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Functions

The document discusses functions and their key properties including domain and range. It defines a function as a well-behaved relation where each input has a single, unique output. The document also explains how to represent functions verbally, numerically, visually through graphs, and algebraically through explicit formulas. It provides examples of determining the domain and range of functions given their definitions and graphs.

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Esha Abdullah
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7 views

Functions

The document discusses functions and their key properties including domain and range. It defines a function as a well-behaved relation where each input has a single, unique output. The document also explains how to represent functions verbally, numerically, visually through graphs, and algebraically through explicit formulas. It provides examples of determining the domain and range of functions given their definitions and graphs.

Uploaded by

Esha Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus &

Analytical
Geometry
(MATH- 101)
Instructor: Dr. Sidra Shafiq ([email protected])
Functions
Domain and Range

▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 1 (1.1)
Functions vs. Relations
• A "relation" is just a relationship between sets of information.

• A “function” is a well-behaved relation, that is, given a starting


point we know exactly where to go.
Example
• Students and their heights, i.e., the pairing of students and heights.

• We can think of this relation as ordered pair:

• (height, student)
Or
• (student, height)
Function
Name Height
(in feet)
Ali=1 6’=6

Usman=2 5’9”=5.75

Hina=3 5’=5

Alia=4 5’=5

Salar=5 6’6”=6.5
Function

Salar

Alia

Hina

Usman

Ali

Ali Usman Hina Alia Salar

• Both graphs are relations.


• (height, student) is not well-behaved.
• Given a height there might be several students corresponding to that height.
• For a relation to be a function, there must be exactly one 𝑦 value that corresponds to a given 𝑥 value.
Conclusion and Definition
• Not every relation is a function.
• Every function is a relation.
Definition:
Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be two nonempty sets. A function from 𝑋 into 𝑌 is a
relation or rule that assigns a unique (single) element 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 to
each element of 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 .
Function
A relation such that there is no more than one output for each input
𝐴
𝑊
𝐵
𝑍
𝐶

Algebraic Function Can be written as finite sums, differences, multiples, quotients, and
radicals involving 𝑥𝑛.
2
2𝑥 − 1
Examples: 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 10, 𝑔 𝑥 =
4𝑥 4
Transcendental A function that is not Algebraic.
Function Examples: ℎ 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Function
• In our example, the pairing of students and heights.
𝑥 =student and 𝑦 =height

• Variable 𝑥 is called independent variable

• Variable 𝑦 is called dependent variable

• For convenience, we use 𝑓(𝑥) instead of 𝑦.

• The ordered pair in new notation becomes:


(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))
Domain and Range
• Suppose, we are given a function 𝑓 from 𝑋 into 𝑌.

• Recall, for each element 𝑥 in 𝑋 there is exactly one corresponding element 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝑌.

• This element 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝑌 is known as the image of 𝑥.


All possible input values (𝑥) which allows the function to work. The is a
Domain
collection of all possible 𝑥 −values.

All possible output values (𝑦) which result from using the function. The set of all
Range images as 𝑥 varies throughout the domain.

𝑥 𝑦
Note: The domain and range help us to determine the window of a graph.
Our Example

• Domain = {Ali, Usman, Hina, Alia, Salar}

• Range = {6, 5.75, 5, 6.5}


Representations of Functions
• Verbally

• Numerically, i.e., by a table

• Visually, i.e., by a graph

• Algebraically, i.e., by an explicit formula


• Once we have decided on the representation of a function, we ask the following
question:

• What are the possible 𝑥 −values (names of students from our example) and
𝑦 −values (their corresponding heights) for our function we can have?
• Recall that in example: the pairing of students and heights.
𝑥 =student and 𝑦 =height

• We can have many students for our 𝑥 −value, but what about heights?

• For our 𝑦 −values we should not have 0 feet or 11 feet, since both are impossible.

• Thus, our collection of heights will be greater than 0 and less that 11.
Graph Of a Function
If 𝑓 is a function with domain 𝑋, its graph consists of the points in the
Cartesian plane whose coordinates are the input-output pairs for 𝑓. In set
notation the graph is represented as:
{(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))|𝑥 ∈ 𝑋}
Interval Notation
The interval does NOT include the endpoint(s)

Interval Notation Inequality Notation Graph


Parentheses < Less than Open Dot
( , ) or ] , [ > Greater than

The interval does include the endpoint(s)


Interval Notation Inequality Notation Graph
Square Bracket ≤ Less than Closed Dot
[ , ] ≥ Greater than
• Recall, the graph of (height, student name):

Salar

Alia

Hina

Usman

Ali
Vertical-Line Test
• A set of points in the
𝑥𝑦 −plane is the graph
of a function if and
only if every vertical
line intersects the
graph in at most one
point.
Identifying Functions, their
Domain and Range
Algebraic representation of a function
• Consider the following relation:

• Is this a function?
• If yes, then what is domain and range?
Visualizing domain of
Visualizing range of
▪ Domain = [0, ∞)
▪ Range = [0, ∞)

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