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Module 3

The document discusses parametric equations and differentiation of parametric equations. Some key points: - Parametric equations express x and y separately in terms of a third variable (parameter), allowing curves to be plotted. Common parametric equations include ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, and more. - To differentiate parametric equations, the chain rule is used. Derivatives are taken with respect to the parameter rather than x or y. - Examples show how to take derivatives of parametric equations and find expressions for dx/dθ and d2y/dx2. Problems demonstrate differentiating parametric equations for specific curves and finding equations of tangents and normals.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views

Module 3

The document discusses parametric equations and differentiation of parametric equations. Some key points: - Parametric equations express x and y separately in terms of a third variable (parameter), allowing curves to be plotted. Common parametric equations include ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, and more. - To differentiate parametric equations, the chain rule is used. Derivatives are taken with respect to the parameter rather than x or y. - Examples show how to take derivatives of parametric equations and find expressions for dx/dθ and d2y/dx2. Problems demonstrate differentiating parametric equations for specific curves and finding equations of tangents and normals.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3 - Parametric Equations

(e) Cardioid x = a (2 cos θ − cos 2θ),


A. Introduction to parametric equations y = a (2 sin θ − sin 2θ)
(f) Astroid x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ
Certain mathematical functions can be expressed (g) Cycloid x = a (θ − sin θ) , y = a (1− cos θ)
more simply by expressing, say, x and y separately
in terms of a third variable. For example, y = r sin θ,
x = r cos θ. Then, any value given to θ will produce
a pair of values for x and y, which may be plotted to
provide a curve of y = f (x).
The third variable, θ, is called a parameter and the
two expressions for y and x are called parametric
equations.
The above example of y = r sin θ and x = r cos θ
are the parametric equations for a circle. The equa- (a) Ellipse (b) Parabola
tion of any point on a circle, centre at the origin and
of radius r is given by: x2 + y2 = r2.

To show that y = r sin θ and x = r cos θ are suitable


parametric equations for such a circle:
Left hand side of equation
= x 2 + y2 (c) Hyperbola (d) Rectangular hyperbola

= (r cos θ)2 + (r sin θ)2


= r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ
 
= r 2 cos2 θ + sin2 θ
= r 2 = right hand side
(since cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1)
(e) Cardioid (f) Astroid

B. Common Parametric Equations

The following are some of the most common (g) Cycloid


param-etric equations, and Figure 18 shows typical
shapes of these curves. Figure 18

(a) Ellipse x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ


(b) Parabola x = a t 2 , y = 2a t
(c) Hyperbola x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ C. Differentiation in Parameters
c When x and y are given in terms of a parameter, say
(d) Rectangular x = c t, y =
t θ, then by the function of a function rule of
hyperbola
differentiation. dx
x = 2 sin t, hence = 2 cos t
dt
dy dy dθ
= × From equation (1),
dx dθ dx
dy
It may be shown that this can be written as: dy −6 sin 2t −6(2 sin t cos t)
= dt = =
dx dx 2 cos t 2 cos t
dy
dt
dy dθ
= (1) from double angles.
dx dx
dy
dθ i.e. = −6 sin t
dx
For the second differential, (b) From equation (2),
 
    d dy d
d2 y d dy d dy dθ (−6 sin t) −6 cos t
= = · d2 y dt dx dt
dx 2 dx dx dθ dx dx = = =
dx 2 dx 2 cos t 2 cos t
or
dt
 
d dy d2 y
i.e. = −3
d2 y dθ dx dx2
= (2)
dx2 dx
dθ Problem 3. The equation of a tangent drawn to
a curve at point (x1 , y1 ) is given by:
dy1
Problem 1. Given x = 5θ − 1 and y − y1 = (x − x1 )
dy dx1
y = 2θ (θ − 1), determine in terms of θ
dx Determine the equation of the tangent drawn to
the parabola x = 2t 2 , y = 4t at the point t.
dy
x = 5θ − 1, hence =5
dθ dx1
At point t, x1 = 2t 2 , hence= 4t
y = 2θ(θ − 1) = 2θ 2 − 2θ, dt
dy dy1
hence = 4θ − 2 = 2 (2θ − 1) and y1 = 4t, hence =4
dθ dt
From equation (1), From equation (1),

dy dy
2(2θ − 1) dy 4 1
dy
= dθ =
2
or (2θ − 1) = dt = =
dx dx dx 4t t
dx 5 5
dθ dt
Hence, the equation of the tangent is:
1 
Problem 2. The parametric equations of a y − 4t = x − 2t 2
function are given by y = 3 cos 2t, x = 2 sin t. t
dy d2 y
Determine expressions for (a) (b) 2 Problem 4. The parametric equations of a
dx dx
cycloid are x = 4(θ − sin θ), y = 4(1 − cos θ).
dy d2 y
dy Determine (a) (b) 2
(a) y = 3 cos 2t, hence = −6 sin 2t dx dx
dt
(a) x = 4(θ − sin θ),
dx
hence = 4 − 4 cos θ = 4(1 − cos θ)

dy
y = 4(1 − cos θ), hence = 4 sin θ

From equation (1),
dy
dy 4 sin θ sin θ
= dθ = =
dx dx 4(1 − cos θ) (1 − cos θ)

(b) From equation (2),
   
d dy d sin θ
d2 y dθ dx dθ 1 − cos θ
= =
dx 2 dx 4(1 − cos θ)

(1 − cos θ)(cos θ) − (sin θ)(sin θ)
(1 − cos θ)2
=
4(1 − cos θ)
cos θ − cos2 θ − sin2 θ
=
4(1 − cos θ)3
 
cos θ − cos2 θ + sin2 θ
=
4(1 − cos θ)3
cos θ − 1
=
4(1 − cos θ)3
−(1 − cos θ) −1
= =
4(1 − cos θ)3 4(1 − cos θ)2

Exercise 12. Differentiation of parametric


equations
dx
Solved problems on differentiation of (a) x = 2 sec θ, hence = 2 sec θ tan θ

parametric equations
dy
y = 4 tan θ, hence = 4 sec2 θ

Problem 5. The equation of the normal drawn From equation (1),
to a curve at point (x1 , y1 ) is given by:
1
y − y1 = − (x − x1 ) dy
dy1 dy 4 sec2 θ 2 sec θ
dx1 = dθ = =
dx dx 2 sec θ tan θ tan θ
Determine the equation of the normal drawn to dθ 
the astroid x = 2 cos3 θ, y = 2 sin3 θ at the point 2
1
π cos θ 2
θ= =   = or 2 cosec θ
4 sin θ sin θ
cos θ
dx
x = 2 cos3 θ, hence = −6 cos2 θ sin θ dy 2
dθ When θ = 1 rad, = = 2.377, correct to
dx sin 1
dy 4 significant figures.
y = 2 sin3 θ, hence = 6 sin2 θ cos θ
dθ (b) From equation (2),
From equation (1),  
d dy d
dy d2 y dθ dx (2 cosec θ)
dy dθ 6 sin2 θ cos θ sin θ = = dθ
= = =− = −tanθ dx 2 dx 2 sec θ tan θ
dx dx −6 cos2 θ sin θ cos θ


π dy π −2 cosec θ cot θ
When θ = , = −tan = −1 =
4 dx 4 2 sec θ tan θ
π π   
x1 = 2 cos3 = 0.7071 and y1 = 2 sin3 = 0.7071 1 cos θ
4 4 −
sin θ sin θ
Hence, the equation of the normal is: =   
1 sin θ
1 cos θ cos θ
y − 0.7071 = − (x − 0.7071)
−1   
i.e. y − 0.7071 = x − 0.7071 cos θ cos2 θ
=−
i.e. y =x sin2 θ sin θ

Problem 6. The parametric equations for a cos3 θ


=− = − cot3 θ
hyperbola are x = 2 sec θ, y = 4 tan θ. Evaluate sin3 θ
dy d2 y d2 y 1
(a) (b) 2 , correct to 4 significant figures, When θ = 1 rad, = − cot3 1 = −
dx dx dx 2 (tan 1)3
when θ = 1 radian.
= −0.2647, correct to 4 significant figures.
5
Problem 7. When determining the surface ten- 6  2 3
6
sion of a liquid, the radius of curvature, ρ, of part 7 1 + dy
of the surface is given by: dx
Hence, radius of curvature, ρ =
5 d2 y
6  2 3
6 dx 2
7 1 + dy
dx 5
6  2 3
ρ= 6
d2 y 7 1+ 1
t
dx 2 =
1
Find the radius of curvature of the part of the −
6t 3
surface having the parametric equations x = 3t 2 , 5
y = 6t at the point t = 2. 6  2 3
6
7 1+ 1

2 (1.25)3
dx When t = 2, ρ = =
x = 3t 2 , hence = 6t 1 1
dt − −
6 (2)3 48
dy 
y = 6t, hence =6
dt = − 48 (1.25)3 = −67.08
dy
dy 6 1
From equation (1), = dt = =
dx dx 6t t
dt Exercise 13. Differentiation of parametric
equations
From equation (2),
   
d dy d 1 1
d2 y dt dx dt t − 2 1
= = = t =− 3
dx 2 dx 6t 6t 6t
dt

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