx

100COS niTx
nT
100(1-n
100 1 - E ) sin nitx e Cnn
2.2 2 t
u (x, t) =

n=l
n

Now the temperature in the middle of the rod at any subsequent time is

100 - n f sin
n=I

= 0, if n is even

2 if n is odd.
nn
n=
Engineering Mathematics Il (Mech.) 13.442
Applications of Partial Differential Equations
EXERCISE 13.2
Solve the onc-dimensional heat flow equation a for function u(x, t),
subject
to following conditions:
1. (i) u (0, t) =0, ii) u (l, t) = 0, for allt
(ii) u (x. 0) = x, 0 < x<l (iv) u (x, oo) is finite.
21
Hint: b =-1)-
nT

:u%, t) = e sin nTX

2. (i) (0, t) 0,
u =
(ii) Ox u (1, 1) =0, for
allt
ii) u (x, 0) = x
iv) u (x, oo) is finite
a ',
Ans.
(-1" (2n+1)TX
sinn+)zx
u (x, 1) =

nn 2 I (2n+ 13 21
e

3. (i) u (0, t) = 0, ii) u (7, t) = 0, for allt

(iii) u (x, 0) = mx - x?,0<x<T (iv) u (x, o) is finite.

sin (2n1) x- (2n -1

Ans.: u(x, ) TE =

n =l
(2n -1
4. ) Ox u (0, t) = 0, and (1i) , 1) =0, for all t

(iii) u (x. 0) = x?, 0<x<l (iv) u (x, co) is finite.

ntX
Ans. u(x, t) =7+ cos

Ou
5. Solve at =if
(i) u is finite, Vt ii) u (0, t) = 0

(iii) u (T, t) = 0 (iv) u (x, 0) = ax - x*,0sxSn

Ans.: u (x, t) = (2n+ 1)' sin (2n+ 1)x e-(2n 1f

Engineering Mathematics l l(Mech.) 13.43 Applications of Partial Ditferential Equations

d'u
6. Solveve=kir
Ox
(i) u (x. t) is bounded (ii) u (0, t) = 0

(ii) u (l. t) =0 (iv) u (x,0) = 0Sx<l

Ans.: (x, t) =*
2 ED
u
n=l
n sin

The equation for the conduction of heat along a bar of length is =k

neglecting radiation. Find an expression for 0 if the ends of the bar are maintained
at zero temperature and if initially the temperature is T at the centre of the bar and
falls uniformly to zero at its ends.

2T
0xl/2
Hint: ) 0 (0, 1) = 0, (i) 6 = (1, 0) =0, (ii) 8 (x, 0) =

(-x). insxsl
NiT nTX
kn
Ans.: 0 (x, t) =
T2 2 n sin Sin

8. Solve c , subjectto the following boundary conditions

X, 0<x/2
G) u (0, t) = 0, (ii) u (, t) =0, (1ii) u (x, 0) =

1 --X, /2Sx<l
2n-1
Ans.: u (x, ) : =
7 2 (2n
- 1) sin 2n-zx
Sin e

9. The temperatures at the ends x =0 and x = 50 cm in length of a rod are held at

0°C and 50°C respectively until steady-state conditions prevail. The two ends of
the rod are suddenly insulated. Find the temperature distribution of the rod
assuming that the surface of the rod is impervious to heat.

-2n-1ai
Ans. u (x, t) = 25 - 200 2 20
(2n-1 COs
(2n-D x e
2500
50
Engineering Mathematics - Il (Mech.) 13.44 Applications of Partial Differential Equations

10. A rod of length is insulated along its length so that no heat is transformed from
its sides, the uniform temperature of the rod is 50° C. Suddenly the end x =0 is
cooled to 0° C and the end x = I heated to 100° C and these are maintained
atterwards. Find the subsequent temperature distribution of the roa.

100x 100 nzx

Ans. u (x, 0) =

11. A rod of length I has its ends A and B kept at 0* C and 75°C, untilsteady-state
conditions prevail. 1f the temperature of A is suddenly raised to 75° C and that of
B to 175C and maintained thereafter, find the subsequent temperature distribution
of the rod.
- (2n-1
100x 300 (2n-1)TX
Ans.: u(x, t) =75 + (2n -1
-T 2 (2n-1)SSin
n=l

12. A rod of length l has one end kept at 0°C and other end B at 100° C until steady-
state conditions prevail. The temperature of A is suddenly raised to 50° C while
the end B is insulated. These conditions are maintained thereafter, find the

subsequent temperature distribution of the rod.

-2n-
200
Ans.: u(x, t)= 50 + E D 8 0 0 sin2
(2n 1 T? (2n 1) «] 2
4

13. A rod of length I has its ends A and B maintained at 20°C and 40°C respectively
until steady-state conditions prevail. The temperature at A is suddenly raised to
50°C while that at B is lowered to 10°C and maintained thereafter. Find the

subsequent temperature distribution of the rod.

40 2nTX i
Ans.: u (x, y) =50- x
- sin e
14. A uniform rod of length l whose surface is thermally insulated, is initially at

temperature 0,. At time t =

0, one end is suddenly cooled to temperature 0°C and
the same time, the other end is
subsequently maintained at this temperature and at
l at any time t.
thermally insulated. Find the temperature at end x
=

15. The ends A and B of a insulated rod of length1, have their temperatures at 20°C
and 80°C respectively until steady-state conditions prevail. The temperatures at
these ends are changed suddenly to 40°C and 60°C respectively. Find the
temperature distribution of the rod at time t.
4cn
Ans.: u (x, ) = 20x +40- 2nTX
2 L sin 2nTx