Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994

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NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF RING-NECKED PHEASANTS, JAPANESE QUAIL, AND BOBWHITE QUAIL 44

6
Nutrient Requirements of Ring-Necked Pheasants, Japanese
Quail, and Bobwhite Quail

As was true for geese and ducks, little information is available on the nutrient requirements of the game birds that are
most frequently considered part of the poultry industry—Ring-necked pheasants, Japanese quail, and Bobwhite quail.
Although these species do not constitute a major share of the poultry industry, there are an increasing number of specialized
farms involved in their production.
RING-NECKED PHEASANTS
Information available on the nutrient requirements of the Ring-necked pheasant indicates that diets of relatively high
nutrient concentrations are needed during the starting period (Table 6-1). Protein and amino acid needs, where documented
(Appendix Table A-7), resemble those of turkeys. Also, pheasants are especially prone to leg disorders and abnormal feather
growth when certain key nutrients such as niacin, riboflavin, choline, manganese, and zinc are inadequate (Sunde and Bird,
1957; Scott et al., 1959). Pheasant chicks are especially vulnerable to undefined dietary factors that impair leg development,
and including extra zinc in diets has been shown to reduce the impact of these factors (Cook et al., 1984). A high level of
calcium, as in a breeder ration, can cause leg problems and high mortality if fed to pheasant chicks (Woodard et al., 1979).
All nutrient requirements listed for female pheasants in egg production except for protein are tentative. Data presented
by Monetti et al. (1982, 1985) indicate that dietary protein concentration should be maintained so that percentage of protein
per megacalorie MEn/kg of diet does not exceed 5.6.
Often, pheasants are fed diets designed to produce birds for use on game-release farms. Diets relatively high in protein
and low in energy may be used to encourage the development of lean pheasants suitable for release.
JAPANESE QUAIL
Japanese quail are used for commercial specialty meat and egg production and also are valued research animals.
Consequently, the nutrient requirements of Japanese quail have been documented to a greater extent than have those of other
game bird species. Few definitive data have been published since 1984, when the previous edition of this report was
published and
TABLE 6-1 Nutrient Requirements of Ring-Necked Pheasants as Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet (90 percent dry matter)
Nutrient Unit 0 to 4 Weeks; 2,800a 4 to 8 Weeks; 2,800a 9 to 17 Weeks; 2,700a Breeding; 2,800a
Protein and amino acids
Protein % 28 24 18 15
Glycine + serine % 1.8 1.55 1.0 0.50
Linoleic Acid % 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Lysine % 1.5 1.40 0.8 0.68
Methionine % 0.50 0.47 0.30 0.30
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

Methionine + cystine % 1.0 0.93 0.6 0.60

Protein % 28 24 18 15
Macrominerals
Calcium % 1.0 0.85 0.53 2.5
Chlorine % 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
Nonphytate phosphorus % 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40
Sodium % 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Trace minerals
Manganese mg 70 70 60 60
Zinc mg 60 60 60 60
Water soluble vitamins
Choline mg 1,430 1,300 1,000 1,000
Niacin mg 70.0 70 40.0 30.0
Pantothenic acid mg 10.0 10.0 10.0 16.0
Riboflavin mg 3.4 3.4 3.0 4.0

NOTE: Where experimental data are lacking, values typeset in bold italics represent an estimate based on values obtained for other ages
or species. For nutrients not listed or those for which no values are given, see requirements of turkeys (Table 3-1) as a guide.
a These are typical dietary energy concentrations, expressed in kcal ME /kg diet.
n

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Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
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NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF RING-NECKED PHEASANTS, JAPANESE QUAIL, AND BOBWHITE QUAIL 45

Shim and Vohra (1984) presented a comprehensive growing periods, see requirements for turkeys (Table 3-1) as a
review. Data appearing since 1984 have supported the values guide.
listed in the 1984 edition for protein (Sinha and Verma, a These are typical dietary energy concentrations, expressed in

1984; Steigner, 1990) and for total sulfur amino acids kcal MEn/kg diet.
(TSAA; Shrivastav and Panda, 1987) for the starting and
growing period. In the instance of protein, however, Steigner TABLE 6-3 Nutrient Requirements of Bobwhite Quail as
(1990) reported that a strain of Japanese quail selected for Percentages or Units per Kilogram of Diet (90 percent dry matter)
rapid growth required a greater dietary protein concentration Nutrient Unit 0 to 6 After 6 Breeding;
than did random-bred quail. Similarly, information provided Weeks; Weeks; 2,800a
2,800 a 2,800 a
by Shim and Lee (1984, 1988) and by Shim and Chen (1989)
showed that the dietary requirements for lysine and TSAA Protein and amino acids
Protein % 26 20.0 24.0
for breeding quail in the 1984 edition were appropriate in Methionine % 1.0 0.75 0.90
relation to the stated metabolizable energy contents of the + cystine
diet. The lack of data to further define requirements or to Fat
corroborate single sets of observations (Appendix Table A-8) Linoleic acid % 1.0 1.0 1.0
on requirements of Japanese quail, especially breeding quail, Macrominerals
necessitates the continued listing of a large number of Calcium % 0.65 0.65 2.4
tentative requirement values in Table 6-2. Nonphytate % 0.45 0.30 0.70
phosphorus
TABLE 6-2 Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail (Coturnix) Sodium % 0.15 0.15 0.15
as Percentages or Units Per Kilogram of Diet (90 percent dry Trace minerals
matter) Chlorine % 0.11 0.11 0.11
Nutrient Unit Starting and Breeding; Iodine mg 0.30 0.30 0.30
Growing; 2,900a Water soluble vitamins
2,900a Choline mg 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,000.0
Protein and amino acids Niacin mg 30.0 30.0 20.0
Protein % 24.0 20.0 Pantothenic mg 12.0 9.0 15.0
Arginine % 1.25 1.26 acid
Glycine + serine % 1.15 1.17 Riboflavin mg 3.8 3.0 4.0
Histidine % 0.36 0.42
Isoleucine % 0.98 0.90 NOTE: Where experimental data are lacking, values typeset in
Leucine % 1.69 1.42 bold italics represent an estimate based on values obtained for
Lysine % 1.30 1.00 other ages or species. For values not listed for the starting-
Methionine % 0.50 0.45 growing periods, see requirements for turkeys as a guide.
Methionine + % 0.75 0.70 a These are typical dietary energy concentrations, expressed in
cystine
Phenylalanine % 0.96 0.78 kcal MEn/kg diet.
Phenylalanine + % 1.80 1.40
tyrosine Bobwhite Quail
Threonine % 1.02 0.74 The committee has made few changes in the nutrient
Tryptophan % 0.22 0.19 specifications for Bobwhite quail (Table 6-3). Its
Valine % 0.95 0.92 reevaluation of the data (Appendix Table A-9) used to
Fat establish the previous requirements resulted in some
Linoleic acid % 1.0 1.0 modifications in protein, TSAA, calcium, and phosphorus
Macrominerals recommendations for starting-growing Bobwhite quail. As
Calcium % 0.8 2.5
Chlorine % 0.14 0.14 with other game birds reared commercially, Bobwhite quail
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

Magnesium mg 300 500 grown for game-release farms should be fed diets of
Nonphytate % 0.30 0.35 relatively low energy content during the growing period to
phosphorus prevent excessive fattening.
Potassium % 0.4 0.4
Sodium % 0.15 0.15
Trace minerals
Copper mg 5 5
Iodine mg 0.3 0.3
Iron mg 120 60
Manganese mg 60 60
Selenium mg 0.2 0.2
Zinc mg 25 50
Fat soluble vitamins
A IU 1,650 3,300
D3 ICU 750 900
E IU 12 25
K mg 1 1
Water soluble vitamins
B12 mg 0.003 0.003
Biotin mg 0.3 0.15
Choline mg 2,000 1,500
Folacin mg 1 1
Niacin mg 40 20
Pantothenic acid mg 10 15
Pyridoxine mg 3 3
Riboflavin mg 4 4
Thiamin mg 2 2

NOTE: Where experimental data are lacking, values typeset in

bold italics represent an estimate based on values obtained for
other ages or species. For values not listed for the starting-

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Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
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APPENDIXES 110

TABLE A-11 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Japanese Quail

Nutrient and Estimated Age Period (Days) Response Criteria References
Requirement
Protein, %
24 0–35 Growth, protein retention Weber and Reid, 1967
24 0–42 Growth Lepore and Marks, 1971
26 0–35 Growth, feed efficiency Vogt, 1969
25 0–28 Growth Vohra and Roudybush, 1971
20 Sexually mature Egg production, egg weight, Begin and Insko, 1972
feed efficiency
20 Sexually mature Egg production Lee et al., 1977
28.4 Sexually mature Egg production Sakurai, 1979
16 Sexually mature, peak egg Egg production, egg yield, body Allen and Young, 1980
production weight
24 Sexually mature Not specified Sakurai, 1981
20 Sexually mature Egg production Shim and Lee, 1982
24 0–28 Growth, carcass characteristics Steigner, 1990
Arginine, %
1.25 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
1.13 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg weight
Glycine, %
1.74 0–21 Growth Svacha et al., 1970
1.17 21–35 Growth Svacha et al., 1970
Glycine + serine, %
1.14 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
Histidine, %
0.36 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.38 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg weight
Isoleucine, %
0.98 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.81 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield
Leucine, %
1.69 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
1.28 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg weight
Lysine, %
1.37 0–21 Growth Svacha et al., 1970
1.2 21–35 Growth Svacha et al., 1970
1.15 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.86 Sexually mature Egg production Allen and Young, 1980
0.97 Sexually mature Egg production Shim and Lee, 1984
Methionine, %
0.43 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.37 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

0.48 0–35 Growth, feed efficiency, feather Shrivastav and Panda, 1987
development, carcass yield
0.27 Sexually mature Egg production Shim and Lee, 1988
0.39 Sexually mature Egg production, feather loss Shim and Lee, 1989
Methionine + cystine, %
0.74 0–21 Growth Svacha et al., 1970
0.72 21–35 Growth Svacha et al., 1970
0.72 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.68 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield
0.75 0–35 Growth, feed efficiency, feather Shrivastav and Panda, 1987
development, carcass yield
0.72 Sexually mature Egg production Shim and Lee, 1988
0.71 Sexually mature Egg production, feather loss Shim and Chen, 1989
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, %
1.79 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
1.25 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield
Threonine, %
1.02 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.67 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield
Tryptophan, %
0.22 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.17 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield
Valine, %
0.95 0–10 Growth Young et al., 1978
0.83 Sexually mature Egg production, body weight, Allen and Young, 1980
egg yield

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
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APPENDIXES 111

Nutrient and Estimated Age Period (Days) Response Criteria References

Requirement
Calcium, %
2.5 Sexually mature Egg production, hatchability Nelson et al., 1964
0.80 0–14 Growth, bone ash, calcium and Consuegra and Anderson, 1967
phosphorus retention
0.48 14–28 Growth, bone ash, calcium and Consuegra and Anderson, 1967
phosphorus retention
0.44 0–35 Growth, feed efficiency, bone ash, Miller, 1967
liveability
0.70 0–21 Growth, bone ash Bisoi et al., 1980
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.6 Sexually mature Egg production, hatchability Nelson et al., 1964
0.30 0–28 Growth, bone ash, calcium and Consuegra and Anderson, 1967
phosphorus retention
0.3 0–21 Growth, bone ash Bisoi et al., 1980
Sodium chlorine, %
0.15 0–28 Growth Scott et al., 1960
0.10 8–35 Growth, liveability, adrenal weight Lumijarvi and Vohra, 1976
Magnesium, mg/kg
300 0–14 Growth, liveability, hemoglobin, Harland et al., 1976
tibia ash
150 mg 0–14 Growth, liveability Vohra, 1972b
Iron, mg/kg
120 0–28 Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, Harland et al., 1973
bone ash
Copper, mg/kg
<5 0–28 Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, Harland et al., 1973
bone ash
Manganese, mg/kg
<12 0–28 Growth, hemoglobin, feathering, Harland et al., 1973
bone ash
Zinc, mg/kg
25 0–28 Growth, feathering, tibia ash, Spivey-Fox and Jacobs, 1967
liveability
Selenium, mg/kg
0.1 0–42 Growth, liveability Thompson and Scott, 1967
Iodine, mg/kg
0.3 0–28 Growth, thyroid weight Scott et al., 1960
Vitamin A, IU/kg
1,650 7–56 Growth, liveability Shellenberger and Lee, 1966
3,300 Sexually mature Hatchability Shellenberger and Lee, 1966
825 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
1,000 0–10 Growth, liver vitamin A Parrish and Al-Hasani, 1983
3,200 Sexually mature Hatchability, liveability, vitamin A Parrish and Al-Hasani, 1983
in yolk
Vitamin D, IU/kg
480 0–21 Bone ash, plasma calcium Shue, 1967
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

750 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974

Thiamine, mg/kg
6 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
1.2 0–35 Growth, liveability Mak and Vohra, 1982
Niacin, mg/kg
40 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
15 0–35 Growth, viability Mak and Vohra, 1982
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
40 0–7 Growth, feather development, Spivey-Fox et al., 1966
dermatitis
10 7–35 Growth, feather development, Spivey-Fox et al., 1966
dermatitis
10 0–35 Growth, feather development Cutler and Vohra, 1967
15 Sexually mature Fertility, hatchability Cutler and Vohra, 1967
23 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
Riboflavin, mg/kg
8 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
2 0–35 Growth, viability Mak and Vohra, 1982
Choline, mg/kg
2,500 0–28 Growth, feed efficiency Vogt, 1970
2,090 Sexually mature Egg weight Latshaw and Jensen, 1971
1,045–2,090 Sexually mature Body weight, liver lipids Latshaw and Jensen, 1972
1,300 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
Folacin, mg/kg
0.36 Not specified Growth, liveability Wong et al., 1977
Pyridoxine, mg/kg
6 0–14 Growth Ramachandran and Arscott, 1974
1,25 0–35 Growth, viability Mak and Vohra, 1982

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
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About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true
to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please

APPENDIXES 112

TABLE A-12 Documentation of Nutrient Requirements of Bobwhite Quail

Nutrient and Estimated Requirement Age Period (Days) Response Criteria References
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg
2,850–3,170 0–5 Growth, energy consumption, feed efficiency Wilson et al., 1977
Protein, %
28 0–8 Growth, liveability Baldini et al., 1950
20 0–6 Growth, liveability Baldini et al., 1953
26.5 0–4 Growth, feed efficiency, feathering Scott et al., 1963
28 0–6 Growth Andrews et al., 1973
20 6–9 Growth Andrews et al., 1973
26 0–5 Growth, feed efficiency Serafin, 1977
24 0–5 Growth, feed efficiency Serafin, 1982
Methionine + cystine, %
1.0 0–5 Growth Serafin, 1982
Calcium, %
0.65 0–6 Growth, liveability, bone ash Wilson et al., 1972
2.3 Sexually mature Egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility, Dewitt et al., 1949
hatchability
2.4 Sexually mature Egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility Cain et al., 1982
Nonphytate phosphorus, %
0.8 Sexually mature Egg production, fertility, hatchability, Dewitt et al., 1949
liveability of offspring
0.40 0–6 Growth, liveability, tibia ash Scott et al., 1958b
0.28 6–12 Growth, liveability, bone ash Scott et al., 1958b
0.45 0–6 Growth, liveability, bone ash Wilson et al., 1972
0.35 0–6 Growth, bone ash Powell et al., 1974
>0.70 Sexually mature Egg production, egg shell thickness, fertility Cain et al., 1982
Vitamin A, IU/kg
8,800 0–10 Growth, liveability Nestler, 1946
13,200 Sexually mature Reproduction, survival of offspring Nestler, 1946
Riboflavin, mg/kg
3.8 0–5 Growth, feed efficiency, liveability Serafin, 1974
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg
10 0–4 Growth, liveability, feathering, leg development Scott et al., 1964
12.6 0–5 Growth, feed efficiency, liveability Serafin, 1974
Niacin, mg/kg
31 0–5 Growth, feed efficiency, liveability Serafin, 1974
Choline, mg/kg
1,500 0–5 Growth, feed efficiency, liveability Serafin, 1974
use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

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