EHB

 415E    
Data  Communica2ons  

İstanbul  Teknik  Üniversitesi  

Elektrik  Elektronik  Fakültesi  
Elektronik  Haberleşme  Mühendisliği  
Fall  2013  
 Course  Informa2on  
• Instructor  
 Güneş  Karabulut  Kurt  
       Room  #  3213  
       (212)  285  3509  
       [email protected]    

2  
 Course  Informa2on  
• Time  Slot  
 Mondays  09.30  –  12.30  
• Office  Hours  
 Wednesdays  15.30  –  17.30  
• Course  Loca2on  
       5203  

h\p://ninova.itu.edu.tr/Ders/1604/Sinif/13078?e    

3  
 What  you  need  to  know?  
• Analog  Communica2ons  
• Digital  Communica2ons  
• Basic  Programming  Skills  (Matlab,  C,  Java,…)  
 

4  
 What  you’ll  learn  in  EHB-­‐415?  
• Overview  of  Data  Communica2ons,  Data  Networking,  and  the  
Internet  
• Protocol  Architecture,  TCP/IP,  and  Internet-­‐Based  Applica2ons  
• Data  Transmission  
• Guided  and  Wireless  Transmission  
• Signal  Encoding  Techniques  
• Digital  Data  Communica2on  Techniques  
• Data  Link  Control  
• Mul2plexing  
• Circuit  Switching    
• Packet  Switching  
• Local  Area  Network  Overview  -­‐Ethernet  

5  
 Resources  
• Textbook  
– STALLING,  W.,  “Data  and  Computer  Communica2ons”,  
Peason  -­‐  Pren2ce-­‐Hall,    
• Supplementary  Material:  
– BEYDA,  W.,  “Data  communica2ons:  From  Basics  to  
Broadband”,  Pren2ce-­‐Hall,2000,3rd.  Ed.  
– TANENBAUM,  A.S.,  “Computer  Networks”,  Pren2ce-­‐
Hall,  2002.  
– BEHROUZ  A.  F.,  Data  Communica2ons  Networking,  
McGraw  Hill,  4Rev  Ed  edi2on,  2006    

6  
 Evalua2on  Methodology  
Item      %  DATE  
Midterm  Exams  30  Oct.  28,  Dec.  02    
Quizzes*      ??    BONUS  
Final  Exam    40    TBA  
Project      30    

Proposal        (-­‐)      Sept.  29  

Progress  Report  (5)      Nov.  11  
Project  Details:   Final  Report    (15)    Dec.  08  
Poster  Presenta3on  (10)    Dec.  08  

Asking  ques2ons  is  the  key  to  learning  !!!  

7  
 Informa2on  about  Project    
• This  course  will  combine  in-­‐class  lectures  with  in-­‐depth  research  
projects  of  the  students'  own  choosing.  
• Project  objec2ve:  
– To  understand  communicate  and  duplicate  research  findings      
• Topics:  
– Find  a  communica2on  problem/system/standard/journal  paper  
– Get  Instructor’s  APPROVAL  as  a  project  
– If  you  can  not  find  a  topic  again  contact  Instructor  
• Topics  are  distributed  on  the  first  come  first  serve  basis  
– The  group  that  informs  us  about  the  topic  will  be  assigned  to  that  topic  
– Other  goups  will  be  asked  to  change  the  subject  
– We  will  be  using  h\p://turni2n.com/tr/  against  plagiarism  
• Sources:  
– h\p://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/dynhome.jsp  
– h\p://scholar.google.com.tr/    

TEST  AND  SIMULATIONS  WILL  BE  GRADED  EXTRA  POINTS   8  

 Project  Proposal  
• Up  to  3  students  are  allowed  to  work  together  on  a  term  project.      
– Send  an  email  upon  selec2on  of  your  paper/topic  
• TO  KEEP  PROJECT  LIST  UPDATED  
• Project  proposal  is  due  on  the  29th  of  September.      
• The  project  proposal  should  include  a  fairly  detailed  descrip2on  of    
– Your  mo2va2on  
– What  you  plan  to  do    
• (i.e.  a  clear  descrip2on  of  the  specific  problem  you  plan  to  inves2gate)    
– How  you  plan  to  do  it    
• (i.e.  a  descrip2on  of  your  approach  and  the  expected  results).    
• Your  proposal  should  also  list  2-­‐3  relevant  references.    
– Make  sure  that  you  use  correct  ci2ng  format!  
• USE  THE  TEMPLATE  FILE  

9  
 Project  Report  
• PROGRESS  REPORT  (DUE  NOVEMBER  03)  
– The  progress  report  is  a  one  or  two  page  informal  report  that    summarizes  the  
project  status  and  the  work  done.  
• FINAL  REPORT  (DUE  DECEMBER  08)  
– The  final  report  should  follow  one  of  the  forma{ng  styles  in  IEEE  
Transac2ons/Journal/Magazine/Le\ers.    
– The  paper  should  demonstrate  in-­‐depth  understanding  of  the  topic  addressed  
and  present  key  technical  considera2ons  in  the  issues  involved.    
– It  must  include    
• An  abstract  describing  your  main  work  
• An  introduc2on  describing  the  problem/topic/standard  being  addressed;  
• In-­‐depth  technical  descrip2ons  including    
– problem  modeling  and  solu2ons,    
– systems  design  considera2ons  and  trade  offs,    
– applica2on  range  and  current  implementa2on  status  
– future  work;  
• Final  summary  

10  
WEEK   Course  Outline   DATE  
1   Introduc2on     08/09  
Protocol  Architecture,  TCP/IP,  and  Internet-­‐Based  Applica2ons  
2   NO  LECTURE  (VTC  Fall  2014)   15/09  
3   Data  Transmission   22/09  
Transmission  Media    
4   Signal  Encoding  Techniques  (+  Project  Proposals)   29/09  
5   NO  LECTURE  (Kurban  Bayramı)   06/10  
6   Digital  Data  Communica2ons  Techniques     13/10  
7   Midterm  Exam   20/10  
8   Data  Link  Control  Protocols   27/10  
9   Mul2plexing  (+  Project  Progress  Reports)   03/11  
10   Circuit  Switching  and  Packet  Switching   10/11  
11   Midterm  Exam   17/11  
12   Rou2ng  in  Switched  Data  Networks     24/11  
13   Ethernet   01/12  
14   Project  Workshop    (+  Project  Final  Reports)   08/12  
11  
 Case  Study  
• Steps  of  communica2on:  
– Registra2on  as  a  freshman  and  a\ending  your  
first  ITU  class:  
• Finding  friends  
• Learning  means  of  communica2ng  with  friends  
• Talking  (Language,  voice  intensity,  accent,  mul2ple  
people  …)  
• Hearing  &  understanding  
• Synchroniza2on  

12  
 OSI  Reference  Model  
• Func2onali2es  of  a  communica2on  system  can  be  
characterized  in  terms  of  7  abstrac2on  layers  
7   • Applica2on      
6   • Presenta2on    
5   • Session    
4   • Transport      
3   • Network    
2   • Data  Link  
Transmi\er   Receiver   • Physical  Layer  (PHY)  
1  

UMIC     13  
14  
 Data  and  Computer  
Communica2ons  

Chapter 1 – Data Communications,

Data Networks, and the Internet

Ninth  Edi2on  
by  William  Stallings  
 

Data  and  Computer  Communica2ons,  Ninth  

Edi2on  by  William  Stallings,  (c)  Pearson  
Educa2on  -­‐  Pren2ce  Hall,  2011  
 Basic  Communica2on  System  
CommunicaMon  is  the  process  of  conveying  informa2on  from  a  sender  to  a  receiver  with  
the  use  of  a  medium  in  which  the  communicated  informa2on  is  understood  by  both  
sender  and  receiver.  (Source:  Wikipedia)  
 
 
   
Transmi\er   Channel   Receiver  

Goals:  Efficiency  &  reliability  

Communica2on  
Systems  
• Data  
Communica2ons  
• Networking  
• Protocols  
16  
 Data  Communica2ons,  Data  
Networks,  and  the  Internet  
“The  fundamental  problem  of  communica3on  is  
that  of  reproducing  at  one  point  either  exactly  
or  approximately  a  message  selected  at  
another  point”  
 
 
                 -­‐  The  Mathema3cal  Theory  of  Communica3on,  
                                     
             Claude  Shannon  
Message  
Message  
  Technological  Advancement  
Driving  Forces  

Traffic  
• Development  
 at  a  
growth  
of  new  services  
  &  
high   • Advances  in  
steady   technology  
rate  
Changes  in  Networking  Technology  

*  Emergence  of  high-­‐speed  LANs  

* Corporate WAN needs
 

*  Digital  electronics  
(consumer  electronics)  

*  Mobility  
A  Compu2ng  Pla‚orm?  

20  
 Convergence  
• The  merger  of  previously  dis2nct  telephony  
and  informa2on  technologies  and  markets  
• Layers:  
• applica2ons  
• these  are  seen  by  the  end  users  
• enterprise  services  
• services  the  informa2on  network  supplies  to  support  
applica2ons  
• infrastructure  
• communica2on  links  available  to  the  enterprise  
   
 
Convergence  Layers  
 Benefits    
Convergence  benefits  include:  
 

Efficiency     EffecMveness     TransformaMon  

• be\er  use  of   • the  converged   • enables  the  

exis2ng   environment   enterprise-­‐wide  
resources,  and   provides  users   adop2on  of  
implementa2on   with  flexibility,   global  standards  
of  centralized   rapid   and  associated  
capacity   standardized   service  levels  
planning,  asset   service  
and  policy   deployment  and  
management   enhanced  
remote  
connec2vity  and  
mobility  
  Communica2ons  Model    
 Communica2ons  Tasks  
Transmission system utilization Addressing
(Multiplexing)
Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control STANDARDIZATION ??
Data  Communica2ons  Model  

Main  Problem:                      m=?m’  

What  about  delay  ?    
What  about  other  users?    
 
Actual  System  

27  
 Transmission  Lines    

Capacity  
 The  basic  building  block  of  
any  communica2ons  facility  is    
the  transmission  line.    
Reliability  
 
The  business  manager  is    

concerned  with  a  facility   Cost  

providing  the    
required  capacity,     Transmission  
with  acceptable  reliability,    
Line  
at  minimum  cost.    
 Networking  


Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously.


 

Voice   Data  

Image   Video  
 LANs  and  WANs  
There are two broad categories
of networks:
 

Local  Area  Networks  (LAN)  

Wide  Area  Networks    (WAN)  

 Wide  Area  Networks  (WANs)  

• Span  a  large  geographical  area  

• Require  the  crossing  of  public  right-­‐of-­‐ways  

• Rely  in  part  on  common  carrier  circuits  

• Typically  consist  of  a  number  of  interconnected  

switching  nodes  
 Circuit  Switching  
• Uses  a  dedicated  communica2ons  path  
• Connected  sequence  of  physical  links  between  
nodes  
• Logical  channel  dedicated  on  each  link  
• Rapid  transmission  
• The  most  common  example  of  circuit  
switching  is  the  telephone  network  
 Packet  Switching  
• Data  are  sent  out  in  a  sequence  of  small  
chunks  called  packets  
• Packets  are  passed  from  node  to  node  along  a  
path  leading  from  source  to  des2na2on  
• Packet-­‐switching  networks  are  commonly  
used  for  terminal-­‐to-­‐terminal  computer  and  
computer-­‐to-­‐computer  communica2ons  


 
Local  Area  Networks  (LAN)  
 The  Internet  

• Internet  evolved  from  ARPANET  

• Developed  to  solve  the  dilemma  of  
communica2ng  across  arbitrary,  mul2ple,  
packet-­‐switched  network  
• TCP/IP  provides  the  founda2on  
 
 Internet  Key  Elements  

hosts  
Internet  Architecture  
  
Internet  
Terminology  
 Summary  –  Chapter  1  
• Trends  challenging  data  communica2ons:  
» traffic  growth  
» development  of  new  services  
» advances  in  technology  
• Transmission  mediums  
» fiber  op2c  
» wireless  
• Network  categories:  
» WAN  
» LAN  
• Internet  
» evolved  from  the  ARPANET  
» TCP/IP  founda2on  
 Data  and  Computer  
Communica2ons  

Chapter 2 – Protocol Architecture,

TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications

Ninth  Edi2on  
by  William  Stallings  
Data  and  Computer  Communica2ons,  Ninth  
Edi2on  by  William  Stallings,  (c)  Pearson  
Educa2on  -­‐  Pren2ce  Hall,  2011  
 Protocol  Architecture,    
TCP/IP,  and  Internet-­‐Based  
Applica2ons  

To destroy communication completely, there
must be no rules in common between
transmitter and receiver—neither of alphabet
nor of syntax.





—On Human Communication,







Colin Cherry  
Why  do  we  need  protocols?  
 The  Need  For  Protocol  Architecture  
1.)  the  source  must  acMvate  
2.)  the  source  must  make  
communicaMons  path  or    
sure  that  desMnaMon  is  
inform  network  of  
prepared  to  receive  data  
desMnaMon  
To  transfer  data  
several  tasks  
must  be  
performed:  

3.)  the  file  transfer  applicaMon   4.)  a  format  translaMon  

on  source  must  confirm  file  
funcMon  may  need  to  be  
management  program  at  
desMnaMon  is  prepared  to  
performed  if  the  formats  on  
accept  and  store  file   systems  are  different  
43  
 Func2ons  of  Protocol  Architecture  

Ø breaks  logic  into  subtask  modules  which  are  

implemented  separately  
Ø modules  are  arranged  in  a  ver2cal  stack  
• each  layer  in  the  stack  performs  a  subset  of  
func2ons  
• relies  on  next  lower  layer  for  primi2ve  
func2ons  
• changes  in  one  layer  should  not  require  
changes  in  other  layers  
 Key  Features  of  a  Protocol  
A  protocol  is  a  set  of  rules  or  conven2ons  that  
allow  peer  layers  to  communicate.  
 

The  key  features  of  a  protocol  are:  

Syntax   • format  of  data  

blocks  

• control  informa2on  
Seman2cs   for  coordina2on  and  
error  handling  

Timing   • speed  matching  and  

sequencing  
A  Simple  Protocol  for  Distributed  Data  
Communica2ons  
agents  involved:  
examples  of  
• applicaMons   applicaMons  include  
• computers   file  transfer  and  
• networks   electronic  mail  

these  execute  on  

computers  that  
support  mulMple  
simultaneous  
applicaMons  
 Communica2on  Layers  
Ø communica2on  tasks  are  organized  into  three  
rela2vely  independent  layers:          
• Network  access  layer  
• concerned  with  the  exchange  of  data  
•  Transport  layer  
• provides  reliable  data  transfer  
• Applica2on  layer  
• Contains  logic  to  support  applica2ons  
 Network  Access  Layer  
• covers  the  exchange  of  data  between  an  end  
system  (e.g.  server,  worksta2on)  and  the  
network  that  it  is  a\ached  to  
• concerned  with  issues  like  :  
– des2na2on  address  provision  
– invoking  specific  services  like  priority  
– access  to  &  rou2ng  data  across  a  network  for  two  
end  systems  a\ached  to  the  same  network  
 Transport  Layer  

concerned   essen2ally  
with  providing   common  layer   independent  
reliable   shared  by  all   of  the  nature  
delivery  of   applica2ons   of  the  
data   applica2ons  
 Applica2on  Layer  

contains  the  logic   separate  module  is  

needed  to  support   needed  for  each  
user  applica2ons   type  of  applica2on  
Protocol  Architecture  and  Networks  
 Protocols  in  a  Simplified  Architecture  
header  
How  do  we  determine  
packet  &  segment  sizes?   Encapsula2on  

Protocol  Data  Units  (segments)  

  Addressing  
Two  levels  of  addressing  are  needed:  
 
 Protocol  Data  Unit  (PDU)  
HEADER   DATA  (INFORMATION)   TRAILER  

Segment  
• the  combina2on  of  data  and  control  informa2on  
is  a  protocol  data  unit  (PDU)  
• typically  control  informa2on  is  contained  in  a  
PDU  header  
– control  informa2on  is  used  by  the  peer  transport  
protocol  at  computer  B  
• headers  may  include:  
– source  port,  des2na2on  port,  sequence  number,  and  
error-­‐detec2on  code  
 Network  Access  Protocol  
• a…er  receiving  segment  from  transport  layer,  
the  network  access  protocol  must  request  
transmission  over  the  network  
– the  network  access  protocol  creates  a  network  
access  PDU  (packet)  with  control  informa2on  
• header  includes:  
– source  computer  address  
– des2na2on  computer  address  
– facili2es  requests  (e.g.  Priority  level)  
 TCP/IP  Protocol  Architecture  

TCP/IP  
Result  of  
comprises  a  
protocol  
Referred  to  as   large  collec2on  
research  and  
TCP/IP  protocol   of  protocols  
development  
suite   that  are  
conducted  on  
Internet  
ARPANET  
standards  

Regulated  by    Internet  Ac2vi2es  Board  (IAB)    

TCP/IP  Layers  and  Example  Protocols  
 Physical  Layer  
• covers  the  physical  interface  between  
computer  and  network  
• concerned  with  issues  like:  
– characteris2cs  of  transmission  medium  
– nature  of  the  signals  
– data  rates  
 Network  Access  Layer  
• covers  the  exchange  of  data  between  an  end  
system  and  the  network  that  it  is  a\ached  to  
• concerned  with  issues  like  :  
– des2na2on  address  provision  
– invoking  specific  services  like  priority  
– access  to  &  rou2ng  data  across  a  network  for  two  
end  systems  a\ached  to  the  same  network  
 Internet  Layer  
Exchanges  data  
between  several  
implements  procedures  
interconnected   needed  to  allow  data  to  travel  
networks   across  mulMple  interconnected  
(subnetworks)   networks  

uses  the  Internet  Protocol  (IP)  

to  provide  rouMng  funcMon  

implemented  in  end  systems  

and  routers  
 Host-­‐to-­‐Host  (Transport)  Layer  

• concerned  with   • most  commonly  

providing  reliable   used  protocol  is  the  
delivery  of  data   • common  layer   Transmission  
shared  by  all   Control  Protocol  
applicaMons   (TCP)  
Opera2on  of  TCP/IP  

Addressing:  
1.)  Global  nonambiguity  
2.)  Global  applicability  
 TCP/IP  Address  Requirements  
Two  levels  of  addressing  are  needed:  
 
 Opera2on  of  TCP/IP  

To  port  2  

To  host  B  

To  next  hop  
 Transmission  Control  Protocol  (TCP)  
• TCP  is  the  transport  layer  protocol  for  most  
applica2ons  
 

• TCP  provides  a  reliable  connec2on  for  transfer  of  

data  between  applica2ons  
 

• A  TCP  segment  is  the  basic  protocol  unit  

 

• TCP  tracks  segments  between  en22es  for  dura2on  of  

each  connec2on  
 User  Datagram  Protocol  
(UDP)  

• alterna2ve  to  TCP  

• does  not  guarantee  delivery,  preserva2on  of  
sequence,  or  protec2on  against  duplica2on  
• adds  port  addressing  capability  to  IP  
• used  with  Simple  Network  Management  
Protocol  (SNMP)    
UDP  Header  
TCP  vs.  UDP  

69  
Standardized  Protocol  Architectures  
Why  do  we  use  a  layered  architecture?  
Layer  Specific  Standards  
 OSI  Standardiza2on  
• framework  for  standardiza2on  was  mo2vator  
• lower  layers  are  concerned  with  greater  levels  
of  details  
• each  layer  provides  services  to  the  next  higher  
layer  
• three  key  elements:  

Protocol   Service   Addressing  

specificaMon   definiMon  
TCP/IP  vs.  OSI  

73  
Mul2media  Terminology  
Mul2media  Terminology  
audio  generally  encompasses  sounds  that  are  
produced  by  a  human,  telephony  and  related  voice  
communica2ons  technology  

image  supports  the  communica2on  of  individual  

pictures,  charts,  or  drawings  

video  service  carries  sequences  of  pictures  in  2me  

text  is  informa2on  that  can  be  entered  via  a  keyboard  

and  is  directly  readable  and  printable  
 Summary  –  Chapter  2  
• needs  and  key  elements  for  protocol  
architecture  
• TCP/IP  protocol  architecture  
• OSI  Model  &  protocol  architecture  
standardiza2on  
• tradi2onal  versus  mul2media  applica2on  
needs  
QUESTIONS  ?  

77