Constant, Operator Expressions

CSE 1111: Structured Programming Language

Charles Aunkan Gomes
Lecturer
Dept of CSE, UIU

1
Variable vs Constant
 Variable: A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area.
 A variable may take different values at different times during execution.
Variable declaration: data_type variable_name;
data_type variable_name=value;
 Constant: fixed value that do not change during the execution of a
program.
Constant declaration: #define constant_name value
Rules for Defining Constant
 Naming rule is the same as naming a variable.
 #define must be written before defining a constant

 At least one blank space between #define and symbolic name

and between the symbolic name and constant.

 #define statement must not end with a semicolon

 After defining the symbolic name should not be assigned any other value in the program

 #define statement may appear anywhere in the program before use.

Valid or Invalid
 #define A=21 invalid

 #define A 20; invalid

 #Define A 15 invalid

 #define A 11 valid
Example Code to Define a Constant

#include<stdio.h>
 Output?
#define PI 3.142
Take input of radius:
int main(){
float radius, area; 3
printf(“Take input of radius:");
scanf("%f",&radius); Area of circle=28.278000

area =PI*radius*radius;
Area of circle=28.278
printf(“Area of circle=%f\n",area);

printf(“Area of circle=%0.3f\n",area);
}
Operators
 Operator: Operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain
mathematical or logical manipulations.
 C operators can be classified into a number of categories:
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operators
 Increment and decrement operators
 Bitwise operators
 Special Operators
Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic C Operation Example Possible

Operator operands
+ Addition 5+6, a+b, a+4 Any number
- Subtraction 6.5-5.0, a-b Any number
* Multiplication 6*5.5, a*b Any number
/ Division 6/2, a/b Any number
% Modulus 14%3 Only Integer
number
Operator Precedence
 When multiplication and
division exist in the same
operation, as both are of the
same precedence, they are
performed left to right.
 Which means, the expression
6/3*2 is equivalent to the
expression (6/3)*2
Operator Precedence
 Any operations enclosed in parentheses are performed first.
 Any multiplication, division and modulus performed next from left to
right
 Then addition, subtraction performed from left to right
Relational Operators

Relational Operator C Operation Example

> Greater Than x>y
< Less Than x<y
>= Greater Than or Equal x >= y
<= Less Than or Equal x <= y
== Equal x == y
!= Not Equal x != y
Logical Operators
Logical C Structure Example
Operator Operation
&& Logical Condition1 && Condition2 x > 1 && y > 5
AND (both condition must be true)
|| Logical OR Condition1 || Condition2 x > 1 || y > 5
(atleast one condition must be true)
! NOT !(x>1)

 Relational and Logical operators return value 1 if the expression is true

 And return value 0 if the expression is false
Relational & Logical Operators

Expression True/False Return Value

9>7 true 1
9<7 false 0
9>7 && 9!=7 true 1
9>7 || 9!=7 true 1
9<7 && 9!=7 false 0
9<7 || 9!=7 true 1
!(9==7) true 1
Assignment Operator

Operator Name sign example Meaning in C

Assignment = A = 5+6; Assigns the value of the right
A =x+y; expression or Variable to the
A = 5; left operand
A = x;
Increment & Decrement Operators
 Let X=5;
Operator Type example Use in C Meaning in C
Name program
Increment Prefix ++X A = ++X 1. Increments the value of X by 1
2. Assigns the value to A
Postfix X++ A = X++ 1. Assigns the current value of X to A
2. Increment the value of X by 1
Decrement Prefix --X A = --X 1. Decrements the value of X by 1
2. Assigns the value to A
Postfix X-- A = X-- 1.Assigns the current value of X to A
2.Decrement the value of X by 1
Bitwise Operators
 It is used for Operator Name Example
manipulating data at
bit level ~ Not ~x
& AND x&y
 Used for testing bits
or shifting them right | OR x|y
or left. ^ XOR x^y
<< Left shift x << 1
>> Right shift x >> 1
Bitwise Operators Example Code
Special Operator
 Sizeof operator:
 It returns the number of bytes the operand occupies.
 i=sizeof(int);
Special Operator
Type Cast
 Converting one datatype into another is known as type casting or, type-
conversion. Two types of conversion:
 Implicit conversion : If the operands are of different type the lower type is
automatically converted to the higher type before the operation proceeds.
The result is of higher type. Example: A float type variable will be
converted to double type automatically
 Explicit conversion : Conversion from higher type to lower type requires
explicit conversion. Example: Double to float conversion/ Float to in
conversion
 You can convert the values from one type to another explicitly using
the cast operator : (type_name) expression
Implicit Type Conversion Example
Type Cast
Example Action
X = (int) 3.5 3.5 is converted to integer
X = (int)(a+b) The result of (a+b) is converted to integer
X = (int)a+b a is converted to integer and then added with b
X = (int)a/ (int)b a is converted to int, b is converted to int, then division
operation performed
X = (int)20.5 / 20.5 converted to floor int(20), 4.33 converted to floor
(int)4.33 int(4), then division operation performed