TITLE

THE IMPACT OF MUSIC ON EMOTIONAL STATES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-

Term Paper submitted as a partial fulfilment for the degree of B. A. Hons. Applied
Psychology, Batch 2021-2024.

Submitted By Supervisor

SANSKRITI AHUJA DR Seema Singh

A1506921098 Designation

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

AIPS, AUUP

AMITY INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES

Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India – 201301

This is to certify that Sanskriti Ahuja, a student of Amity University, Noida has carried out this
Term Paper in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of BA(Hons) applied psychology
on the topic ‘The impact of music on emotional states and psychological well-being.’

This embodies the original work of the candidate and no part of this term paper has been submitted
for any other degree of any other university to the best of our knowledge.

Date - 01.07.2023

Name of Supervisor: Dr Seema Singh

Designation: Associate Professor

AIPS, AUUP
 DECLARATION

I, Sanskriti Ahuja, D/o/S/o Parmod Ahuja certify that the work embodied in this Term Paper was
carried out by me under the supervision of Dr Seema Singh name at Amity University, Uttar
Pradesh. The work embodied in this project has not been submitted for any other degree or diploma
award except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

I, hereby declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research
workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the dissertation. I further
certify that I have not wilfully lifted up some other’s work, para, text, data, results, etc. reported in
the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, thesis etc. or available at websites and
included them in this dissertation and cited as my own work.

Name – Sanskriti Ahuja

Date – 01.07.2023

Place – Amity University Noida

Many people have played an important role in the compilation of my major project, either
directly or indirectly.

I would like to thank Prof. (Dr) Ranjana Bhatia HOI, Amity Institute of behavioural health
and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida for giving me the opportunity to do research
work in this upcoming field. Without her encouragement and support, it would not have been
possible.

I am grateful to Dr Seema Singh my guide, for having faith in me, helping me, teaching me
and securing feedback throughout my dissertation process so as to make me eligible and
competent enough in my skills. With her constant guidance and support, I was able to finish
my work well on time.

Lastly, I would like to extend heartfelt gratitude to my family and friends who have constantly
supported and encouraged me.

BA. (Hons). Applied Psychology

INTRODUCTION

We are profoundly impacted by music, which has a huge influence on our emotional moods and
psychological health. It is a potent weapon for altering our emotional and mental states because of
its capacity to inspire a wide range of feelings, from joy and enthusiasm to melancholy and
nostalgia. The limbic system, which in the brain processes emotions, is activated when we listen to
music. Neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins are released as a result of
this activation, which is crucial for controlling mood and fostering emotions of wellbeing.

The direct impact of music on emotions has continuously been proved by numerous studies.
Positive emotions are enhanced, arousal levels are raised, and happiness and enthusiasm are
encouraged by upbeat and energizing music. This impact may be especially helpful for elevating
mood and motivation during strenuous exercises or difficult jobs. On the other side, melodious
music with a slower speed has been reported to promote relaxation, lower stress levels, and lessen
the signs of despair and anxiety. Such music is beneficial, offering consolation and solace during
trying times. Music has the power to evoke strong connections and memories, frequently tied to
particular events or times in our life. Music increases emotions and produces a strong emotional
response by bringing back these memories. A music from one's youth, for instance, can transport
the listener back in time and trigger a mixture of enjoyment and longing. As a result of the
association between music and memories, the emotional impact is increased, and one may feel at
ease and connected to the past. People can express themselves through music and find catharsis,
which helps them manage their emotions. Many people use music as a coping mechanism or as a
way to convey complex emotions that are tough to verbalize. It offers a channel for emotional
release, allowing people to discover comfort, clarity, and a sense of catharsis. People can find
comfort and emotional release through this art form, whether it is from actively engaging in the
creation of music or listening to music that speaks to their feelings.

Beyond its effects on emotional states, music has been connected to a number of psychological
health-related factors. Singing, playing an instrument, or taking part in group music therapy
sessions have all been demonstrated to boost self-esteem, foster social connections, and enhance
quality of life in general. Making music together as a group can promote a sense of purpose and
community that supports psychological well-being. Additionally, research shows that listening to
music can improve cognitive performance, ease stress, and promote restful sleep. Music therapy
has been used in medical settings to help patients feel less anxious and distressed, lift their spirits,
and boost their general health. Music has an effect on psychological health and emotional states
across a range of circumstances and people. People from many walks of life, from young toddlers
to senior citizens, can profit from music's therapeutic properties. People with mental health issues
like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have benefited from music
therapy. In order to boost learning, increase attention, and encourage emotional regulation, music
treatments have also been used into educational settings.

Beyond the immediate emotional effects it has, music has the power to promote our psychological
health as a whole. Participating in music can encourage self-expression and provide a healthy outlet
for handling difficult emotions. It offers a creative and non-threatening method of emotional release
by enabling us to express sentiments that could be challenging to verbalise. Another benefit of
music is its influence on society and the community. It has the capacity to unite individuals, forging
relationships and generating a common experience. Attending live performances, singing in a
chorus, or taking part in music therapy sessions are just a few examples of how interacting with
music in a group context may foster a sense of belonging and fortify social ties. Additionally, music
can enhance our cognitive processes. Coordination, focus, and memory recall are necessary for
activities like singing, dancing, and playing musical instruments. Our general brain health and
cognitive capacities can be enhanced via regular practise and musical engagement of these
cognitive functions.

Music therapy has been proven to be a successful intervention in therapeutic settings for a range of
psychological and emotional issues. Music is a therapeutic technique that is used by qualified music
therapists to address specific goals and aid people in their emotional and psychological recovery.
For people who suffer from mental health issues like depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), music therapy can be especially helpful since it offers a secure and non-verbal
platform for emotional expression, self-reflection, and personal development. Additionally, music
has been incorporated into medical settings to support recovery and promote wellness. Music is
used in hospitals and other healthcare institutions to boost patient mood, lessen patients' stress and
anxiety, and improve their entire hospital experience. The use of music therapy as a non-
pharmacological means of reducing discomfort and promoting physical recovery has also
demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the management of pain.

Therefore, music has a significant positive effect on mental health and emotional states. It is a
potent instrument for emotional and mental health because of its capacity to provoke and control
emotions, trigger memories, and offer a means of self-expression. Music has the power to have a
significant positive impact on our emotional health and improve our general quality of life, whether
we're looking for happiness, solace, or a way to catharsis. We may use music's ability to enhance
emotional resilience, foster connections, and improve psychological well-being among varied
people and circumstances by recognizing and utilizing its therapeutic properties.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Annesi J. J. (2019) stated that the goal of the current study was to compare the effects of listening
to music during moderately intense exercise on mood, state anxiety, and time to fatigue in 27
physically active people (14 men and 13 women) between the ages of 20 and 30. Prior to and
following treadmill runs with and without music, participants completed the State Anxiety
Inventory and the Profile of Mood States. Participants alternated between the music and no music
conditions while working out at 75% of their Heart Rate Reserve until they were willing to stop.
Analysis revealed that participants' mean changes on tension, depression, fatigue, confusion, and
state anxiety were statistically significant.

Linnemann, A., Ditzen, B., Strahler, J., Doerr, J. M., & Nater, U. M. (2015). stated that Music
listening as a means of stress reduction in daily life.Studies that focus primarily on experimental
settings have inconsistently revealed the relationship between music consumption and stress.
Furthermore, it is still unknown what psychobiological processes might have a possible stress-
reducing effect. Using both subjective and objective stress markers, we looked studied the possible
stress-relieving effects of listening to music in daily life.

Koelsch, S. (2014) stated that Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions. Human communities
have music as a common element, in part because of the potent emotions and moods it can evoke.
The past ten years have seen a tremendous advancement in our understanding of human emotion
thanks to the study of the brain correlates of music-evoked emotions. According to studies on music
and emotion using functional neuroimaging, the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus,
hippocampus, insula, cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex are just a few of the brain regions
that music has been shown to influence. The use of music in the treatment of neurological and
psychiatric diseases is significantly impacted by the possibility that it can modify activity in these
structures.

Thoma, M. V., Ryf, S., Mohiyeddini, C., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M. (2013) stated that Emotion
regulation through listening to music in everyday situations. One stimulus that can elicit both
simple and complex emotions is music. We looked into if and how people use music to evoke
particular emotional states in ordinary circumstances in order to regulate their emotions.
Additionally, we wanted to investigate if particular emotion-regulation techniques affect the type
of music that is chosen in particular circumstances. Participants rated how probable it was that they
would choose to listen to different songs in various emotional scenarios (which are known to
generate particular emotions). Non-metric multidimensional scaling data analysis demonstrated a
definite preference for musical works that were emotionally in line with an emotional situation.
Additionally, we discovered that the choice of musical compositions expressing particular
emotions may be influenced by particular emotion-regulation approaches.

Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., & Huron, D. (2013) stated that The psychological functions
of music listening. Among human behaviours, listening to music is one of the most mysterious.
The majority of ordinary behaviours have an obvious utility that can be convincingly linked to the
utilitarian goals of survival and reproduction. Aside from that, there aren't many actions that can
commandeer as much time, effort, and money as music does. One of the most popular pastimes is
listening to music. People almost always have music with them in their daily lives.

Garrido, S., & Schubert, E. (2013) stated that Individual differences in the enjoyment of negative
emotion in music: A literature review and experiment. Music Perception, 31(2), 157-171. This
intricate dilemma appears to have no clear solution. Instead, a variety of factors seem to be
interacting in how differently people react to music. The goal of the current study was to explore
the idea that individual differences in rumination, absorption, fantasy propensity, empathy, and
dissociation would be associated with the appreciation of negative emotion in music. 49 people
responded to a poll that was related to this question. Results showed that appreciation of elicited
unpleasant emotion in reaction to music had statistically significant positive associations with both
absorption and the previously proposed construct of "music empathy," These findings were
supported by factor analysis and a regression model, and the methodology suggests that additional
research on individual variations will continue to reveal new information about some of the nuances
of enjoyment of negative emotion in music.

Thoma, M. V., La Marca, R., Brönnimann, R., Finkel, L., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M. (2013). stated
that Using positron emission tomography, we looked into the neural processes behind the intensely
pleasurable emotional responses to music. Variations in cerebral blood flow were measured in
response to music that gave people "shivers-down-the-spine" or "chills," a highly enjoyable
sensation. Subjective chills were reported, and changes in heart rate, electromyogram, and
respiration were also noted. As the severity of these chills grew, cerebral blood flow rose and
decreased in regions of the brain known to be involved in reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal,
including the ventral striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial
prefrontal cortex. These brain regions are also known to be activated by other situations that cause
euphoria, such as eating, having sex, and abusing drugs.

Ahmadi F. (2013). stated that Music as a method for coping with cancer: A qualitative study among
cancer patients in Sweden. Arts & Health, 5(2), 152–165. This study looked into how patients
perceived music's ability to help them cope and affect their overall wellbeing. Methods: Based on
semi-structured interviews with 17 cancer patients, a qualitative study was undertaken. From a
group of patients who used music as a coping mechanism for their sickness, participants were
chosen. Results: The study highlights the significance of taking into account the functions different
musical genres have in helping people cope with cancer. Conclusions: The forms of music that can
function as a helpful or destructive coping approach depend on the patient's situation and personal
traits. Therefore, it is crucial to look into the kinds of personal traits that might either make listening
to certain types of music a beneficial or detrimental coping mechanism.

Karageorghis, C. I., & Priest, D. L. (2012) stated that Music in the exercise domain. We introduced
key ideas and critically analysed existing theoretical methods to the investigation of the effects of
music on exercise in the first half of this two-part article. We have looked at the theories put forth
to explain how music affects exercisers as well as empirical research on the usage of asynchronous
music both before and during tasks. Pre-task music hasn't been utilised as a sedative in exercise-
related research, but it can be used to increase exercisers' activation for an upcoming session of
exercise. Despite the fact that music has anxiolytic features that are relevant in the sport domain
(see, for example, Bishop, Citation 2010), it is argued that these properties are not relevant in the
exercise domain (i.e., people do not seem to become overly anxious about exercising).

MacDonald, R. A., Kreutz, G., & Mitchell, L. (2012) stated that Music, health, and wellbeing: A
review. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 7, 1-10. The link
between engaging in the arts and health is a hot topic right now. Practitioners and scholars all over
the world have been creating and studying artistic inventions in order to discover novel, non-
invasive, and financially viable remedies that accept contemporary concepts of health. Researchers
interested in examining the potential benefits of musical participation have fully embraced the
advancements that have taken place in health-related qualitative research, which is one of the main
drivers in this active research environment. The article that follows provides a variety of qualitative
research initiatives that examine the course of action and results of music interventions. It also
offers a fresh conceptual framework for music, health, and happiness.

Garrido, S., & Schubert, E. (2011) stated that Music and recall of autobiographical memories: An
intervention study. Memory, 19(7), 712-723. With a median of 495, the number of responses per
nation ranged from 177 (Norway) to 901 (Colombia). Women made up two thirds of the responses
on average (country range: 52–73%). The respondents' ages ranged from 18 to over 64, with an
underrepresentation of older respondents (an average of 5.6% of the sample) in this senior age
group. The range of musical instruction was from none or very little (3 years) to over 12 years (M
= 19.2%) (mean across countries = 52%). The main platforms for listening to music were free
channels like YouTube and streaming services, which combined account for 85% of all
consumption media (with differing percentages between countries). Other platforms like "own CD
collections" (8.5%) or TV and radio were far less common.

Aristotle. (2011) stated that It has recently been argued in the literature that a paradigmatic or
prototypical case of human psychological well-being would largely manifest most or all of the
aforementioned PERMA factors, despite the fact that the definition of human flourishing or
psychological well-being has remained a subject of ongoing debate among scholars. It also seems
plausible that engaging in musical practises can help one live a more optimally flourishing life with
greater psychological well-being, as Stefan Koelsch noted in "A Neuroscientific Perspective on
Music Therapy." "Music therapy can have effects that improve the psychological and physiological
health of individuals."

Ahmadi F. (2011). stated that I did a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 17
cancer patients to evaluate, from a patient viewpoint, the function music plays as a coping
mechanism when dealing with cancer. The patients, who ranged in age from 24 to 73, had listened
to or performed music as a coping mechanism for their disease. Four case studies are used in this
article to emphasise one of the key conclusions, which is that cancer patients can discover inner
peace by identifying with the person to whom the lyrics of religious, upbeat, and hard and heavy
music are dedicated. The therapists who use music therapy interventions, especially with patients
who have significant illnesses, may find this conclusion interesting.

Petri laukka (2010). stated that 500 senior citizens in Sweden who live in the community and are
between the ages of 65 and 75 received questionnaires at random. The following aspects of how
music is used in daily life were evaluated by the questionnaire: listening frequency, listening
contexts, emotional reactions to music, and listening motivations (also known as listening
strategies). Also evaluated were many aspects of psychological well-being, including affective
well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonic well-being, as well as a few background variables,
including education level, health status, level of activity, and the Big-5 personality traits. The
findings indicated that music listening is a frequent leisure activity encountered in many
commonplace contexts and that older persons frequently experience positive emotions when they
listen to music. The participants also claimed to have used a range of listening techniques connected
to emotional functions.

Miranda, D., & Claes, M. (2009) stated that Music listening, coping, peer affiliation and depression
in adolescence To determine whether the three types of coping by listening to music (original self-
report scale: emotion-oriented, problem-oriented, and avoidance/disengagement) are related to
depression levels in adolescence (French version of the Beck Depression Inventory: Bourque &
Beaudette, 1982); to determine whether peers' depression levels and coping by music listening are
related; and to find empirical evidence that music listening in adolescence can lead to peer
affiliation based on music preferences.

Bailey B., Davidson J. (2005). stated that Effects of group singing and performance for
marginalised and middle-class singers.The performance literature within music psychology has
been indicative of this obsession since in western society, music performance is typically viewed
from the perspective of the elite performer. The 'why' of performance has received relatively little
attention, despite the fact that the 'how' of producing excellent performances has received a lot of
attention. An experiment with choir members who were homeless males revealed that even at the
most basic musical levels, group singing and performance had significant emotional, social, and
cognitive advantages.

Västfjäll, D., & Juslin, P. N. (2003) stated that Emotional responses to music: Experience,
expression, and physiology.Whether listeners experience true emotional reactions to music (the
emotivist view) or whether they only perceive the feelings the music expresses (the cognitivist
position) is a key question in research on music and emotion. We assessed self-reported emotion,
facial muscle activity, and autonomic activity in 32 participants while they listened to songs made
with either a happy or sad emotional expression in order to better understand this issue. The
emotivist stance is supported by the findings, which showed a cohesive manifestation in the
experiencing, expressive, and physiological components of the emotional response system. When
compared to sad music, happy music produced more zygomatic facial muscle activity, more skin
conductance, lower finger temperatures, and more enjoyment.

Wigram, T., Pedersen, I. N., & Bonde, L. O. (2002) stated that A comprehensive guide to music
therapy: Theory, clinical practice, research, and training. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. The field of
music therapy is rapidly redefining its objectives and core principles as well as branching out into
new multidisciplinary sectors and practises. When naming new training programmes,
interdisciplinary domains of theory and study, and research centres, "music and health" is being
used more frequently to describe the topic. The major goal of this paper is to add to the current
discussion of theoretical and empirical potentials and issues in the multidisciplinary field of music
and health, both in the context of clinical practise and in ordinary life. A theoretical quadrant model
is provided and demonstrated through real-world examples and literary citations, drawing
inspiration from Ken Wilber and Gary Ansdell.

Bailey B., Davidson J. stated that (2002). Adaptive characteristics of group singing: Perception
from members of a choir for homeless men. There is a lot of evidence to support the idea that
music is adaptive. People use recorded music to change their emotional state to fit their fleeting
requirements and desires. Additionally, it has frequently been claimed that listening to music can
cause unusual emotional and physical responses known as peak experiences. All people are
regarded as musical in many societies with minimal economic and technological progress and
widespread active participation in musical activities. The musical elitism that has developed in the
West, on the other hand, implies that musical skill is unique to a gifted minority. The majority is
limited to being consumers rather than creators of music because of the elite notion of musicality.
However, experimental and theoretical sources suggest that the ability to make music is innate and
universal, thus participation is encouraged.

Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001) stated that Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate
with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. We investigated the brain
mechanisms behind extremely pleasurable emotional responses to music using positron emission
tomography. In reaction to music that gave subjects the highly delightful sensation of "shivers-
down-the-spine" or "chills," variations in cerebral blood flow were assessed. Changes in heart rate,
electromyogram, and breathing were observed in conjunction with subjective sensations of chills.
Brain areas known to be involved in reward/motivation, emotion, and arousal, such as the ventral
striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, showed
rises and decreases in cerebral blood flow as the severity of these chills increased. Other euphoria-
inducing events including food, sex, and drug misuse are known to activate these brain regions as
well.

AIM

Understanding the connection between music and human emotions and how it can affect
psychological well-being is the goal of research on the subject of how music affects emotional
states and psychological well-being. This study aims to investigate the varied effects that music has
on people's emotional states, mental functions, and general well-being.In general, the purpose of
study on the effects of music on emotional states and psychological well-being is to increase our
understanding of the intricate connection between music and the human mind and to investigate
the possible advantages of music in fostering emotional well-being and psychological health

DISCUSSION

The discussion of research on the topic THE IMPACT OF MUSIC ON EMOTIONAL STATES
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING emphasizes how important music is in influencing
our emotions, improving our moods, and fostering good psychological health in general. It
highlights the value of incorporating music-based therapies into clinical practice and daily life
as well as the therapeutic potential of music.

CONCLUSION

As a result of the foregoing, we have come to the conclusion that the deep impact that music
has on people's feelings, moods, and general psychological health. A potent medium for
expressing and modifying emotions, music has been demonstrated to have a major impact on
emotional regulation. It has the power to increase mood by inducing sensations of happiness,
relaxation, and pleasure, which helps to promote wellbeing. Additionally, music has a calming
effect on the body and mind by encouraging relaxation and lowering physiological alertness. It
has been demonstrated to have advantageous benefits on cognitive processes like focus,
memory, and problem-solving. Interventions in music therapy have been shown to be successful
in treating mental health issues, offering a non-verbal and artistic medium for emotional
expression, and promoting communication and connection. Additionally, music promotes social
interaction, builds relationships, and fosters a feeling of community by uniting individuals. The
overall body of data emphasises the therapeutic potential of music and argues for its inclusion
into various therapeutic situations, even though individual differences and limitations in the
existing research must be taken into account. The results highlight the significance of
appreciating and utilising music's capacity to enhance psychological and emotional wellness in
people from all walks of life.

CITATIONS AND REFERENCES

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Miranda, D., & Claes, M. (2009) An investigation of the effects of music and art on pain perception.
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Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., & Huron, D. (2013). The psychological functions of music
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Thoma, M. V., La Marca, R., Brönnimann, R., Finkel, L., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M. (2013). Music
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