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Unit-1.7 Transmission Media Network Device

Guided and unguided transmission media can be used for both short and long distance communication. Guided media uses physical connections like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Unguided media uses wireless technologies like radio waves or microwaves and does not require a physical connection. Networking devices are used to connect local area networks (LANs) and include hubs, repeaters, bridges, switches, and routers. Hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, bridges operate at the data link layer, and routers operate at the network layer.

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30 views15 pages

Unit-1.7 Transmission Media Network Device

Guided and unguided transmission media can be used for both short and long distance communication. Guided media uses physical connections like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Unguided media uses wireless technologies like radio waves or microwaves and does not require a physical connection. Networking devices are used to connect local area networks (LANs) and include hubs, repeaters, bridges, switches, and routers. Hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, bridges operate at the data link layer, and routers operate at the network layer.

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bffs814
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In transmission media is the way the systems are connected to route data signals in a network.

The telecommunication links are classified into two categories −


• Guided media (wired)
• Unguided media (wireless).
Both guided and unguided are used for short distance (LANs, MANs) as well as long distance (WANs) communication.
Let us discuss Guided transmission media.

Guided transmission media


Guided transmission media consists of physical connection between source and destination through a wire or a cable.
There are three basic types of guided media which are as follows −
• Twisted pair cable
• Co-axial cable
• Fiber-optic cable
•

Unguided transmission media


In Unguided transmission media there is no physical connection between source and destination, instead they use air itself. These
connections are not bound to a channel to follow.
Unguided transmission media uses two basic types of primary technologies which are as follows –
The major differences between guided and unguided transmission media are as follows
Network device

• LANs do not normally operate in isolation butthey are connected to one another or to the Internet.
• To connect LANs, connecting devices are needed and various connecting devices aresuch as bridge, switch, router, hub,
repeater.
•

CONNECTING DEVICES

• Connecting devices into five different categories based on the layer in which theyoperate in a network.
Hubs

• A hub is used as a central point of connection amongmedia segments.


• Cables from network devices plug in to the portson the hub.
• Types of HUBS :

– A passive hub is just a connector.It connects the


wires coming from different branches.

– The signal pass through a passive hub without regenerationor amplification.

– Connect several networking cables together

– Active hubs or Multiport repeaters- They regenerateor amplify the signal before they are retransmitted.
Repeaters

• A repeater is a device that operates only at the Physical layer.


• A repeater can be used to increase the length of the network byeliminating the effect of attenuation on the signal.
• It connects two segments of the same network, overcoming thedistance limitations of the transmission media.
• A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.
• A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.
• Repeaters can connect segments that have the same access method.(CSMA/CD, Token Passing, Polling, etc.)
Repeater connecting two segments of a LAN

Function of a repeater
Bridges

• Operates in both the PHYSICAL and the data linklayer.


• As a PHYSICAL layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives.
• As a data link layer device, the bridge can check the PHYSICAL/MACaddresses (source and destination) contained in
theframe.
• A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.

• It can check the destination address of a frame and decide if the frameshould be forwarded ordropped.

• If the frame is to be forwarded, the decision must specify the port.


• A bridge has a table that maps address to ports.
• Limit or filter traffic keeping local traffic local yet allowconnectivity to other parts(segments).
A bridge connecting two LANs

A bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.


How BridgesWork

• Bridges work at the Media Access Control Sub-layer of the OSI model.
• Routing table is built to record the segment no. of address.
• If destination address is in the same segment as the source address, stop transmit.
• Otherwise, forward to the other segment
Function of Bridge
Characteristicsof Bridges

• Routing Tables

– Contains one entry per station of network to which


bridge is connected.

– Is used to determine the network of destination station


of a received packet.

• Filtering

– Is used by bridge to allow only those packets


destined to the remote network.

– Packets are filtered with respect to their destination


and multicast addresses.

• Forwarding

– the process of passing a packet from one


networkto another.

• Learning Algorithm

– the process by which the bridge learns how toreach stations on the internetwork.
Types ofBridges

• Transparent Bridge

– Also called learning bridges

– Build a table of MAC addresses as frames arrive

– Ethernet networks use transparent bridge

– Duties of transparent bridge are : Filtering


frames, forwarding and blocking

• Source Routing Bridge

– Used in Token Ring networks

– Each station should determine the route to the destination when it wants to send a frame and thereforeinclude
the route information in the header of frame.

– Addresses of these bridges are included in the frame.

– Frame contains not only the source and destination address but also the bridge addresses.
Two and Three layer switches:

• Two layer switch operate at PHY and data link layer

• Three layer switch operates at network layer

• Bridge is an example of two-layer switch.

• Bridge with few port can connect a few LANs

• Bridge with many port may be able to allocate a uniqueport to each station, with each station on its own
independent entity. This means no competing traffic (nocollision as we saw in Ethernet)
3-layer switches

• E.g. router.

• Routes packets based on their logical addresses


(host-to-host addressing)

• A router normally connects LANs and WANs in theInternet and has a routing table that is used for
making decision about the route.

• The routing tables are normally dynamic and are


updated using routing protocols.

Routers connecting independent LANs and


WANs
Gateway

• Interchangeably used term router and gateway

• Connect two networks above the network layer of OSImodel.

• Are capable of converting data frames and network protocolsinto the format
needed by another network.

• Provide for translation services between different


computer protocols.

• Transport gateways make a connection between twonetworks


at the transport layer.

• Application gateways connect two parts of an application inthe application


layer, e.g., sending email between two machines using different mail
formats

• Broadband-modem-router is one e.g. of gateway

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