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CIRCLE GEOMETRY SIMPLIFIED

For Senior Secondary School & Preliminary University Students

By

Mbativga, Nengenen Shadrach, B.Sc (Ed) (UAM)

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TABLE OF CONTENS
Title page__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1
Table of Contents __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 2
Preface __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3
Acknowledgment __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _4
Dedication __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 5
Chapter One__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _6
Chapter Two- Chord Theorems__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 8
Chapter Three- Segment Theorems__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 16
Chapter Four- Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorems__ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 23
Chapter Five- Tangent Theorems__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __28
Chapter Six- Selected Past Questions and Solutions__ __ __ __ __ __35
Exercises__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _55
Answers to Exercises__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _59
References__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ 60
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PREFACE
My first motivation for writing this book came directly from a personal
struggle faced during my secondary school days. The concept of circle geometry
was completely a nightmare to me as I watched my teacher drew several circles
and intersecting lines, within and without.
Secondary, my teaching experience of over four years has taught me that
several senior school students face similar challenges in the topic as I did during
my days. I write this book to address these areas that pose a challenge to many a
student who have eventually developed a phobia of the topic.
Importantly also, this book is written to prepare final year students who
will write external examinations such as the West African Examination Council
(WAEC), National Examination Council (NECO), Unified Tertiary
Matriculation Examination (UTME) and Post UTME as circle geometry
happens to be one of the subjects that dominate these examinations. Preliminary
and first year students at the University level can also find this book useful as it
addresses some fundamental components of the curriculum. Potential
engineering students can lay hold on this material at their preliminary stage, as it
prepares them for important engineering components like technical drawing.
To deal with this topic exhaustively, this book has been segmented into
six chapters covering ten (10) fundamental theorems. Chapter one introduces
circle geometry, chapter two treats theorems on chords, chapter three deals with
segment theorems. Chapter four deals with cyclic quadrilateral theorems while
chapter five handles tangent theorems. Chapter six treats a variety of questions
cutting across all the ten theorems covered in this book. These questions and
their solutions are purposely targeted at WAEC, NECO and UTME as majority
of them are pulled from past questions of these examinations. The exercises at
the end are meant to challenge students to familiarize themselves with the
application of the theorems treated earlier. Answers are also provided for
students to confirm their solutions.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The same old story of my personal struggles with circle geometry would
have continued if not the meticulous work of all my mathematics teachers, both
at the O’ Level and tertiary institution. Time will fail me to mention all their
names. Mr. Isah Simon, Dr. Luga Tersoo, Dr. Leke Oni, Dr. Tivde and Mr.
Mtagher are few among my teachers that groomed and wired me
mathematically. I specially acknowledge your labours on me, sirs.
I acknowledge the undying labour of my parents, Rev./Atese Mayange
M.M. who have catered for virtually all my needs since I was born. My
academic testimony is stillborn without them.
I acknowledge the accompanying inspiration and motivation– consciously
or unconsciously, of my mates and friends; Celestine Orterem, Godwin
Ityavyar, Manasseh Gum (of blessed memory) and Joseph Ameh. To all who
contributed in one way or the other, knowingly or unknowingly to my academic
success, I say, “you are particularly acknowledged”.
Finally, I will be unfair by not acknowledging the silent contributions of
my students. The ever presence of Terhide Ortwav, Solomon Aguda, Doris
Ikyordoo and Emmanuel Kwembe around me and their willingness to learn,
asking of challenging and yet probing questions did not only set me on my toes
but also spurred the desire to research, thereby adding new discoveries to my
archives.
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DEDICATION
To all my students on whose lives I have been privileged to labour–
teaching, applying my knowledge and acquiring more experience, this book is
dedicated.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Geometry, generally, is a branch of mathematics that studies the sizes,
shapes, positions, angles and dimension of things. There exist different types of
geometry. In this book, however, focus is on plane geometry, specifically circle
geometry.
Beyond just drawing circles and having fun with that round shape, a
whole lot of properties of the shape can be explored. Adding other features or
shapes such as triangles, rectangles, kites, straight lines and many others to a
circle can lead us to some interesting discoveries that have daily applications.
These are some of the properties that form this study.
Several theorems ranging from chords through segments, quadrilaterals to
tangents are comprehensively treated in this material. The application of these
theorems in solving related problems is the meat of this book. The language and
approach used are quite simplified to aid maximal comprehension of the reader.
In order to further make this book and its content friendly to student, some
selected frequently used concepts are defined below. The reader can at any time
refer to these definitions where in doubt.

Terminologies
1. Circle: A circle is a collection of points that are equidistant from a fixed
point called the centre.
2. Circumference of a Circle: This is the line round a circle.
3. Radius of a Circle: This is a distance from the circumference of a circle to
its centre. The plural of radius is radii.
4. Diameter of a Circle: This is a straight line from a point on the
circumference of a circle, through the centre to another point on the
circumference. A diameter is made up of two radii.
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5. Arc of a Circle: This is a distance between two points on the

circumference of a circle.
6. Sector of a Circle: It is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and two
radii.
7. Segment of a Circle: This is a portion of circle bounded by and arc and a
chord.
8. Angle: Rotational measure of the magnitude of the opening between two
intersecting lines.
9. Chord: A straight line joining two points on the circumference of a circle.
10. Quadrilateral: A figure bounded by four straight lines.
11. Cyclic Quadrilateral: This is a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle such that
all the four vertices are resting exactly on the inner part of the
circumference.
12. Tangent: This is a straight line that touches a circle externally at only one
point on the circumference.
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CHAPTER TWO
CHORD THEOREMS
2.1 Meaning of a Chord
A chord is any straight line that joins two points on the circumference of a
circle. The diameter of a circle is the longest chord of such a circle.

A B
C
Fig. 1
In figure 1 above, O is the centre of a circle while A and B are any two
points on the circumference of the circle. The line ̅̅̅̅ joining point A and B is
called a chord.
2.2 Theorem 1: A straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a
chord which is not a diameter is at right angles to the chord.

A B
M
Fig. 2
Given: a circle with centre X and a chord AB. M is the mid-point of AB.
To prove: That ̅̅̅̅̅ is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅ (i.e A ̂ X ̂ X=900).
Construction: Join X to A and B.
Proof:
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ (radii)
̅̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅ (given)
̅̅̅̅̅ is common to AXM and BXM
AMX ≡ BMX (SSS)
AMX = BMX
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A ̂ X + B ̂ X = 900 (sum of angles on a straight line)

2A ̂ X = 1800
:. A ̂ X = 900 as required.
Note: Two straight lines are at right angles to one another only if the angle
between them is 900. Also, a straight line can form an angle of 900 with a
second straight line only if it is perpendicular to it. Hence proving that
A ̂ X = 900 invariably proves that XM is at right angles to AB.
Theorem 1 has the following corollaries (alternative ways of stating it).
(a) A straight line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord
bisects the chord.
(b) The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the centre
of the circle.
These corollaries can also be proven in a similar way as theorem 1 was
proven. The following examples are to help you appreciate the application of
this theorem better.

Example 1: Calculate the length of a chord of a circle of radius 13cm if the

chord is 12cm from the centre of the circle.
Solution
Sketching

13cm
A B
M
Fig. 3
Since ̅̅̅̅̅ is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅, then s AXM and BXM are right angled. We
use either of the triangles and solve to find the length ̅̅̅̅ .
Let’s use AXM.
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13cm 12cm

A M
Fig. 4
Using the Pythagoras’ theorem;
/Ax/2 = /AM/2 + /MX/2
132 = /AM/2 + 122
/AM/2 = 132 - 122
= 169 – 144
= 25
/AM/ = √
= 5cm.
But chord /AB/ = 2/AM/ (Since /MX/ is a bisector of /AB/)
/AB/ = 2x5
= 10cm
Example 2: The length of a chord of a circle of radius 13cm is 24cm. Find the
distance of the chord from the centre of the circle.
Solution
Sketching

13cm 13cm
P Q
N
Fig. 5
Using a similar approach we used in example 1, we shall consider the right
angled triangle ONP, right angled at N.
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13cm 12cm

P 12cm N
Fig. 6
Note: Going by theorem 1, the line ̅̅̅̅ is perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅, hence it divides
̅̅̅̅ into two equal parts. So we have ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ = 12cm. Now;
/PO/2 = /PN/2 + /ON/2
132 = 122 + /ON/2
/ON/2 = 132 – 122
= 169 – 144
= 25
/ON/ = 5cm
:. The chord is 5cm from the centre of the circle.

Example 3: Find the radius of a circle, if a chord 16cm long is 6cm from the
centre.
Solution
Sketching

A
6cm
P 8cm C 8cm Q
Fig. 7
From triangle ACP, right-angled at C, we apply the Pythagoras’ theorem
to find ̅̅̅̅.
/AP/2 = /CP/2 + /AC/2
= 82 + 62 + /AC/2
= 64 + 36
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= 100
/AP/ = 10cm
:. The radius of the circle is 10cm
2.3 Theorem 2: Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the
circle.
A X B

C D
Y
Fig. 8
Given: Circle centred T, chords AB and CD.
To prove: ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅
Construction: Join ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
Proof: ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ (given)
̅̅̅̅ = ½ ̅̅̅̅ (TX is a perpendicular bisector from the centre).
̅̅̅̅ = ½ ̅̅̅̅ (TY is a perpendicular bisector from the centre)
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ [Since ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ ]
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ (radii)
AXT≡ (RHS)
AXT = CYT
:. TX = TY as required
Theorem 2 has the following corollary:
Chords which are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal.

Example 4: Two parallel chords of lengths 24cm and 10cm which lie on
opposite sides of the centre of a circle are 17cm apart. Calculate the radius
of the circle to the nearest whole number
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Solution
Sketching
C 5cm Q D

x
r
T
r y
A 12cm P B

Fig. 9
Let AB and CD be the longer and shorter chords respectively. PT =y and
AT = x are the respective distances of the longer and shorter chords from the
centre. Note that since AB is longer than CD, it is close to the centre of the
circle, T. This means x>y.
By Pythagoras’ theorem;
r2 = x2 + 52 - - - - (i); r = radius
r2 = y2 + 122 - - - - (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii);
x2 + 52 = y2 + 122
x2 + 25 = y2 + 144
x2 – y2 = 144 – 25
(x+y)(x-5) = 119 __________ (iii)
From the question, the chords are 17cm apart. i.e. PQ = 17cm
But PQ = x + y
x+y = 17 ________ (iv)
Substituting (iv) in (iii) we have
17 (x-y) = 119
x – y = 7 ________ (v)
Now, let’s solve (iv) and (v) simultaneously by elimination method.
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x + y = 17 ---------------- (iv)
x – y = 7 ------------------ (v)
(iv) + (v):
2x = 24
x = 12cm
From (v),
x–y=7
12 – y = 7
y = 5cm
From equation (i),
r2 = x2 + 52
r2 = 122 + 52
r2 = 144 + 25
r2 = 169
r = 13cm
:. The radius of the circle is 13cm.
Note: From our solving x ≠ y. Students should read theorem 2 again and find
out the reason.
Example 5: Two parallel chords of lengths 10cm and 14cm lie on the same side
of the centre of a circle of radius 24cm. Find the distance between the chords.
Solution
Sketching

24cm

R S
7cm
M
P 5cm N Q
Fig. 10
PQ and RS are the chords 10cm and 14cm respectively
15 | P a g e

OP = OR = 24cm (radii)
From NOP
/OP/2 = /NP/2 + /ON/2
242 = 52 + /ON/2
/ON/2 = 576 – 25
= 551
/ON/ = 23.5 (1 d.p.)
Similarly, from ROM
/OM/2 = 576 – 49
= 527
/OM/ = 23.0 (1 d.p)
But the distance between the two chords is MN
MN = /ON/ - /OM/
= 23.5 -23
= 0.5cm
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CHAPTER THREE
SEGMENT THEOREMS
3.1 Meaning of Segment of a Circle
A segment of a circle is any portion of the circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
The largest segment of a circle is the semicircle. In Fig.1 of chapter 2, the
portion ACBA is called a segment of the circle. The following theorems centre
specifically on segments.
3.2 Theorem 3: The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is
twice the angle it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the
circumference.
X

c d

e f
a b
A P B
Fig. 11
Given: An arc AB of a circle with centre O.
To prove: AÔB = 2A ̂ B
Construction: Joining ̅̅̅̅ and produce to P.
Proof: ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ (radii)
c = e (base angles of isosceles AOX)
d = f (base angles of isosceles )
a = c +e (exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of interior opposite
angles)
b = d + f (exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of interior opposite
angles).
a = 2c and b = 2d
But AÔB = a + b
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AÔB = 2c + 2d
AÔB = 2(c+d)
But c + d = ÂB
:. AÔB = 2ÂB as required.

3.3 Theorem 4: The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

A semi-circle is a segment whose chord is a diameter.
X

A B

Fig. 12
Given: A circle centre 0, with diameter AB. X is any point on the remaining
part of the circumference.
To prove: A ̂ = 900
Proof: Since ̅̅̅̅̅̅ is a straight line,
AÔB = 1800 (angle on a straight line)
But AÔB=2ÂB (angle at the centre is twice angle at circumference)
2A ̂ = 1800
:. A ̂ = 900 as required.
Note: Theorem 3 is used in proving theorem 4.
3.4 Theorem 5: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
X Y

A B

Fig. 13
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Given: A circle with centre O. A, B, X and Y are any points on the

circumference
To prove: A ̂ = A ̂ (< at centre is twice angle at circumference)
Similarly,
 = 2 A ̂
2 A ̂ = Â
:. A ̂ = A ̂ as required.

Example 6: In Fig 14. Below y is the centre of circle PQRS. If Q ̂ S = 540,

calculate the values of the lettered angles.
P
540
y

x
Q S
z
R
Fig. 14
Solution
To solve example 6, theorem 3 is very much handy.
Q ̂ = 2Q ̂ = x
x = 2 x 540
= 1080
X + y = 3600 (sum of <s at a point)
Y = 3600 – x
= 3600 - 1080
= 2520

Reflex angle Q ̂ = 2 Q ̂ (< at centre is twice < at circumference)

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y=2 Q̂
Q̂ =z=

z=

= 1260
:. x = 1080, y = 2520, z = 1260

Example 7: From the following diagram, O is the centre of the circle ACB. If
C ̂ = 260 and A ̂ = 1300, calculate:
(i) Ô (ii) C ̂
C

A 1300

B
Fig. 15
Solution

(i) Â = = 650 (angle at circumference is half angel at centre)

But A ̂ = C ̂ (base <s of isosceles)

i.e. A ̂ = 260
0 ̂ = 650 – 260
= 390
But 0 ̂ = 0 ̂ = 390 (base <s of isosceles )
i.e. 0 ̂ = 390
(ii) Ĉ + 0 ̂ + 0 ̂ = 1800 (sum of angles of a triangle)
C ̂ + 390 + 390 = 1800
C ̂ = 1800 – 780
= 1020
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Note: We treated s AOC and BOC as isosceles because ̅̅̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ are
radii.
Example 8: In Fig.16 below, ̅̅̅̅ is a diameter and O is the centre of circle
ABCD. Find the angles lettered d and e.
D

680
A C
d e

B
Fig. 16
 = d = 680 (angles in the same segment). To clearly see this, join ̅̅̅̅
So, d = 680
But d + e = 90 (angle in a semi circle)
680 + e = 900
:. e = 220
Hence, d = 680, e = 220.

Example 9: In Fig.17 below, BD is the bisector of A ̂ and AB is parallel to

̅̅̅̅ . Find the angle marked y.
B C
300

A
y

D
Fig. 17
Solution
B ̂ = B ̂ (<s in the same segment)
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B̂ = y
Again, A ̂ = y (A ̂ is alternate to B ̂ )
Ĉ = y (BD bisects A ̂
B ̂ + A ̂ + 300 = 1800 (<s in a triangle)
y + (y+y) + 300 1800
3y = 1500
y = 500

Example 10: In the following diagram, XZ is the diameter of the circle XYZW,

with the centre O and radius cm. If xy = 12cm, find the area of the triangle
xyz.
W

X Z

Y
Fig. 18
Solution
X ̂ = 900 (angle in a semicircle)
XYZ is a right angle triangle, right-angled at Y. It means the

diameter ̅̅̅̅ is a hypotenuse. ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ = cm

So,
/XZ/2 = /XY/2 + /YZ/2

( + )2 = 122 +/YZ/2
152 = 122 + /YZ/2
/YZ/2 = 225-144
/YZ/ =√
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= 9cm
Let the sides of XYZ be x,y,z.
The area of XYZ is:
A=√ ( )( )( )----*

Where S= =

=
= 18
A=√ ( )( )( )

=√ ( )( )( )
= 18 x 3
= 54cm2

Note: The formula *, above used in example 10 is called the Hero’s formula. It
is suitable when we know all the three sides of a triangle.
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CHAPTER FOUR
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL THEOREMS
A quadrilateral, whose vertices rest on the circumference of a circle, is
called a cyclic quadrilateral. This means a quadrilateral such as a square,
rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus etc. is inscribed in a circle.
We shall treat two important theorems on cyclic quadrilaterals in this
chapter.
Theorem 6: The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800.
Q

y
x R
P

S
Fig. 19
Given: A circle centre 0 with cycle quadrilateral PQRS
To prove: P ̂ + P ̂ = 1800
Construction: Join ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
Proof: P ̂ = ½ x (< at circumference is half < at the centre of a circle)
P ̂ = ½ y (< at circumference is half < at the centre of a circle)
P̂ +P̂ =½x+½y
= ½ (x+y)
But x+y = 3600 (Sum of <s at a point)
P ̂ + P ̂ = ½ x 3600
:. P ̂ + P ̂ = 1800 as required
Note: We employed theorem 3 to prove theorem 6 at some point.
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Theorem 7: The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral formed when one of its
sides is produced is equal to the opposite interior angle.
S
y

P R
v
Q x

T
Fig. 20
Given: a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS with ̅̅̅̅ produced to T.
To prove: x = y
Proof: v +y = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
v + x = 1800 (angles on a straight line)
v + x = v+y
:. x = y as required
Example 11: In the figure below, ABCD is a circle, BE and AE are extensions
of BC and AD respectively which meet at E. If <BEA = 310 and <B =
790, find <CDE
B
C

E 310

D 790
A
Fig. 21
Solution
̂ = 790 (exterior angle of cyclic quadrilateral)
C ̂ E + 790 + 310 = 1800 (<s in a triangle)
:. C ̂ E = 700
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Example 12: Consider the diagram in figure 22 below

A

820
P D
C
250

Q
Fig. 22
Calculate (i) <BAD (ii) <BPC
Solution
(i) <BAD
C ̂ A + A ̂ C = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
C ̂ A = 1800 – 820
= 980
From ABQ, ̂ = 1800 – (250 + 980) (<s in a triangle)
:. <BAD = 570

(ii) <BPC
̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (<s in a triangle)

But ̂ = 570, ̂ = 820

̂ = 1800 – (570+820)
= 410
:. <BPC =410
Example 13: PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral with PQ as diameter of the circle. If
<PQS = 150, find <QRS
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Solution

P 150 Q

S R
Fig. 23
<PSQ = 900 (angle in a semi-circle)
From PQS, ̂ + ̂ + 150 = 1800 (<s in a circle)
̂ + 900 + 150 = 1800
̂ = 1800 – 1050
= 750
From PQRS, ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
̂ + 750 = 1800
:. <QRS = 1050

Example 14: In the diagram below, find the angle marked X.

E

440

C
700
D
B

A
Fig. 24
Solution
From CDE, 700 + 440 + ̂ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
27 | P a g e

̂ =1800 – 1140
= 660
:. x = 660
Note: Angle C from CDE, is an exterior angle of the cyclic quadrilateral
ABCD. According to theorem 7, angle C is equal to the opposite interior
angle x.
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CHAPTER FIVE
TANGENT THEOREMS
A tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle externally
at one point only. This point is called a point of contact of the tangent to the
circle.
T

A
Fig. 25
Fig. 25 above shows a circle centered 0. The straight line TCA is a tangent to
the circle at point C. We shall study three interesting theorems on tangents.

Theorem 8: The tangent to a circle at any point is perpendicular to the radius

drawn to its point of contact.

A
T C
Fig. 26
Given: Tangent TA at T dawn to a circle centre 0.
To prove: That 0 ̂ = 900
Proof: Locate c at any other point on TA.
̅̅̅̅ < ̅̅̅̅ (point c lies outside the circle)
̅̅̅̅ is the shortest distance between O and line ̅̅̅̅, since all the other
points apart from T lie outside the circle.
29 | P a g e

But the shortest distance between a point and a straight line is the perpendicular
line between them.
:. 0 ̂ = 900 as required

Theorem 9: Two tangents which are drawn from the sami external point to a
circle are equal in length.

Y
Fig. 27
Given: An external point P to a circle centre O, from which tangents PX and PY
are drawn, with X and Y as their respective points of contact.
To Prove: ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅
Construction: Join ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
Proof: Consider s OXP and OYP
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ (radii)
̅̅̅̅ is common to both triangles OXP and OYP

O ̂ = O ̂ = 900 (tangents XP and YP are perpendicular to the

radii OX and OY)

OXP ≡ OYP (RHS)

:. OXP = OYP
Hence ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ as required

Theorem 10: The angle between a tangent draw to a circle and a chord through
the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
30 | P a g e

P
x2 D

x1
A B C
Fig. 28
Given: Tangent ̅̅̅̅̅̅ to a circle with B as the point of contact. ̅̅̅̅ is a chord
that divides the circle into two segments. BPD is the alternate segment to
angle CBD
To prove: C ̂ D = C ̂
Construction: Draw the diameter BX and join XD.
Proof: C ̂ X = 900 (BX is perpendicular to ABC)
Then C ̂ D = 900 – D ̂ X - - - - (i)
B ̂ = 900 (< in a semi-circle)
B ̂ D = 1800 – (900 + D ̂ X)
B ̂ D = 900 – D ̂ X - - - - (ii)
From (i) and (ii);
C ̂ D = B ̂D
But B ̂ D = B ̂ D (< s in the same segment)
:. C ̂ D = B ̂ D as required
Note: It can be proven in a similar way that A ̂ = B ̂ P.

Example 15: In the diagram below, XP is a tangent at P to a circle centre C, PQ

is a chord. If Q ̂ = 250, find the value of Q ̂ P
31 | P a g e

250

X P
Fig. 29
Solution
X ̂ C = 900 (̅̅̅̅ is a radius)
Q ̂ = 900 – 250
= 650
From isosceles triangle QPC,
̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (<s in a triangle)

But ̂ = ̂ (base angles of isosceles triangle)

2 ̂ + ̂ = 1800
2 x 650 + ̂ = 1800
̂ = 1800 – 1300
= 500
:. Q ̂ P = 500

Example 16: In the figure below, PQ and PR are tangents from P to a circle
centre O. If Q ̂ R = 340, find the angle marked x.
Q

X
340 P

R
Fig. 30
32 | P a g e

Solution
Draw chord QR.
From QOR;
̂ = ̂ (base angles of isosceles QOR) - - - - (*)
Consider QPR;
̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800

2 ̂ + 340 = 1800
2 ̂ = 1460
̂ = 730

But O ̂ Q = 900 - 730

O ̂ Q = 170
From (*) above,
2 ̂ + x = 1800 (sum of angles in QOR)
x = 1800 – 2 ̂
= 1800 – 2 (170)
= 1800 – 340
:. x = 1460

Example 17: In the figure below, PS = SR and RX is a tangent to the circle at R.

Angle QRX is equal to 720. Find angle SPR.
P
S

720
R X
Fig. 31
33 | P a g e

Solution
R ̂ Q = 720 (angle in alternate segment)
P ̂ R + R ̂ Q = 1800 (angles on a straight line)
P ̂ R + 720 = 1800
P ̂ R = 1800
But ̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (sum of angles of PSR)
Also, ̂ = ̂ (base angles of isosceles PSR)
2P + 108 = 1800
2P = 1800 – 1080
2P = 720

P=
= 360
:. S ̂ R = 360

Example 18: In the following figure, the tangent RS at S and the secant PR
meet at R. The circle PQS is the circum-circle of PQS. If Q ̂ S = 450 and P ̂
= 400, calculate Q ̂ .
P
Q x

R 450 x 400

S
Fig. 32
Solution
Let Q ̂ = x
But Q ̂ = Q ̂ (angle in alternate segment)
=x
34 | P a g e

From PSR, ̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)

x + (x+400) + 400 = 1800
2x + 800 = 1800
2x = 1000
X = 500
:. ̂ = 500

Example 19: In the diagram below, PQ is a tangent to the circle, RS//PQ and
<PXR = 650. Find the value of n.

R S

n
650
P x Q
Fig. 33
Solution
P ̂ = R ̂ = 650 (angle in alternate segment)
Since RS//PQ, R ̂ = Q ̂ (alternate angles)
Q ̂ S = 650
But Q ̂ S + n + 650 = 1800 (angles on a straight line)
650 + n + 650 = 1800
n + 1300 = 1800
:. n = 500
35 | P a g e

CHAPTER SIX
SELECTED PAST QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
In this chapter, we shall specifically treat some past questions that
regularly surface in WAEC, NECO and JAMB. A secret that every students
preparing for these examinations should know is that, their examiners hardly set
fresh questions every year. A bunch of the questions you will see are recycled
questions of previous years. The examiner either repeats the questions verbatim
or simply edits some parts by altering figures. The overall procedure for solution
however, is the same or similar. Some of the questions solved in this chapter
may not necessarily have come from past questions but will serve as further
explanation to others that have.

Questions 1: If O is the centre of the circle in the figure below, find the value of
<PRQ (NECO 2020).

2060 R

P Q
Fig. 34
Solution
P ̂ Q = 3600- 2060 (sum of angles at a point is 3600)
= 1540
But P ̂ Q = 2P ̂ (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
̂
P̂ =

=
= 770
36 | P a g e

Note: The representation P ̂ is same as <PRQ.

Question 2: In the figure below, ̅̅̅̅ is a diameter of the circle PQRST. If <PQR
= 1090, find <PRT. (NECO 2020).
Q

P 1090 R

T S
Fig. 35
Solution
PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral, hence:
P ̂ + P ̂ = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
1090 + P ̂ = 1800
P ̂ = 1800 – 1090
= 710
T ̂ = 900 (angle in a semicircle)
T ̂ = 900 – 710
= 190
But <PRT = <T ̂ = 190
:. <PRT = 190

Questions 3: In the figure below, O is the centre of the circle. /BO/ is produced
to x such that <DOX = 370. Calculate <DCB (NECO 2018)
C
B

D 370 A

X
Fig. 36
37 | P a g e

Solution
<XOA = 1800 - 370 (angles on a straight line)
= 1430

<XDA = (angle at circumference is half angle at centre)

= 71.50
From DOX,
̂ = ̂ = 71.50 (base angles of an isosceles triangle)
Since BCDX is a cyclic quadrilateral,
<DCB + <DXB = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
<DCB = 1800 – 71.50
= 108.50

Question 4:

A E

B D
0
108

C
Fig. 37
In the diagram above, O is the centre of the circle ABCDE, /̅̅̅̅ / = / ̅̅̅̅ / and
<BCD = 1080. Find <CDE. (WACE 2020)
Solution
<BCD + <BED = 1800 (opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)
1080 + <BED = 1800
<BED = 1800 – 1080 = 720
Join ̅̅̅̅
38 | P a g e

Clearly BCD is isosceles triangle, hence:

2 ̂ + 1080 = 1800 (base angles of isosceles triangle are equal)
̂= = 360

Similarly, <BDE = 900 (angle in semicircle)

<CDE = <CDB + <BDE
= 360 + 900
= 1260

Question 5: In the figure below, MNPQ is a circle centre O. /MN/ = /NP/ and
<OMN = 500, find:
(i) <MNP (ii) <POQ (WACE 2020)

M 500

P
N
Fig. 38
Solution
<QMN + <NPQ = 1800 (opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral)
500 + <NPQ = 1800
<NPQ = 1300
But <MPQ = 900 (angle in semicircle)
(i) <MPN = 1300 – 900
= 400
From MNP, ̂ = ̂ = 400 (base angles of an isosceles triangle)
<MNP + 2×400 = 1800 (sum of angles in a triangle)
39 | P a g e

:. <MNP = 1000
(ii) <MNP + <PQO = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
1000 + <PQO = 1800
<PQO = 800
From POQ, ̂ = ̂ = 800 (base angles of an isosceles triangle)
<POQ + 2 x 800 = 1800 (triangles in a triangle)
<POQ = 1800 - 1600
:. <POQ = 200.

Question 6: In the diagram (below), O is the centre of the circle, ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ are
tangents to the circle. <SYZ=n0 and <ZXQ=m0. Find the value of (m+n).
(WAEC 2020)
P X Q

R Y S
Fig. 39
Solution
From the circle XYZ,
̂ = 900 (angle in a semicircle)

Also, ̂ = n (angle in alternate segment)

n + m = 900 (tangent PQ is perpendicular to diameter YX).

Question 7: In the diagram (below), O is the centre of the circle, ̅̅̅̅ is a

diameter, <PQT = 330 and <TOS = 760. Use the diagram to find the values of
<PTR and <PRS. (WAEC 2015)
40 | P a g e

Q
R

P 0

T S
Fig. 40
Solution
<TOS = 2<TRS (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
760 = 2<TRS
<TRS = 380
<PQT = <PRT = 330 (angles in the same segment)
i.e <PRT = 330
From the cyclic quadrilateral PRST;
<PRS = <PRT + <TRS
= 330 + 380
:. <PRS = 710
Also, <PTS + <PRS = 1800 (Opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral)
<PTS + 710 = 1800
<PTS = 1090
From TRS; ̂ = 900 (TR is a diameter)
̂ + ̂ + 900 = 1800 (<s in a triangle)
̂ + 330 + 900 = 1800
̂ = 1800 – 1230
= 570
Now, <PTR = <PTS - <RTS
= 1090 – 570
= 520
41 | P a g e

:. <PTR = 520
Alternatively, we can solve for <PTR as follows
From PRT, ̂ = 900 (angle in a semicircle, TR is a diameter)
̂ + ̂ + 900 = 1800 (< s in a triangle)
̂ + 330 + 900 = 1800
̂ = 1800 – 1230
= 570
:. <PTR = 570 as before.

Questions 8:

P Q
1400
R M S
N

Fig. 41
In the diagram, 0 is the centre of the circle. If PQ//RS and <ONS = 140 0, find
the size of <POM. (WAEC 2018).
Solution
<MNO = 1800 – 1400 (angles on a straight line sum to 1800)
= 400
Since MON is an isosceles triangle, ̂ = ̂ = 400 (base angles)
2 x 400 + ̂ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
Ô = 1800 – 800
= 1000
<NOQ = 400 (alternate angles)
<POM = 1800 – (<MON + <NOQ) (angles on a straight line)
= 1800 – (1000 + 400)
= 1800 - 1400
42 | P a g e

:. <POM = 400
Alternatively, we can solve for <POM as follows
From MON, ̂ = ̂ = 400 (base angles of an isosceles triangle)
̂ = 400
But <POM is alternate to <NMO = 400
:. <POM = 400 as before

Question 9:
P T R

1080

Fig. 42
In the diagram, PTR is a tangent to the circle centre O. If angle TON = 108 0,
calculate the size of angle PTN. (WAEC 2018)

Solution
Let the base angles of the isosceles triangle TON be x and y.
x = y (base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal)
x + x + 1080 = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
2x = 1800 – 1080
x=
x = 360
But <PTO = 900 (tangent PTR is perpendicular to radius OT)
<PTN = 900 + 360
= 1260
43 | P a g e

Question 10:
X

700

18cm
Z Y
Fig. 43
In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle of radius 18cm. If <ZXY = 70 0,
calculate the length of arc ZY [Take = ] (WAEC 2019)

Solution
<ZOY = 2×700 (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
<ZOY = 1400
Length of arc ZY;

L= x 2 r; = 1400, r = 18cm, =

L= x2x 18

= x2x x 18

= 2 x 22
= 44cm

Questions 11:
P

S Q

R T
Fig. 44
44 | P a g e

In the diagram, RT is a tangent to the circle at R, <PQR = 700, <QRT = 520,

<QSR =y and <PRQ =x. Find:
(i) the value of y
(ii) the value of x (WAEC 2019)
Solution
(ii) <QRT = <RPQ = 520 (angle in alternate segment)
i.e <RPQ = 520
<PRQ + <PQR + <RPQ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
x + 700 + 520 = 1800
x = 580
(i) < QRT = < RSQ (angle in alternate segment)
:. <QRS = y = 520

Questions 12: In the diagram (below), QOS is a diameter, <RQS = x 0 and

<QST = (3x+15)0. Find:
(i) the value of x;
(ii) <RSQ. (WAEC 2018)

Q
x0

(3x+15)0
R S T
Fig. 45
Solution
(i) <QRS = 900 (angle in a semicircle)
But <QST = <QRS + <RQS (exterior angle of a triangle is equal to sum of
interior opposite angles).
3x + 15 = 90 + x
45 | P a g e

2x = 90 – 15

x=
= 37.50
(ii) (3x+15)0 = 3(37.5)+15
= 112.5+15
= 127.50
<RSQ = 1800 – (3x+15)0 (angles on a straight line)
<RSQ = 1800 – 127.50
= 52.50

Question 13:
P
N
x

460

y
M Q
Fig. 46
In the diagram, ̅̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅̅ are tangents to the circle centre 0. If <MNQ=x,
<NMQ=y and <NQP = 460, find the value of:
(i) x (ii) y (WAEC 2016)
Solution
MNQ is isosceles triangle (̅̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅̅ are tangents from the same point)
̂ = ̂ (base angles of isosceles triangle)
x + x +y = 1800 (<s in a triangle)
2x + y = 1800
But ̂ = 900 - 460 (tangent ̅̅̅̅̅ is perpendicular to diameter̅̅̅̅̅)
46 | P a g e

= 440
(i) :. x = 440
(ii) 2x + y =1800
2(440) + y = 1800
y = 1800 – 88
= 920

Question 14:
P

Q n m
700 S

R
Fig. 47
In the diagram, PS and RS are tangents to the circle centre O, <PSR = 700,
<POR = m and <PQR = n. Find (m+n). (WAEC 2018)
Solution

Join PR.
From PRS, ̂ = ̂ (base angles of isosceles triangle)
2 ̂ + 700 = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
̂=

̂ = 550
From POR, ̂ = ̂ = 900 - 550 (̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ are radii)
̂ = 350
350 x 2 + m = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
m = 1800 - 700
47 | P a g e

= 1100
n= (angle at circumference is half angle at centre)

=
= 550
(m+n) = 1100+550
= 1650
Alternatively;
From PRS, ̂ = ̂ = 550
But <RPS = n (angle in alternate segment)
<RPS = 550
n = 550
m = 2n (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
m = 2 x 550
= 1100
:. m + n = 1100 + 550
= 1650 as before
Question 15:
PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral with PQ as diameter of the circle. If <PQS = 15 0,
find <QRS. (JAMB 1979)
Solution
Sketching

P Q

S
R
Fig. 48
48 | P a g e

<PSQ = 900 (angle in semicircle)

̂ = 1800 – (900+150) (angles in a triangle)
= 1800 - 1050
= 750
But ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
̂ = 1800 - 750
= 1050
:. <QRS = 1050

Question 16:
P Q R
350

500

S
Fig. 49
In the diagram, PR is a tangent to the circle at Q, QT//RS, <SQR = 350 and
<RSQ = 500. Find the value of <QST.
Solution
<SQT = 500 (alternate angles)
<STQ = 350 (angle in alternate segment)
But <QST + <SQT + <STQ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
<QST + 500 + 350 = 1800
<QST = 1800 – 850
:. <QST = 950
49 | P a g e

Question 17:
A chord AB of length 72cm is 15cm from the centre, O of the circle. Find:
(i) the perimeter of AOB
(ii) the perimeter of the circumference of the circle
Solution
Sketching

15cm
A B
P
Fig. 50
̅̅̅̅ = ½ ̅̅̅̅ (̅̅̅̅ bisects ̅̅̅̅ from the centre)
̅̅̅̅ = 36cm
/OA/2 = /AP/2 +/OP/2
/OA/2 = 362 + 152
/OA/ = √
= 39cm
(i) Perimeter of AOB = 2 /OA/ + /AB/
= (2 x 39cm) + 72cm
= 150cm
(ii) Perimeter of the circumference of the circle
=2

=2x x 39cm
= 245.14 (to 2 d.p)
50 | P a g e

Question 18:
MNQP is a cyclic quadrilateral. MN and PQ are produced to meet at X and NQ
and MP are produced to meet at Y. If M ̂Q = 860 and N ̂ P = 1220, find the
values of angles QXN and QYP.
Solution
Sketching
Y

Q
1220

M
860
N

X
Fig. 51
From the cyclic quadrilateral MNQP,
̂ + 860 = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)
̂ = 940

Similarly, ̂ + 1220 = 1800

̂ = 580
From PXM,
̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800 (sum of angles in a triangle)

940 + 580+ ̂ = 1800

̂ = 1800 – 152
= 280
51 | P a g e

:. Q ̂ = 280
Similarly, from MYN,
̂ + ̂ + ̂ = 1800

580 + ̂ + 860 = 1800

̂ = 1800 – 1440
= 360
:. Q ̂ P = 360

Question 19:
In the diagram below, PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral with the side RQ produced
to T. If <PQT = 970, <SQR = 330 and <PSQ = 470, show that PQ//SR. Hence or
otherwise, calculate:
(i) Q̂ (ii) S ̂ Q

P
S
0
47

970 330 R
Q
T
Fig. 52
To show that PQ//SS, we need show that <QPR = <PRS.
<PQS = 1800 – (970 + 330) (angles on a straight line)
= 500
But <PQS = CPRS = 500 (angles in the same segment)
<PQS = 500
Similarly, <SPR = 330 (angles in the same segment)
In the same way:
52 | P a g e

<PSQ = <PRQ = 470

<PRQ = 470
From cyclic quadrilateral PQRS,
̂ + ̂ = 1800 (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral)

(500 + 470) + ̂ = 1800

̂ = 830

But ̂ = <SPR + <QPR

830 = 330+ <QPR
<QPR = 830 – 330
= 500
:. <QPR = <PRS = 500 as required
(i) Q ̂ S = 830
(ii) S ̂ Q = 500 + 470
= 970

Questions 20:
In the diagram below, TA is a tangent to the circle ABC at ̂ . If A ̂ = 820 and
B ̂ O =470. Calculate B ̂
B
C

T A
Fig. 53
AÔC = 820 x 2 (angle at centre is twice angle at circumference)
= 1640
Join ̅̅̅̅
53 | P a g e

Then, AOC is isosceles triangle since ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅ are radii.
A ̂ O = O ̂ C (Base angles of isosceles triangle)
2A ̂ O + 1640 = 1800 (sum of angles in a triangle)
2A ̂ O = 1800 – 1640
2A ̂ O = 160
A ̂ O = 80
From ABC, ̂ = 470 + 80
= 550
But <BAT = <BCA (angle in the alternate segment)
:. <BAT = 550

Questions 21:
In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle and PT is a tangent. Find the
value of .
A

B
T
320
P
Fig. 54
Solution
O ̂ P = 900 (PT is a tangent perpendicular to diameter AT)
From TOP;
̂ + Ô + ̂ = 1800 (angles in a triangle)
900 + Ô + 320 = 1800 ________ (*)
Ô = 580
54 | P a g e

From AOB,
2 + Ô = 1800 (base angles of isosceles triangle) _________(**)
But Ô = 1800 – 580 (angles on a straight line)
= 1220
2 + 1220 = 1800
2 = 580
= 290
Note: Angle O in (*) is different from angle O in (**) since they are within
different triangles. In this case also, they are supplementary
55 | P a g e

EXERCISES
1. In a circle of radius 17cm, Calculate the length of a chord which is 8cm
from the centre. (30cm)
2. A circle of radius 26cm has a chord of length 48cm, find the distance of
the chord from the centre of the circle. (10cm)
3. A chord of length 60cm is 16cm from the centre of a circle. Find the
radius of the circle. (34cm)
4. A chord AB of length 72cm is 15cm from the centre, O of a circle. Find
the perimeter of triangle ADB (150cm).
5. An equilateral triangle of side 10cm is inscribed in a circle. Find the
radius of the circle. (5.8cm)
6. Two circles with centres X and Y intersect at A and B. If the radii of the
circles are 20cm and 15cm and if AB =24cm, find the distance between
the centres. (25cm)
7. In a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS with ̅̅̅̅ produced to T, if O is the centre
of the circle and <RST =820, calculate the value of reflex angle POR.
(1960)
8. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. If A ̂ C = 700 and A ̂ D = 500, find C ̂ D.
(600)
9. The diagonals of the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD cut at N. If B ̂ C = 420,
B ̂C = 1140 and A ̂ B = 330, find B ̂ D. (1050)
10. Calculate the sizes of the lettered angles in each of the following figures
(a:x=900,y=60; b:x=500, y=1300)

(a) (b) x
300
x
y Fig. 55 Fig. 56
56 | P a g e

11. S

R
P 81 0

x0

T
Fig. 57
In Fig. 57, PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. If PQT and SRT are straight line, find
the value of x. (1030)
12. P

o T

650

R
Fig. 58
In the diagram above, TP and TR are tangents to the circle centred at O. If P ̂ T
= 650, find RÔP. (1300)

13. S R

680
P T Q
Fig. 59
57 | P a g e

In Fig. 59 above, PQ is the tangent to the circle RST at T.

/SR/= /ST/ and R ̂ Q = 680. Find P ̂ S (560).
R

14. S Q

P
0
70
300
A T B
Fig. 60

In the figure above ATB is a tangent at T to the circle. If <PTB =300 and <ATS
= 700, Calculate:
(i) <SQP (ii) <SRP) ((i) <SQP = 1000 (ii) <SRP = 1000)

15. P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference of a circle centre O. T is a

point outside the circle; QST, a straight line through o, meets PR at M; and
QP //RT. If <QPR = 470 and <STR = 320, calculate <PSR (<PSR = 1050)
E
16.
340 F

H 420

G
Fig. 61.

In the figure above, EFGH is a cyclic quadrilateral in which EH//FG, EG and

FG are chords. If <FHG=420 and <EFH = 420, calculate <HEG. (520)
58 | P a g e

17. In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle and POQ a diameter. If
PÔR =960, find the value of O ̂ . (O ̂ =480)
Q

R
P
Fig. 62

18. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and EABF is a straight line. If E ̂ D =820,

F ̂ C =740 and B ̂ C = 500, find the acute angle between AC and BC. (240)
19. A chord of a circle is 8cm long and subtends an angle of 45 0 at the
circumference of the circle. Calculate the radius of the circle. (4√ )
20. O is the centre of a circle and AB is any chord of the circle. From O, a
perpendicular is dropped to AB at C. By considering a pair of congruent
triangles, prove that AC=BC.
59 | P a g e

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
(1) 30cm (2) 10cm (3) 34cm (4) 150cm (5) 5.8cm (6) 25cm
(7) 1960 (8) 600 (9) 1050 (10) a) x=900, y=600 (10)b) x=500,y=1300
(11) 1030 (12) 1300 (13) 560 (14) (i) 1000 (ii) 1000 (15) 1050
(16) 520 (17) 480 (18) 240 (19) 4√ or 5.66cm

Note: Answer for Number 20 is not provided as students are expected to follow
the appropriate theorem(s) and proof(s) relevant for the question. A
similar proof is obtainable in this book.
60 | P a g e

REFERENCES
Tuttuh – Adegun, M.R., Sivasubramaniam, S. & Adegoje, R. Further
Mathematics Project 2.

A.B. Adu. Comprehensive Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools.

S.O. Ale et al. MAN Mathematics for Senior Secondary Schools, Book 2

The West African Examination Council (WAEC). Past Questions.

National Examination Council (NECO). Past Questions.

Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB). Past Questions.