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4.9 Lecture Notes

This document defines antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. The key points are: 1) A function F is an antiderivative of f if its derivative F' equals f. 2) The general antiderivative of f is F(x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant. 3) Indefinite integrals are used to find antiderivatives by applying rules like the power rule, constant multiple rule, and sum/difference rule. 4) Real-world problems involving position, velocity, and acceleration can be modeled using antiderivatives and initial value problems.

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4.9 Lecture Notes

This document defines antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. The key points are: 1) A function F is an antiderivative of f if its derivative F' equals f. 2) The general antiderivative of f is F(x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant. 3) Indefinite integrals are used to find antiderivatives by applying rules like the power rule, constant multiple rule, and sum/difference rule. 4) Real-world problems involving position, velocity, and acceleration can be modeled using antiderivatives and initial value problems.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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§4.

9 Antiderivatives Page 1

Definitions / Theorems

Definition A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x), ∀ x ∈ I.

Theorem 4.15 If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then the most general antiderivative


of f on I is F (x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant.

Derivatives Indefinite Integrals


Z
d x
(e ) = ex ex dx = ex + C
dx Z
d 1 1
(ln |x|) = dx = ln |x| + C
dx x Z x
d
(sin x) = cos x cos x dx = sin x + C
dx Z
d
(cos x) = − sin x sin x dx = − cos x + C
dx Z
d
(tan x) = sec2 x sec2 x dx = tan x + C
dx Z
d 1 dx
(sin−1 x) = √ √ = sin−1 x + C
dx 1 − x2 Z 1 − x 2
d 1 dx
(tan−1 x) = √ √ = tan−1 x + C
dx 1 + x2 1+x 2

Theorem 4.16: Power Rule for Indefinite Integrals


xp+1
Z
xp dx = + C, where p 6= −1 is a real number and C is an arbitrary constant.
p+1

Theorem 4.17: Constant Multiple and Sum Rules


Z Z
Constant Multiple Rule: cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx, for c ∈ R.
Z Z Z
Sum/Difference Rule: (f (x) ± g(x)) dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx

Applications for Position/Velocity/Position


Z
v(t) = s(t)dt
Z
a(t) = v(t)dt
§4.9 Antiderivatives Page 2

Lecture Examples
1. Determine
Z  the following
 indefinite integrals. Check your result by differentiation.
2
(a) 4x5 + 3 dx
x

√
Z

(b) x + 7 dx

Z √
1+ x
(c) dx
x

x2 − 9
Z
(d) dx
x+3

Z
(e) ex+2 dx

Z
(f) (2 cos x + sin x)dx

Z
(g) sec2 x dx
§4.9 Antiderivatives Page 3

2. Find f (x) such that f 0 (x) = 2ex ; f (0) = 8.

3. Find f (x) such that f 0 (x) = 7x6 − 4x3 + 12; f (1) = 24.

√
4. Find f (x) such that f 0 (x) = 4 x + 6; f (1) = 8.
§4.9 Antiderivatives Page 4

5. Find f (x) such that f 00 (x) = x; f (0) = −3; f 0 (0) = 2.

√
6. Find f (x) such that f 00 (x) = x + x; f (1) = 1; f 0 (1) = 2.

7. Find f (x) such that f 00 (x) = x2 + 3 cos x; f (0) = 2; f 0 (0) = 3.


§4.9 Antiderivatives Page 5

• Suppose an object moves along a line with a known velocity v(t), for t ≥ 0. Then is position
is found by solving the initial value problem

Z
v(t) = s(t)dt, s(0) = known initial position

• If the acceleration of the object a(t) is known, then its velocity is found by solving the initial
value problem
Z
a(t) = v(t)dt, v(0) = known initial velocity

8. A ball is tossed vertically from the edge of a cliff that is 75 feet above a river. The velocity of
the ball, in ft/sec, is given by v(t) = 32 − 32t. Find the function s(t), which represents the
height (in feet) of the ball above the river t seconds after it is tossed.

9. A particle moves in a straight line and has acceleration given by a(t) = 6t + 4.

• The initial velocity is v(0) = −6 cm/sec • The initial position is s(0) = 9 cm.

Find the position function s(t).

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