Mathematics

Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

Straight line
Standard form: y mx c
y2 y1
• Slope = m tan
x2 x1
o l1 l2 m1 m2
o l1 l2 m1 m2 1
• c is the y-intercept

Sketching
• Double intercept method:
o Y-intercept: let x = 0, calculate y.
o X-intercept: let y = 0, calculate x
• Gradient intercept (must be in standard form)
o Get y-intercept
o Use m: Work in y (up is + and down is -) then in x direction
(right is + and left -)

Determine the equation

• Determine the gradient of the line
• Find the coordinates of a point on the line
• Substitute m and the point into: y y1 m x x1

Parabola
Standard form: y a ( x p) 2 q
Sketching
• a determine the dilation (narrower or wider) and the shape (upright or
inverted)
• p horizontally shifts (translates) the graph by –p units
• q vertically shifts the graph by q units
• (p; q) turning point
• Turning point a maximum if a < 0 and a minimum when a > 0
• X-intercepts: Let y = 0; factorise the equation; solve for x.
• Y-intercept: Let x = 0; solve for y.

Sketching using transformations

• Draw the graph y ax 2
• Shift graph q units in the vertical direction
• Shift graph (-p) units in the horizontal direction

Determining the equation

• Turning point + any other point: y a( x p) 2 q
• Two roots + any other point: y a x x1 x x2

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Mathematics
Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

Hyperbola
a
Standard form: y q
x p
Sketching
• a determine the dilation (narrower or wider) and the shape (upright or
inverted)
• a >0 graph in the 1st and 3rd quadrant
• a <0 graph in 2nd and 4th quadrant
• p horizontally shifts (translates) the graph by –p units
• q vertically shifts the graph by q units
• X-intercepts: Let y = 0; solve for x.
• Y-intercept: Let x = 0; solve for y.

Asymptotes
• Horizontal asymptote: y q
• Vertical asymptote: x p

Exponential graph
General form: y ab x p q
• a dilation
• p horizontal shift
• q vertical shift
• b>0 increasing function (growth)
• 0<b<1 decreasing function (decay)

Asymptote
• Horizontal asymptote: y q

Sketching
• Draw the graph: y ab x
• Shift the graph q units in the vertical direction
• Shift the graph (-p) units in the horizontal direction

Determining the equation

• Find the horizontal asymptote
• Use the y-intercept to find a. If p = 0 then a = y-
intercept
• Substitute any point on the graph to calculate b.

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Mathematics
Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

Inverse functions
Definition
A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no two ordered pairs have the same x-
coordinate.

Vertical line test

A relation is a function  there is no vertical line that crosses the graph more than
once.

Horizontal line test

The inverse of a function is again a function  there is no horizontal line that crosses
the original function.

Inverse
The inverse of a function reverses the process of a function

The inverse of y mx c (straight line)

• The straight line passes the vertical line test  it’s a function
• The straight line passes the horizontal line test  its inverse is
also a function

Determine the equation of the inverse function:

• Swop the x and y values (Reflection in y = x)
• Solve for y (make y the subject of the equation)
Inverse of: y mx c
• x my c
x c x c
y
m m m

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Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

The inverse of y ax 2 (parabola)

• The parabola passes the vertical line test  it’s a function
• The parabola fails the horizontal line test  its inverse is not function
• The domain of the parabola needs to be restricted

Determine the equation of the inverse:

• Swop the x and y values
• Solve for y (make y the subject of the equation)
Inverse of y ax 2 :
• x ay 2
x
y
a
• If y ax 2 with restricted domain 𝑥 ≥ 0 then the inverse function is
x
y ;y 0
a
• If y ax 2 with restricted domain 𝑥 ≤ 0 then the inverse function is
x
y ;y 0
a

The inverse of y a x (exponential)

• The exponential passes the vertical line test  it’s a function
• The exponential passes the horizontal line test  its inverse is a
function

Determine the equation of the inverse:

• Swop the x and y values
• Solve for y (make y the subject of the equation)
Inverse of y a x :
• x ay
y log a x
• Inverse of the exponential function is the logarithmic function

Sketching the graph of y log a x

• Rewrite the equation in index form: x ay
• Substitute y-values (preferably integers) into x ay .
• Calculate the corresponding x-values.
• You now have points on the graph
• Sketch graph.

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Mathematics
Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

Functions and Reflections

Point Line of Rule Function notation

symmetry
(x; y) x-axis (x; -y) y = -f(x)
(x; y) y-axis (-x; y) y = f(-x)
(x; y) y=x (y; x) x = f(y)

Functions and Translations

• Horizontal shifting  y = f(x + p)
• Vertical shifting  y = f(x) + q
• Dilation  y = a f(x)

Worksheet 1

1. What does the equation of the graph y 3 x become if it is reflected:

a) in the y-axis
b) in the x-axis
c) in the line y = x

2. The curve of the exponential graph f in the accompanying sketch cuts the y-
axis at A(0;1), while B(2; 2,25) lies on f.

Determine:
a) The equation of f.
b) The equation of h the reflection of the curve f in the x-axis
c) The equation of g of which the curve is a reflection of the curve f in the
line y = x.
d) The domain of f.
e) The range of f.

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Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

3. f : y = log a x; a  0
a) Determine the value of a if P(4; 2) is a point on the graph of f.
b) Determine f 1 , the inverse if f, in the form y = …
1
c) Draw the sketch graphs of f and f on the same set of axes. Use the
1
symbols f and f to distinguish between the two curves.
d) Sketch now f −1 ( x − 2)
e) Use your graphs to solve for x if
(i) f ( x − 2 )  1
f −1 ( x − 2 )  1
(ii)

Worksheet 2

1. The diagram below shows the graphs of f ( x) = log 2 x and p( x) = mx .

The graphs intersect at A(t; 1) and B(4; r). C is the x-intercept of f.

Determine:
1.1 The coordinates of C
1.2 the value of r
1.3 the value of t
1.4 the values of x for which f ( x)  p( x)
1.5 the equation of the inverse function of f in the form f −1 ( x ) = ...

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Mathematics
Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

2. The diagram below shows the graph of f ( x) = a x and g ( x) = bx 2

 1
The point P  1;  is the point of intersection of f and g
 2

2.1 Calculate the values of a and b

2.2 Write down the equation of f −1 in the form y = …
2.3 Explain why the inverse of g is not a function
2.4 Write down TWO ways in which the domain of g could be restricted in order that
g −1 is a function.
2.5 Determine the x-values for which f −1 ( x)  0
2.6 Write down a value of x for which f ( x) − 1 = g ( x)

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Mathematics
Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

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Mathematics
Gr
Grade 12 Learner Support 2023

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