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Digital Modulation Techniques

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Preetham M. C Preetham M. C
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Digital Modulation Techniques

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Preetham M. C Preetham M. C
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0 ums DIgiTAL MODULATIO RT TECHNIQUES Basically ‘there ctve two ways of Hansrnission O}- digital Signals are base band and pastband Hrancmitsion 1. Baseband Transmission: The digitad dota qeowtobed bya digital Source ave transmitted hivedty through the trantmission channe) witsouk any modulation ix Coed baseband tranemission. : 2. Passband Tramsmission : The digital dato ave generated bye digital SOUr ce ig -modvtoted with a high Frequonyy Gasrier signal and thea trans mithng trough 4 Frans mission Channel i& Called passband -trememission The baseband transmission i& preferred for Short distance trome mission vohere ag partband transmission in preferred
energy 4 a bit ~ St)= JE, bey) —®© The wave deren for be), CH) and SC) are Showmin 49D PF Or tole rio, => Ask DetecHont- the block hagram ¢ Coherent ype 4 ASK Aefeadeen 12 Shown in fig-@. The ASK mocluloded Signol SC) tetten Leon te. ouspub 4 channel te aprdiea ty Lorrelater Consisting $ MYkKplier and lovbegvabey, “The. Locally | Generated | Carcivr ig Applied tote mulkptiey Shown ink © bM-4 the output 4 mulb plier ig integrated over ane— bit inca integrotoy behaves Vive q Low- pass frlte interval, S' eo ignol present ob the oud publ the high Froquene} Corsi $ 4 mulpiier is suppressed and only dato signed wae dorm i8, lowed. “The wave form Comming ont Prom integrator if Sampled for every-Bit (Te) intersval and the vesulting Sample if compared soits te Hrreshelet ued decision devia an maker te Aetision either in favour 4 Symbl “1 or Symbel-o'. Thik+y pe 4 deteabm ig Called Coherent detechton. Sampling ASK Th Sustch , op De cislon, if Gs device 7 Signod 2 Sequaras Ste) ¢ t=Th Locobly, LP . Seed X PTH = SY-4 re Fig-@ X The NHL => Specteum Of ASK SIGNAL. ~ bm vohem any baseband Signal & modiutoded voit, es vari Ih ig J i high’ frequeney Carrier the wesulkug Signal s¢4) Codi a band-pass Signal, The Power Speesees lemsity +} any band-pass signed ix given by Ss) = 4-[SelF-f) + SaCF+4)] —op where 44C4) = Speetsum % baseband Signal. Sma tre Meomming data'r are vepyatented ee NRL umipolar format the Power Speehol clemsity ate i given by SaAHe= 3p + a fn Ctn) 8 Where Th => bit durahtn oY SYmiod dusaben A= produsk @ complitucle $ Crtion amd baye bond #ignod a: fz ore: a lex a = = —© SWoKtitte ea nedian @ | n® we have S= 2 8-4) 4 ante sine e-#) + oe x | Te OFS y ott, . ty sine [C£+ fe) Te] | 1 pos Prom equation @, we Can able to diawa pop fey Signal s(t) @ SsCf) 18 Shown in 4 -© Sf) &6(t-£) | le | PimenehCf- el" 6 BP AOU HY | AR The Ao RS ge pet BR ACR FYOM the Cpechur % ASk Signol, the bandwidt Yeguired dey ASK Signal iR givenby tC 1 Bo= [kt e\-[4A-%] H = kt kt hy > 2 = 2h, The bond widts veguired ‘for ack Signed if “Hesict the bit robe Q the bose band signal. Me Re jo NSx Vy dam od Pe hp) PCM — 5 Du-s PHASE SHIFT KEYING [Psi] | | The PSK is chefined ap shiffing ov Karying Phage | Of the Casviey On accosclance W9it5 base bond signol. Again Psk be longs to basic Aigital moditosion teshmnique Consists 9 -tso SYmioelt are ‘1’ and *o', In PSK tov every Change in SYmbol the Conver Signol is Phase Shifted by 180, hence Psk moduloded Signal ix ofined op Sw ERP Conarfet ogtery Pr Syo1 _ [26 Fee mane Ogt0, SY¥-) OR a aa Fig-@ wt stay Note: ote? The clotted box % 43-@ “ eauivolont to Fig-O. The oudside tre doted box @ fi9-@ Yepsasente Locably qeneredivn g Carrier Signal * Io 49 -®, the sveceived Signod Sct) ts post Through a Squome fave dovice ov Signal @ Square, tie owpuk @ fh ou given by Ste) = Cos? Campet + © 5 ols wliée. ) vM-7 The equation eprosents the oudpuh q Squowe hous devree in which we have meglated the amplitude ¢ mModusated Signo) SU). O yo presents aire “beara aniesion chehouy SW)= Cox* OmPe +e) 1+ cog Ortct +e) 2 e on + + tr Cnfet +9) —® aw t—~——_— De Ac Component Component @ the output % Spare daw Aevice ix given band pees Fitters with a 8 tte frequenay g Phar The bere Pass Ac Component. Therefore entpar 4 bond poss filter 14 given by G22 (27+ + 8) ——-@ ® Agein outpur 4 bend pays filter is pars trough a Arrequensy deyidey, which clevides the frequens Component by £2, the resulking. Signed is given by (ox (2mFet +9) by Ord wring tre Voli 4 G=0, then the signal louldy geneyated ate Gers “receiver 15 exerchly Sure ay the carvier uxed ab the trang miter. € Cary ; dutotoe ox mmulh ple @ the cutpel + Synchronous Ooms dito ik be) | 28 cxerfet rs) * con Comber D \' bw [2 coePOrfetr) ib Tey [tena cork oo bu) Bee | 2D buy = + b(t $2 Cra lori © Asst tem ig aVowed and at term ik Suppreried hemee the outpur 9 Ft th wn by - 0 —O © the recovered. Sequence is divebly prapartin ty te iven inpak SOG rere . " ° ® the bit synchronizer operates we -tuso Switehes 665, When S, Clotes tie Sormphe ia givents DD when 5) Chore tthe imbegy odor Yesels - => Spedsum 4 BPsk Signal AS We Know that te spedlsum g bond poss shnal ix Ss(4) = +-[ SolF-#.) + Sol +4.J] © - In PSk modulation, the coda Signo ix veprasented ay NRZ Polar amd ts power Spockral cemsity (PSD) is given Sg (= oT, sinc? (f%) —® Substtde equation &S) in (y) @ {Jee sine(#- 4.) T5] + ote sine (Ch ym] He | The equator (&) Yepraserts the power Spectral clersity 4 PSK Modtated Signed. the Specksurnyg. TH x Shoum ip aC) 3.4) a MAb nner] x co sine farpsri] fA, “fe fer, fo, Fe fb Zz Fig-© | => Bandisidih of BPSK signal H erom 4ig-@ the beandundts ¢ Bes k Signal 4 | awe [Ferd] [fen i. (A+ 4] _ (#-fe] ; - Kr h-hh \ S Bamadwidlis = 2f —4D KEYING LFSK oY BESK FREQUENCY SHIFT FSk: ia defined ag Shifting the Frequonsy z the Comriet wave in actosdance. with the bage- bamd Signal The amount 4 4 Rrequorsy 8h sniff shouldbe a Gomttomt 3 au “there fore. modutoted signet acy iz given by SC) = | ann Szp, Con (amfe— Dt PY. Sinse binary dala are repoejented oy polar NRZ coavedorn G “itestmplinade efor StI ond me -Ve > amplitude for Sy 0G Dm-i) b= {*! doy Sy-1 OStKTE -| fev Sy-0 ost sty . The equation O Cam olga be written ap SW) = Jap, wor[lomfe'+ buy) rye] —2 Al 50 SiC = JOP, Coe ort dwsy-1 O Detection of FS k geo TR commit Ee wy. ) oe i er Signa xe “4 St) Te oO ). (2 apyuy7 0, S44 ae = (2 oxanfst yeeico, S450 . Fig-@ The bhock diagram: qs Coherent BFsK veceiver a Shown in 41g —@). The Casview signaly ht) and A) ane bo cothy gemarned ak the veceivey and ar given t Seperate muliphiers. sthe Locally generated carrieas are exashly | Sore a7 the Carvient Signody Uged ob te Heanw milter, henet the 44-@ ve called Coherent daberbion 9 £Sk moduloted Signed. the ontpnk 4 bots mulliplien are given do integraday, which Sepprewy the high frequen components and Produce) tre equivalent bore bernd Signal are. bey and Su). The onkprd @ bei integrates Gre Selo Froachedd and a gimp Aktision tevice. for Gmporisen ond prrduted tre actual bose band Signal, t POY Non- foherent devterkin 9 BFSK Signal | te received Signal is POM Hcough Separede Bond ~ poss Ai thers wots tts Comey froquancies 4, and £,,bMi3 the owtpal op band-pass filters are applied tp Separate envelope cletectry, vohich dodeots only bose band sig nedly & be) and bt) and‘ bots Signeds are Compared to gue te original base band Signal bw). The non- whevent detec 18 Shown in fig -® Besk signal Stk) => specsurm G BFSK Signal As we Know FSK Signal ig oblained by adding two Ask signal. Recall the Spechurn 4 Ask seqnos, in trig Case tre bage band Signal bet) ix Tepragerted in NRZ umiprlar ancl tk Speckum SeCf) ik given by Solf)= KS) + LT sinc) —O Da re the suit g amy band pats SignoJ ig given by 5) = 2-[SeF-fe) + 3s (Fr Fe) ] —© The Speckum g PSK moduloted Signal (8 giver by 5,4) = +-J Sol#-$,)+ Solt+4) + Se(4-£) riaF6)] L® Sudogihake “me in®@ 6 SE) = = PS (H- £4 ae sind [G- fT] | a sine (CFA) 7 ] &S($+4)+ SEEK) EO cinct(CF-B)iH oe scereyy & on sine [CHr4s) 8] -O The i vst rere Fok mocduloded Spedrumm ii in Fig + | + = fon, fy faite gw —— >, f LN Mey hi oh _—— ; Fig-@ => Band widis g PSK modudaded gral From Spectrum 9 PSk moditaded Signed Shoven in 4#g@ the band widts ig Brlesk = At 7") - Ching bub 4, = fot a, s . Bw= (* tet) be) = 4+ q At I, - 4+ 4h aR Bh The PSK modulated Signal requires hoice the loand norctiss required foy ASK orel PSk Modtobed Srgrnb. DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (opsigh:?miy DPSk i8 & non-Cohevent detech on Vorsiey % Pk madulodion technique. TH eliminates tre nwed fot a locelly genevated Goarior ab Wee Reeaiver. the Desk tram miter consist, Awe Pasic operations, ronich ave, tke differential encoder Qend Psk modu fig- O. to Des Modutodion tabinique when Symbols it Hemamited, thon phase § te carrier advances am Pits SNH 180" Similan sohem Symbol I ig “ried te Phase § bre Conve ik_uen a : otty Shoum in ny trans = Genevosion DPsk Signal The Pemerotion % PPSK Signal is Shown in Fig-O 2 Ip binary tdi} vel | Ace) Syverss Seftin ? kok} dict Nebwoork, Bay % Fig-O 4 Lek Shy } ik the Arbitsany b data applisd of one input ty the: Oudpub Oo XNoR gote inary Sequene oy binary Logie meboork (xNon cede) 1 delosyest by one ~bik (Te) tnter vel and app Lied ag He Second inpuketo the xVeK gett called fyi} Shoonlin a0. rhe out pub XNOk | gore & [dad iz given by a dea by Qa = beO da —O = beds bby dea Let us consider an binary Sequence [bx}= flooloon} at tke binasy data, to product tre outpur 4 ANOR Gole when first bit 4 Abe f % applied by. assuming previous output g XNOR Gate is ob Logic high & logic.’ 4". The. Dpsk dada genurated ab tre output g- xn0K for @sntoive fox) ig Shown in toable-@O R bx} 1 Oo o 1 © o1 4 {3 -———————p—_ 11 + 98 | ab dey 9+ -_+— 0. 0. a Desk a, K, dove an ; io ) 0 tot 1 bw) : Tromsmit aaah T oT 0 0,0 on a @y PT ee o } 0 * As “drem #:4-O, te owh , a Pub G XNOR ik mot only dtpendt on present in pad bif ae | fk ako depench on prouious outpub fda} to produ tre n -cohewwnt dibeckin cy rab pow jn BPR 10 dime dm OPSIL, co by Seduers ourpuk 4 XNOR Gabe. Honee Outpul cy lifjerembiad MM encoder depends on -hoe Consecutive bite @ {be}, Ter fore Symbol duvedion ‘Tab the output q encoden RT=9TL. The oulpwrg. encoder in given oy & boouebomnd Signal cto tKe balantad Modulator verulte a DPSK modioded Signed SCH) and iz given by SW= a Cox (2Tht) Ogtet —@ when Symbol'a iz +Hrangmitied olp q endar Si) is given by : se= ve {Ee wrontet ost | Se ;, Cok Raft Ty Stsate irom equation, we, oe Phose a the Corviey i Temaley Umcronged —_ When symbet "O's tsamsmitted, the Carrier Signal advance, O phose Shift q 180. There fore S(t) ik Jiven by de= § [Borers ocean Eb 2, + [oe CeQndt+rm Th Detection BPSK signal The detestion | DPSK signa) ig Shown im dig : . Girls _. ‘ Deets! by SO J eand-poss Us) ere toe oF dole | Threthold (0) whim x20 = Sot {og §6x} K Bondkiam g Dose, Stree Symod durin ig TE Scns COHERENT QUADRATURE - MODULATION TECHNIQUES — DM2© eee" To have veliable digital Communication sy tem, the digited Modulotion teahnique ured Showd produ Low probability o error and requires Less band widis, for trans mitting digitally moduloded Signal. “The. follows; ong digital moduleded Signals were Contentraked On above shoe posametens, The two teehniquas are @PSK Ond M&k medulation teohniques The PSK iB .an’ example G, Quadatur. carrier mudb plicing System, vohich produces the modulated Signal in terms % inphase and guodrosure Phose Components St) = Soll) Cornir&et — Sql) Sinamrget 1 QuADRATURE - PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPsk] _ en Tn BPSK, the phase Of the Carrier ik Shifted by any amount 4, 180° for every Change im Symbol & from 1 to “O' and ‘6 t0'4', Bub in care 4 PPSK the Phase g. tre Corrie changer by an Ormoumt 4. a0" bchoeun the ‘ ela al ede : bole. The QPSK. uses Phage Ythe Caxriey one'g. four Cqualby Spaud Volurg, Suth ay Th there fore the -tromy mi i Signal ig given by Pes BY ord My Hing Phase Sequente 4 4 psx moduloded — SW= Jz vwor[awhet + (2I-)%J o tramemibing signal: energy / symbol T 2 Symbol duration . Since _in QPSK tromemibting two bits per Syenbul, tren Signabling Symbd rode ik decreases, Tt helps-to Select the Lower bendusill® for signal t¥omimicsion. In QPSK grouping roo dato By tk pew Symbol Correspondingly vse have * 4 Symbols (a= yee Symbols and PH phaye velo Symbol phase 9 Carrier Signed produus in es. oO 7: Wy 00 3Ty ol oy n TM, | By USING 2 trigonomabeic fundtonthe quadin © iz vori then ag in tery % inphafeand quatlrabur. Comporanty (5 CsLCrt-) My] Cop (amet) — [FE sin((2t-) m7] Sinamet SSE =) Si) = ° Otbey eine Rr ; oh: om equadin(D, eh is Cleay thal there ary hoo orto 7 Toga) Carriers cre bet) anef Pct) bW= JE wremet) okt ST Dm) . —_—B no lE sont) eaten }—® A 7 Therefore by Using Quoin @ and@® te QPSK noduloded Signed Sick) te given by KW=TE OW CxlLotym] Le gy sin[eat-) my] —D > QPSK OR _OOPSK Tsanemitter The block diagram % OPsK +amng mi tter ig Shown in 4ig-O. The digital data oy binary Sequente genera ted by digital Souvee ore Converted into NRZ Polar Waveform bl), with Symbole “L’ and ‘o! reprasented “bY HE, amd —FE Vobe vespeckvely.4 Tis binary wor ba) is divicled by means 9, ctemulbplexer or bit Splitter into +wo binasy waves Connisting q odd amd even numbered input bik. These -hoo binary - waves are denoted by belt) and bet) resperh vely- The bo and belt) are having a delay 4'Th’ hence QPSK Signal I called Offser- 9 PSK Signet. The Signoy bot) and belt) are moduboded Uxth a pary g Carries Signally ov orttogonal Carriers, These two carers are having a pheye chifference 4. qo. bet) 18 medu- Ladka waits [F Con rife vesubts a PSK modutoted Signol. Also belt) te modutoded voits JE cin2mct [result another psk modulated Signet Lorrespondlirgly | Wey ame cobled Slt) ond sett) | So lt = vo [Z Cok (21h Se= Kew JE soc) — 9 ww 5 bet) binary d paar Demulkpluxey Soquemse | ba) Fig-O He) AE Gre fe From black diagram chown in 4ig-O the Opck Modulated Signal sce) ix given by SiW= Sote)+ So) —@® Ge boty JE cramp + bey [Z Sin Tft—® where Ts= 27 amel Es = Pe Ton = RZ, = 2TH Gmnpare equation @) ond we howe bow= bet) =Jes= Joe, =) 2RT, heb bolt) and belt) are given by © b= [2 cor[(23-) 4] —® bet) = fo Sin[2t-YTy] —® “therefne @ 5% modulahd Signal SiG) is giver by Ss) s Ws IPA, 4, ) bY) +B bel dy) © NEL betty dey KEY bey RY —@ Whore Ey: Bry . binary o tr jo! o 2 ° bur Senha | ee eo bor a =|. BT ot m1 . . nfo, 7 | } ; L . a : Sinir : “ph AAAAAAY AA “Sin ANA ARM > ks", 135° gas” 31s" rT | => gpsk peledion | SE) o— _j “Raise SQ) | 42 4® power - *2.| Decsten| ER Device x Decisien | Device | by Mux Fig-® “ThE @PSk ieheuion 2 shou In #i9-®. The Received Signal st) ik voized +0 4™ power, then Passi Signal through a band - pass filter With a Conter frequen A fe: hk the oubpak q band-pass filter the -Prequensy tm Carrier wave has Boon increayed +o Fove Fmy tke actual Prequemsy, here oubpub git 1 poss trrougha Prequiny evi dow C54) +4 have! Same frequimsy | the Cassie. Thre - fore tre. ontpak 2 Frequensy clevidler prrcliiess oan locally Gnervosed | ooponal Corrie’, which ave eat Same OS tok t Conviers used ob the rantont they Side fey an RW and 4). Thase Locouly gerercked Corrieng an Used to cteteet baseband Signed Cohererdty, Agai a Bbmes received Signad ig multiplied wits Locally genareted Corteienys PU) and g(t) Separately Shown tn £4 -©. the mushplid owpuk is given to inlegroders ef One Symbol curation, the Oubput q integraty are Sarnphead over one Symbol, Auvakion and we get Samples ar X; and Xz. There Sompley are Cornpared volts threghold lwel g indivicuel eckson clevice ancl finally bots the outputs 4 decision Cevice are mulKplertad +o get the dosived Lage band Signo. => Spectrum of QPsk Signad Dm rt The Speckswm OF BPSK modutoted Signos ix Simnilarte PSk Modwaded Signad Specvum onby difference ig thos: there are only two Symibole in PSK and duration 9. Symbol is ‘Ty (one bitlsyrmbet) bur i) OPSk, there are four Symbols wits o Symbol durat- -ioN Ts2 27, (tu bits] Symbol)» Hente Th in PSK Spediury is veplaeed by 27, Art OPS. Spechrum. => Bandwidts OPSk Signal ) ew=[ t+] -[t-F = = ee = fet or fet % = #+22,.-2++f7 Ts oe ies cel (The band vices % OPS wequired ix half % tre band ridiis vequired for Psx. ) 2. MINIMUM SHIET KEYING CMSK MINIMUM SHIFT Sa As we Stucied PPSK modulodion teamiqus tn which a@ 90° phase Shift produits beboean symn'oly dixss creakes an adrapt am plitude Variations in the mocitated Waveform therefore band ids 4 OPS x. Fequirey moe. Some filters Can be’ used +9 0 Kk modujoted wove bet Mey sk 12 used ver come oan ph tude. Variations present in QPS may have Some otver Side tfeel- Hera M overtome these Ofer. In MSK the oubpuk waveform is Emi nous in its phase, hence Were are No Abyaph Chernge im omnplitude. The Sick labes 3 MEK are YOY la not vequtred Smoth, hence bandpass Fi Hering Qwide imterchannel interferenat» The MSK modusl.- abion is Obbaimed Similar to PPsk te Shown 17 tig -O Ero 4ig-O, the Aurokion Y bot) and belt) os f 2Tp. The two waveforms One ated , which are Gen an (tate) amd cox 2m (tte) yond They ave mutiplied | by bet) and belt) vetperively Shoo i7 #g-1@) ¢@>. | te MEK moduleted Signal St) tk givenby i S)= J 2Ps {bet Sinertpr,)] Con omfct +p; [ bolt) Cox (27Yan,)] Sim aft —O The qvodsen (I) ix Obtained by belt)Sin(™Myn,) art belt) Con (2 Yipty) are mocltoted vith puochratur’” Comix ; ' . MSi2 in special Cade al conti negur pha FSC | No oNPusp)- change dn o/p teu ef 4 « tay | Ay ob) DAN AD AR Y PARA Pn » a “phe Shih prov dafjvwd phan = ue Py n&DtSinbery) - asinine S / : oa ne Ee sina (f+ 35.) t [ Tr ay bet + ray [| sinar(te- 4, )t Sli)= APs [eee] Sinon (fet fy 4 : belt) — bet] ¢ ft + | Z ve] iman(Fe fhe both) bel)_g T ) q + t +) ‘) / bolt bet? 6 Gtye: * un) OF Sinan ((e-4 Leb Cy = om heteh f hte ge © eguotimG@) +! By oaing equodim @ ond @, te Stee JER Gal) Sin amrh st +029, Cet) Staaf —E) when blk)= bel), Atey=o 4 al)= +! . Sw)=IER CHW Sin 2h, ——© when byl) = —bel), GiH=0 Ff UW= +) «ste Tak Lt) Staampe —O equodion © and ) weprosents only 4, and f_ are beirg Hronsenitied Ay that (ater vol. the frequerky ‘$f, and f. ore actually tam BY Ostrogorod Corsgcens & Cog (21440) oad Sin (phe) | For ottmogoraSy Fliowiny gelatim shod be Softer fied qT . f ° Sin bt) SidamP) At= 0 —® 6 bol x 4 [em (an 7 UL x4 [8m Gn Chet d, JE) ~ Sin an (te APs, Lb lt) x 4S erGe APs sQ = The equotim @ ik Sahesfied, if We have in, eee ‘m' ands Such thot . ar (fa- FL) T= nr a —® Subshtte 44 ¢ fo in equakeon @) we have or ( $i e+ Seow (H2)% =» ‘a ne) —© aw fat 4.) Tt = mr Ls Staniteys by ut( fet B+ t.-fidn= mi BEeTL aM, m= 4f%t FcTe a “he th —e wits N=1, Equaken@ iz given by 2 fp -Fi) Te — lage ; tut 2h “ fa Fe = eu —-& FoY n= a the chifference bebwseomn fi, ond 4. ig mini nimum crrd at tre Somme time Wey are oxthogen Ht . . . fenoe trig teehnique tg Cobled Minimem shift Keying Pe $$ ag se tae Sy fet Be § finherde from equation fy ond f, Ove given by p= M4 too Sut at rad mt ~ ont) Be ® - mh be Mh = (m-1) ah — when Mas Fa fb ap = (rt) Be Efe ps Fy = St) + F 4, Sis (G1) fo po, + The abowe (alucnlition Shows tre umber 4g Cycles pew bet period & for Sinanhit (4 cycles ond for Sin safe 4 eye Shon in Fat 4O. the Signes SH) & MSK is basically a ESK wits veduced vomnd ids and produces Corknouy phase. =? MSK ik Shaped PSK .. | Eh gPrk, the belt) and bets) axe clivedlt, | rowlkply HI5 Carrer, hence brereare absept Chonges is proye ond amplitude, Ty MSK tse. hoo Waveforny | belt) Sint TL) ond bolt) CH? Yen) an frost geowokd . then these Waveforms oe TulNplad wits the Garters thus the mulhpleed wsavefsym doe not have cubyupt Phase Change. Imiead the phage if Cmbnous with reppechto tre hence MSk i Called Q Shaped OPFK. => MSK Transmitter The block diagram 4 MSK +ransmitrer ig Shou 41g-®. The two sinusoidal signaly ome multiplied are Sin (anh) amd Cox (2T%4T,). the rnulh plied Signal IR Poss thyeugh a band paw filters with Q Center Prequemy 4 fot Fey, and fe - top, are Shown in #5 -@. he output 4 bbomd pas, filter are aclded ond Subbtrassed resulting Pgnall ave Tdunifed ey 4) amd YC). Again XC) Th maliplied by ABP, bol) amd y(t) ie multiplied WithNSR belt), tren finally Odcling there hoo Signaly to gt Msk moduleded Signed. ‘ BPF-1 + fet So . 4 2B, bola x'® Sinz fet Se) MSk Conan tier) Bien Signal Conant fe- fy ze yey FAD Picbelt) ZO)= Sis rmbt 2 Cop art(fo;) ——O [Sin ar (Fe- Ty )t + Simom(fer fy] _ she outpet g Lt BPE ik given by | & sinan( fet f%)t —@O he ontpak g 204 BPE ik given by 4 sinaw (f= fet =—@ Bs L siman(fe + fog et L sinar(fe-y)t KW)=_ Sin amhe Cx? rt/yte) —© i = yog= + sinar(fe~ fig jt — 4 simar (fer tye | = [sinam(er Fog yt — Star fet Fy)e] | = Sins) og 20Fet —— © “Therefore equation © and () are again mulsplred by N2Psbolt) and Tah belt) men K'C= TBP s bot) Sinaihet ton( 205.) a Y't) = ADR bet) Sin OTT) Cor ofe¢ —B) ; Finally MSK moduloded signal ik given by Ste) = LaF [ bet Sin (2 Yer JItor ome” + J2Ps [ bow) cr "%ers)| Stinorget —(H) => MSK Receiver the block cliagram Z herent datutnn ¢ Msk Signo ig Shown in Fig-@®. The vecaived signal ct) ig mals pled wits xe) and yO), the output ¢ muliiplier , ’ * ix cupped TD a Uaytegrotor And ts outpub ig Som, ed a fev every bit interval: “The Sample ie compared ¢ ae in devi, Fimabthy we gt tee bage band Signal bi) ies) EL feo} oO y te tah CIS te} bolt) yop FIg-@) => power Spechal dens | Gnrider tre auttal base bond V2 bol cthe psd q absve Equation Ih given by mrodulated wits 2 tren cor Fs Seb. fous me GCF fony?] " Faron] Ow Of gre + = bo a Mrk Bw= 0-154, — (-0-15¢e) = bsg, Band side % MSR ha gter thon OPC Cosmet) q => phase Coninutty in MIK het us consider MSK moctated Signal SH) & swe 2 bet Lal) sina (for %)* + ray | bbe) sina (fe—Foy* —O x bet | bgt SOV aR, — sina (4+ 4% )t sinaw (fe - 4%) se — Sin am (fe- Fog) sinan Cet Fy) Using above te a yo q Above table, te Siar “ alternatialy 1 SH= bil LR Sinan] f+" boty Sy}t—@ in equake @® belt) clecidy the S9n g MSk Signal SCE) cnet be bt) bolt) clecictyy tse Prequonsy. Therefore. quot ©) iz SU) = bet) JF, Sin gay -—® bhere l= amlfe+ bly bw fy]}t OD 4 watt swe w= 2nfhe+ Jt —O when belt) bol = —! bee RWS ar[ Fem Soy t —© Since belt) and bolt) ave Staggered by Ty, therefore “Be precluat belt) bolt) Cun Charge ad integer maldply g TE & kTE, equakm® ¢ © am P= Bft+ TE ~ s 2% w= ; t Rb) awh ~ ZT = F Horve tivo equodims ore, f= ey-¢H= “A, —a 28 woe Kova thot belt) voill change Plt Sign ab even bine t= 27, 4%, bTy ae Sary lt) = a ab t= 27% 47, Fag) = 2m, 4m, 6G.» ——® Steniterby be ty toil Chomngt th Signy andy at odd bit times fe when t= Th, Of, ST,- =~ © Fagly) = Toot teh aon: b Big) = Tr, 3m 5m... —® The phese Chanyt Canbe reprasentd by diferere The equoken @ $¢ (4) Show treme ig We phey in Msk Sigrol. €x-O A 4-ary PSk hos the Hom mitted waveforms Sie) = 4en(orkt + OT) pois poster Draw the Signal Space eliagram, r Sole. t- The M-ary Ps signed ik veprasemted by St= oR Os (27 + Fn) Paz (m+) Ty ON2RH 4, 2R=16, pa 1é Gee ha = t- 042 t= 0, The signal pointe on Signal spate Liegeam 4-ary PSK ik Shown below. The Signal points are placed ab JE =(BE Buy BT ew COMPARISON OF BINARY AND QUATERNARY MODULATION TECHNIQUES e num! Symt “The Hoo Systems having unequal bev 4S ooly Bare tang compen 4. The error yabes for all tse Systems decrease ‘mono- ~donteatly site increasing Valu g FY/ng Coherent modulation technique envoy provebiliy Re Fe es« Pes fexfe(l%a) e>fe((B) ~Lene( Va) zene(lE) T QE @ Were DPT 4 enon 1) L® Non- c, FSK ner ® gece orf [EE @® mew exp) ~ pevee(I%) Ue FOL omy given value ¢ "Yin, Coherent PSK produses a Srnoller errex rode trom ony “op be OEY Systems 3. The Coherent PSK amel DPSK require an Ey, % 346 bers when compared t PSK to haw the same | erredyode 4+ Ab high Vol 4 EX/n,, DPSK and non eoheanr i Fok perform almost ay well of Coherent PS k and Conventisnal Coherent FSk, verpediveliy for the Samra bit yoke and Signal energy per bit 5. Ln GPSK trv Oro gonad Carriers [Fy CRamber ard Pin tin zmbet are used, where Carview freq ueruy 4, 18 am integrod mlb phe te Symbol rote Veg. ot high value Eve (havent debesbmn ¢ PSK ard GPSK have almost Some errey rate performers, 6 Ms and gpsn- howe almost Same envor vole Perborewres

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