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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
85 views30 pagesWaveform Coding Techniques
Uploaded by
Preetham M. C Preetham M. CCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 30
“1
WAVE FORM CODING TECHNIQUES “
As we ctiscusted the Sampling procest, i& the fisst
Step in cligited vepya sentation % analog Wave form,
the mext Step ia Youncking off tre amplitude gq each
Sample to the weavest discrete voltage Levels present in
quankzer. After Youncling Off the crmphitucle q Lash
Sample, allotting a binary word by usinga encocley.
The -fisst ancl fundamental way Te prasenting amolog
Wavedormn to digital mean, is Called a pute Cocle modulodio
oy BO PCM System.
The digital veprasemtetion 4 analog signals haw
the following advantages,
W Ruggedness > tyanemission Noike and interferencas
W) Efficient regeneration F Pe Cocted signal atong tre
Avo mission pats
WO The potenkal fy Communication P¥ivaey aarel Security
thyough the use % encryphen ecbyiques
dv) Possibility 4 Yeprasenting aul Kinds 9. Signals ing
UNi-fIM -formak
Disadvantages
© Requires Lay ger FY OME mi csion bend idts
Gi) Tacreases the Com plercity 4 the System
i) Cost & te Stem cat also increases, POLSE CopE MODULATION
Consicy a PCM system, by which O analog Wave
i oro OY Signal iz sHammitting thyough a tram mission channel.
In a pem System, ameteg Signal ik Sampled aba Freqjuiny
A,ZrwW, there Sarmples ave oppyodaeted ta fi xeel
fevet Present 1% quonk yey amd then emtoced by a binary
Herd. “the block cliagrarn % PEM gemovedoy if Shourn
™ $9 ©
xl) Pow pass
7) filter [>| S/H
fe-w
Fig-O
Tr a PCM SyStem the signal xt) 18 Featt pass
through a low-pass ther -for Tihrichng te band voids
4 the Signal to a ‘Ww! -Hy- The outpub 4 Low- pass Filtey
Jens a Sampling and hold civcuit (S/H), hich Sarnply
the Signal xCt) with a Saompling Frequency ¢ fy (fe 220)
gives the Samples x(nTs). the Sample xCnts) ther applied
ty a qtantiser, which Compares the amplitude g x nts)
with fined amplituale level present in th and assigns
any one the ew. Hone cluving, YR Quantization paves
Sime W-h
an extor occured hue to amplitude diffvenur bebweer
xOot) end cemphitudle level assigned by a quunkae
this evvor ik Call quantization ervey, the quamhyohio
evyors ave the pewmane nt evvor%, because Bt Can net be
eliminnted Completely ingtead t+ canbe reduced by
Selecting A proper Serre pling frequensy Sp > Prefervable
Fe Shout aboays be grectey than 2h FimeLuy
amplitude atsigned by tke quamhizer i applied to a emteder
vohich yeprasents the iacomming Sarnple by B-bite binary
Word. “these “19! bits are Seviahized bya pagolleh to
Serie Converter and the resulting signal Ucabled o
Pom beged baseboard signal.
kb A quomb3er has “g)) number 4 amplitude
fest ond Lach tol vepraented by “9! binasy digits
Here fore ye 2 __@ :
ThE Mumber 4 bile generated por Second is cabled
tre Signelling rode % A Pom System VY Bgivenby
Ja ne 4 bitt/ Sample % no 4 Sormples /econd
= C4 ——@®
but 4, > 200 f
@
The dyangrnission bund width weguired for Pom
Jo 2Vw Signal generated ob the vote 'T' it half 9 tre
Signalling rede &
Band wits (Bw) = 3-7
the fg @ Shows the Pem veceiver, where th
AR possible to recover the analog Signal back Ayo We
Knowledge % Sommpte. From Pam receive block ciagierm, the dintoched
Pem signal is first poss tkyough a vegenerotov,
which veshapes the Signed pulses ancl vornover the
NOE Signed present in PH “The wndizteted pom
Signed cpplicd +o Sevicd to parsaltel Converter followed
by Aigites +o emeclog Comverter ond Sovenpte/no tcl
Cisceud amaver Phe Corves ponding fened hevely on a
Resulbug anetoy weveform. Pinelly the Signed ix
pass through oO Teconkterstion Filter, which lachaves Wee
how pass fitter ancl allows the Signal Fvequerny
Component, Up fo only ‘wl tty. The recovered signol
Key 1K almost sSeome as the Origine Signal x) The
Yerovered Signs ik Shoum in fig D
The imterned block Biogrann % vegenevabyue
Yepeater oy Yegemereto 1 Shon Tn 41g-@
Stompling natn
Distovted (hte Pe
Pem —— Decision | OM
Signed du gna
y
1
1
4
\
+
pete The distorted pom Signal ig Crmplifred, and
Sine Signal have been travelled for a Longer dittante
any phase and delay dishytions ave Compensated by a
Cquolizer. The timing ive genoredes the instant
“T’ to Sample the output 4 comphifeer ancl equalizer for
a every bit interval and, ik then Compared tn the Aecision
Cevice -foy Yelovering Lrver Aree Pemsignal. the poem
Jenenedor onc vecetuere are Synchronized dy accurde
Aeteck ary 4 fhe Signot being tran mitted From tee
“Hovey tter,
PLt the boomdnoidis F TY vicleo and ancko
Signob ig 4:5 MHz. Tf tre Signal i¢ Converted into
PCM bit Stream vith 1024 qrLambgokim devel, find
the number 4 bitt/Secmds qunwvaded by the Pom Syst
—em.
Assume that the Signal ik Lormphed ot the vee
20°), Above the Nyquist rede
Ans: Given tha w= 495 Mp Gq = ory levels
Ny quat vase = AW Akh SMH = Mth
Soomphing vos (2, 20%, Aboue Ny qpest robe
Ae paxgyif = 10-8 MH,
~ 5 v
Y = oan Oe woz
-, 2 = [o bik
the number 4 bi ree genoroded by a pem System
T= we
= 10% fork x10” bits] see
= logmbits] gee
Phi the information tn an omoleg waveform eit
Maximum Arequonwy f= SkH2 (3 40 be tram mitted
overom M-lewel poem SyStem whore the Number 9 pulse
fuvel ig MeI6. the Gwankzedion clitoshian ie Specified
Mot to exceed 1% q peak-to Peak omaleg Signo
Determine
W what ig the Maximum Tumber o bits Sample trot
Should be Usect im tsis PCM System
Gi) pohak i tke Yinimum Sermpling vede amd what
ig the Tesulking Lit robe
23d) Gs melé
w
Ya 2 > v=
afer eo tS
dos 2W= 2x Sk) = bk,
bik vode oy Signobli ng Yoke 9!
Fe Oho eS Ax 6 Kd
= 2h Kbps P3. A Compact Disk CED) Yecovels Aurctio signeaty chigitally
by using Pom System. Asserme thal the audio signal
baadwrclis +p be 15 KHe
D whet ix tre Nyquist ote
W) Lp the Nyquist ample ave quantized into L= 65,536
Jevels ond then binary Coded, clefey mine the mumber F
binary digit vequired +0 encede & Sample.
Gi Determine tre number q bineny cligits [Second
Yequired to encocle the auclio signal.
Cv) Por practical yeasons the Signols ave Sampled at
A vate well above Nyquist vote ab 44100 Samples
Te Ls 65536, cdebermine te NUMber
Per Second.
gq bits/sec vequirved + emcee the Signal and ten
mmission bandwidth F encoded Signal.
Sle) we Sky
Nyquiet rode = 2 2X15 Retz = Boktty,
vi) qa Le 65536
we
ye X
7 hog vy = Log 65536
we 1b bik . |
(cy) Signadl ng yode Go Us 3
= 16x 3oxnle
= Ago Kbps ; wes
(iv) To obtain band widis if f= 44100
Banchordts = 7 Signalling rode
=i vf,
= X16 x 44100
= 352-8 KH,
UNIFORM QUANTIZATION [LINEAR QUANTIZATION]
As we know that, -from a Quamnbizedion pscers the
Inpub Soomple Value is assigned to nearest digital ampli-
tude Lovels This quantigedion Can be either a Uniform
oy Non-Uniform, In Unifosm quantizodion, the Step
Size ig constant oy difference behveem too quank gation
level Yemains Constant over Complete amplitude vange.
Depending upan the type 4. charedexistic, tse Uniform
quantizers ave Clapified into three types which are
W midtread quanhzer
i) midviger quentizer
di) Biased quanh3zer
() MIDTREAD. QUANTIZER:
“The trangfer charecteyi shies | & Micttread quantizer
1B Shown im Fig.--O, Prom fig -O, when input % befween
Sand + Sh tee qrionhgen output ie Zero dy,
-Y sxlo<& : xqlnt)=0 guenkger outpar
xy lTe)
45 |-- -- e Z
AK itdtal-peonfor
HH Chareterishe
wt posstarongh origin
6 ‘ Th irnscopemtietn
th 5h, 3% -he .
‘rn
194 1% ents)
“25
2381
lo |
Fig-C)
when inpak x(n) is
By < xenmy< >,
1
'
\
‘€ a)
xqlnt) = 8
FYom 4ig-O, when inpal xCnts), the outpa 4 quantizer
Xalniz) 1% alo Zevo, honte this tadhnique ix Called micttread
Quankzor. The quantization ervey “€' 4 trig ie given by
b= Xq Cnty) — XCnTs)
whem XOnT) = YF,
the Output 4 quanb3er ig Toro qupt
before. this hovel heme emo is Go_ & the erm tam Tenge
tree —H ses Hy &
ctheye-fore the mayi mum quemiigehion em # oon ig
5,
Emo = |%]
i) mipaiser GuanwnzeR
The -bromafer Charecturistics 4 Mid vier quank zor 18
Shown tay #4-@ (@) end te exter variadim Shown 7 tg
24b)) En tik coke, oho impub xCnty) ik Zead tre owtpne %
quantizer is from -F > H &
OS KEMB) Ig the Sermple 4 inpud Signal 9 xy
and. amplitucleg impub signed Con Vay Prem — Kinase
to + Xmax.
From the -beanifer Chorrectey AKC 4 mid tiger Quomk 3ey
thin XO) = 46, xq, nis) = 1%
*(nTs) = -46 xq OTs) = -19),
Correspondingly tre total amplitude q¢ input Signal 4
Total amphtude ToNge= Kae C= a)
= Xm ————®
The totod ormplitude rernge ig dovided in to ‘Gy bevel
4 qyank3ey, then Step Size~8' ig GWM by
ba Tmax
aa © whem Signa XO 7% aocmoNyect, Wen
Xnax = |
—%moey = —/
wo Se * @
Y
The Step Size is enade Small to reduce tre
AMOWN G quankigedion errvoy ‘E'. the Yuoudizahion erncur
& Uniformly Aittsibuled ower on Sampling bnlerrvel G
y 5 0 po
Emax = | Al , ~9, 2 lina % % —6)
The psp 4 quantization enver “¢!
a)
pee
rT] g-cH) &
oi. © Shy :
Therefore fron PSD qe! FCs) 1k defined oy
FO) = ]
at
6
0 for 07 Se
_
fer -% 58S
—©
The SNR 4 & Quant ger ix defired ay
Gp ee aaees era
Noixe Power CNormnevbized’)
2
“the noise Power — Vino ice
Re Ca) ws
Vinoite ig the mean Squore Value G Nike Voltage, Since
noise ia defined oy a random Variable 'E'
The meen Squave Value =ELeT= 2%
27. 0
eled= f efw@de —®
fr
Ss f eh x ide
%
Whoo Noise power ik mormolized, R=], tren Lrem
Cquoken Ga) the Moise power ix given by
& 2,
NOV“E power (Hormatized) = 7 = mas)
The number $ Ywonkgahm lew th quant suv i
VY oand *eprasemkng tach hurl by ‘19’ bits
y= —_@
bur a 2Xmoay = 2Xmax
Vv 2”
. 10m eyuaken
(2x mex 98)
125
A Xue /2?*
Es
Noike power = therefore note power = fe
Ket “Pp! tk the Signal power, then SNR is
P
ino Bx Be
BP oy
= x2
2
* MAX
Maximum Signal 4 quembzaken noire wah 5
SP 2
QA) rage = an: ea
max
hob the impub Signal xt) is marmaliged &
Xmax =I, then equation GD i given by
Sy = BP x OY
when Signol power "Pp ix Movmal zed
Sy = Bue ve
nag = C48 + 6) dB —(13) wT
Pas Signed MH = 6Sin amt UF PraaK miltect Using 4rbit
Pom system, qruanhaer is Qe anid Tiger tyet wits Gep
Size Av. Sketch the Pom -foy one complete cycle. Assure
Soxnphing vale 9 4 Samples] cee voit Samples hekam oF
7 Ye + Fe 5]p Sec. Determine the Codevoerds for
, ~ ,
given Sor ple.
sea
Me)= 6 Sin aire ,
m= Ev (Peak)
Sine S=iv, tee quantizer lovel are 065, £15, +25,
£35, FAS, $5.5, Lb, + TS for the midizer quantgen
The fows Sommpley G ome cycle are taken at t= thy +7 £%s,
+ Ye. The quantized ever and Corresponding out ps ix
Shevsen below, cf
Glo 6s
tlol 5s
1100 AST
loll 35
[oh as
1001 U5
[000 O54
Oo
Onl -oF
Ono 5s
O10 25
0100 -35
OO AS
oo10 —&S
coo, 6-5" |
poco TS
i I
0. 3x36
ee
+
hy Ae
45 +s
(100, N00
Ywantized towels xe 6 Sinamt fuankzel Semple pom
Value olP
% A242 AS 1100
. , 1100
Ys A+ 226 AS
% 424-26 AS ooll
% fe dyrb hes coll
PS: Derive the expression for Signal-to quantizadion
Noise vatto for Pom SYStem thet em phoyor Lineor—quamndi
~Zedin techniques Assame that inpuk to the PLM Sy stem
TBA Sinusoidal Signal
oR
A Pom System uses Unidorn quantization Prollowed
bp a '09' bit Entedur Show that the TMs Signal +o
Quantzohion noise Tahto be approximately given by
G-9+6W)de
The impeak tg Simusoiclod Signal, havivg Peck
Volkage Am. heh the Signed power P? te pivenby
Dy
P= V7e | years value
Ve Aw)
Pa (Amin) _ Aes
za ~ “72
bohon Sigrod 'p' ie novmolized, tren R=)
2
p2 == —O w-l0
The Signal +o qtankgahio noiKe yodTo g POM
Sy Stam 1& given by
3P 2v
Wy = ome 25 —@)
may
. -
bab Mina Xmon f pa AB inegnO® «
Am
Spy = 3 &) my pee!
Arm
= *%»x 2
Gdte= lo beg ( 44) + tolog (ge)
= 176 + 2VWR10KO3
= 17646
Gn (v8 +60)
PE: A Tv Signal With bandroidts 9 4:2 MHz 1s dyarymitted
using binayy poem. The mumer 4 quombaatim love are
S12. Colucntode
Codersord Leng ts
G) Trammencecion band voi ett
QW Final bil vede
QV) he owtpub Signalto quombzedhion noize radio
Sole given Rob We ded Mit, ayo S12,
G qe si. > 2%
dogsin = logo
Log sir
w= 29 _
=e a bits on)
Trang mission bandesidts B= aH
= Ax yd MH.
= 378 MH
Wi) The bit rede de {Be
Va,
Sse 2w = 2 x 4d Met oy Bre £9
= Sil MHz
FS AK Koy MHD
= 15:6 Mbps
WY) Signed +0 quom's aehten noice Fado
Gy) ds= 4-8-4609
= 48 6xq
= 5.8Ae
CHANNEL Noise AND ERROR PROBABILITY IN PCM
The Pexformance % Pom Syston 4 torfluuneed,
by $90 magor Source % Noiges that cure incteponclent vor'ty
Caen other
Ch) channed noise: TE may be infrocdluced any where in
the 4ranemission path
w Puanhzing noikes TE generades at te PEM tearmamitien,
vohen Approximating toe amplitude 4 Semple in the quanhger
and fig beirgy Carried «ill the yeeoiuer.
The Above tse noikes Lott Appear Simultaneous ly ,
when PEM System is Opervediong.
he quomb3edtion moire ix already
Gmsiduring only chemnel noine-
Here, We Consider Separalely,
being diteutted and hore w-l)
At tee Pom-beantritter, a Sareple 4 inpul signol
ix, bong veprasented by a Gop | binory digit, vabicn depends
Upon te SiZe 4 the pcm Sy Sten. othe binary digits vee
sonmmitted tr Sexiol-form, these Serio) binary digits arc
Fepratemted by NRZ Unipolar end in vohidh for binary “42
ig Said to be Symbol’! and binary ‘0! os Symbbx"o'.
when Syrnbol'1' is teurnyrnitied resulting signal dereed
Os SK) iz given by
Si BH= © 4t
‘
7 ° t Enon
49-6 et Enon
<< Pogien 7, >
Message + Message
Point { pointe
2 fat
wThe coosdinales 4 hwo points ae geven by
= T
Sy J SLE) bey de do Sy moot” 4! BH
"NS Emuys
6, . Te ay
a { LY) dle for Spenol “v'—_©
= o 1
Bud the stgnel ab tse ottpud OF channel
if giventy
XO) = Soy + a Ww -12-
we
“The veceived signal i parstorough madched filer anid then
output q it is Sampled and tke Sample X;
x= fey gc) dt ——®©
°
To caluttode tre peploals lity error Pe, Assuming x
ik a Tancdom Variable, hon Symbol 0! &% traswmitied
then PSD ig given by -*ip,
4a Ci)= ja € —@
be
uk Peco) = Fx (%Jo) dx,
VE nay] 9. 2
bo hy, lo
= = [ eae
o Leroy
hak pe 4 » dz= sine dx) Axi=Iidz
) Zao
X= Jems, Ze ae £ ae
o Rewriting the equadin © interms GZ we hawe
—2
RO= Fre ( x WNe dz
e@ az —@
=
Bub cecorcling ty Grandad Omplomontary ent furdhinn
age
a exfe(u)= fe “dy ® Comporaing equalim @® and B, we have
Ro) = + erfe (& | Se.)
Atsumiry both Symbol, ore Cqiprbable ten
R= L enfe (4a) GH
Pe.
Pom
POR LY + PU) AC) :
aot lag at rhe (ES)
= Lede [Fam )} —€)
The Rao Emoxjy, Tepyosemts. de. peak signal energy.
sto-woipe Spectred Berastty + THR vosio may ako be
equeted tp the peak si
‘Goal to noise power redto &
Ermey = Proves
Emap _ Finan.
Ne Noss,
fohene Mejp
Inthe average noite power Contained in o
Atonpmiscion bandhndti Cguods to toe bit rode Yrg
ROQUsT (NoNoniFoRm) QUANTIZATION
Ln “sig quantisedin pro cegs, ase. Step Stze's! a
A Quontizor i% not fired inglead fb Veerrey aceurcliny.
do Certain laws or Ipod SigneS cenphitude. The Hangdey
Charecler ig hy, 4] Nor -unefiy on prone (& Shou tn €e
From Fig -O, th tx closer tty
70.
oh Me Smoller Sop Size a made
for fous teypud SignoS Jomls cemad Shep st50
cov lervger Oem plitucte lovely +
U meade lorrguy
taped Sonok. The
Odkveniane Se EeTTEa esters ease estrone ones eae eee ieee eee Eee eet TE wld
HOU quantizer ix thel a Comfant SNR Can be main
Leined
pegints)
— Kp} re
oO
44-0
TRE meinen guombgedion Camu ix % (4|
but Sa 2X rman WhO KX mraye = |
8= Moy for a 4-bit pem
Th Gye ae ie
ee
b= = =
+ buy = [Zl [2s
af tbe Step size éK 1y,
I
16
then in a Uniform Guantzer
when Signed Ormphidude is od 2V ov av tre WV My becong Cosi hevebley high low ot Ikv,ISv ef l6V Q ty en
Com be meglested.
eek Vale
Crest fachy =
Yt Value
COMPANDING in Poem
Pradicolly there are mo techniques +o imple
rent non uniferrn quembgaltios, bub this process (4 required
cb maintain a Contant SNR ssaugh ont tmpus Signet Lewd.
therefore do cudsive non-untferm qualtigehion by & proess
Called Compandirg. In Companding a Lower Signal amp
~ Litucle Denk are crnplified and attenuating the higher
ampktude lewd tren applying a Unifevin quant sahion. A
Yeverse Process ik applied at the vecetver, This process
1% Cabled Commpamding Ln Companding procers Tedrctng
the number 4 steps ab higher amplitude lovely Since we
attenuakt and increasing the Atumber 4 Steps at lower
Amplitude fovels Since we amplify the signal. The fig-O
Shows the Compression and expansion Curves FO Gmpa
aiding proce. Vou
—— Compression ab Ry.
IS Expansion ak Te
Linear chayeekerishcy
Gmpress lon oF Trang miter 4.. M-LAW COMPANDING FoR SPEECH SIGNALS
Novmeshy rfor Speech and Husic Signedy a t- Law
Compernding Canbe Used Tthig Cernpamding or Compression
i& defined of
doce MLA)
Zw)= a) Ta
|x| <1
yn ConPorndiing
(Shs,
— voi teow Compornding
Fig-O Signe) bevel (Ae)
© Fig -O Shows the variation 4 SNR wim veppeh
to Signo leu, Fb cam be obtexve thab tails Compandlivg
THRE SNR IA Constant wits reSped to Sigmas Lovet.
ee eens COMPANDING
A- law pervider a Plecersize Gn pregeoy Charestert
~ Sb. TE hey a Linear Seyment for lower in pub
Jerdly amd Logertiemic Segre tet higher complidede.
Jot ig defined oy Ale) fos oelelg &
L0 = +p ban
4 Alx
J bal) by) fee & Gee
CinCipuyy> > 4
PT 2 Show trad fy kerrge values q LLZA, tre
He has and A- law have Serme. Cornpamding goin
Sele the Companding Gain Ge 4 givencs
Gc= dz)
du |x>o
“The Compondiry gato for t- las
= Af Untie os)
4c ar} TCD) Vase
be Ho hey |
[+X bn Cit u) x20
eee
bn (140) eC = wis
Now Cobuentose the Gompandiing goin % A~ hows,
Consider only the -fint Segrenent @
ile ra eeel
‘dx V T+ bina
7 A
I+ a @
dor ea
Ge tov lu, a
° Ge In(i+a)
Gc for A- law
Ge= TES
For loge Velues @ A LL
ne) = t+ bola)
Horn G_ (a-lug) = Ge Ci hea)
P.8 Show thod, with a non-uniform quantizer, tke
‘Mean Square Value 4 the quantizahion evrev in Appooni -
modely Cquod de - 57P;, where St ik the 1
Step Size and P, ih the poobability that the input Signal
amplitude fies within the 7 interval. Assume that
the Step Size Us Seroll Compared sity etcursien 4 tre
impuk Signod .
SUE Since Ga) Step Size 4 mon-umiformn
i H3er ave
. « Suanisantion lovely ee
difjerenr & "WapAngy are Hey Kay Mg ky
-_& .
XS exes yt fDi Re Step Se in 1 quankgation Level x;
Thore dere the instante nto squere value 4 quant
-—ZAKM ervey i Mean
@ = (x—x:)”
i
The poe g xx become f, (xi)
xt hy
eee} = J Oc oi £ Crax
ye
1
= Ao) fo Cee aA = 4,60) (x- wy ae:
«By
$00) 4[-C 2]
= 8° 4,05) —O
Lek the probability tha *x' Lies in {© interval be Pp’
hen a - xr
re J Aede = 409%]
ee
R= & oe rics
(ey) = */s, —O
Subshise 42) in@ &
