Section 7.

1: Integration by parts
The formula of the integration by parts

 What is ?

 It is very clear that the substitution method is not useful for this integral.

 Recall that the chain rule introduced the substitution formula for integration in sec 5.5.

 In this section, we will see how the product differentiation formula will provide another
technique of integration.
.

Can be easily
integrated

The function that

becomes simpler
when differentiated The formula for
integration by parts

1
 (1) Both functions are easily integrated but one becomes simpler when differentiated

Example 1: Evaluate

Exercise 1: Find 1. 2.

2
(2) Only one of the two functions is directly integrable [ln(x), arctan(x), …]

Example 2: Evaluate:
1.

2.

3
Exercise 2: Find 1. 2.

4
(3) Both of the functions do not become simpler when differentiated

Example 3: Find

5
Exercise 3: Find

6
(4) Tabular Integration (Integration for several times)

Example 4: Evaluate

Thus

Exercise 4: Evaluate

7
(5) Substitution First then Parts

Exercise 5: Evaluate the following integrals:

1.
2.
3.

8
 (6) Reduction Formulas

Example 5:
(1) Use integration by parts to show that for

(2) Use the above formula to show that for

9
Exercise 6: Use the formula of Example 5 to find:
1.
2.
3.

End of 7.1- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.

10
 Section 7.2 : Trigonometric integrals

Case 1: Product of powers of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥

Integrals of the form

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1-1: either m or n is an odd 1-2: Both of m and n are

positive integer even integers

 Use the following trigonometric

identities to reduce the even power
m is odd n is odd and benefit from the case A-2

1+cos 2𝑥
1. cos 2 𝑥 =
2
2 1−cos 2𝑥
2. sin 𝑥 =
2
 Isolate one sine
 Change the rest of the sines into  Isolate one cosine
cosines using 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥  Change the rest of the cosines
 Substitute 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 into sines using 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
 Substitute 𝑢 = sin 𝑥

1
2
EXERCISE 1: Evaluate
1. ∫ sin2.5 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫0
𝜋/2
sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥

3
Case 2: Product of powers of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥

Integrals of the form

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑚 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

m is an even +ve integer

m or n is 0
Use the reduction formulas in  Isolate 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
 Change the rest of the secants to
EXERCISE 2 & EXERSISE 3 tangents using 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
 Substitute 𝑢 = tan 𝑥

m is an odd positive integer

n is even n is odd
Tangents to secants then  Isolate sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
the rduction formula for  Change the rest of the tangents
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 to secants using 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
See below EXERCISE 4  Substitute 𝑢 = tan 𝑥

4
5
EXERCISE 2: Show that for an integer 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐,
𝒏−𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏−𝟏

6
EXAMPLE 8: Find

a. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b. ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

7
EXERCISE 3: Show that for an integer 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐,

𝒏
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟐
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏

8
EXERCISE 4: Find ∫ sec 3 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Remark: Integrals of the form ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑚 𝑥 cot 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 can be treated similarly as

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑚 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
EXERCISE 5: Evaluate ∫𝜋/4 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

9
Case 2: Product of sines or cosines or sines and cosines with different angles

Integrals of the form, 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 We use the corresponding identity

1
∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = [sin(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + sin(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥]
2
1
∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 = [cos(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 − cos(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥]
2
1
cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = [cos(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + cos(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥]
∫ cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

10
EXERCISES
1. Find the area of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅.

2. Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 , 𝒚 =

𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ , about 𝒚 = −𝟏.
𝟑

11
 𝜋 0 if 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
3. Prove that ∫−𝜋 sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {
𝜋 if 𝑚 = 𝑛

End of 7.1- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh

12
 Section 7.3: Trigonometric Substitution

 What is the value of ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ?

2
 If it were a definite integral from 0 to 2 (∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ), then using the area of

the circle centered at (0, 0) with radius 2 would be effective, but it is not!.

 If it were of the from ∫ 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥, then using the substitution 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑥 2

would be effective, again it is not!.

 A useful suggestion in this situation is to get rid of the root; which is possible by

letting 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 and then using cos2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃.

 This way of substitution is called the trigonometric substitution and it works for

different radical expressions as it is described in the following table:

1
 𝑥2
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9−𝑥 2

2
3
4
 2
3 𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate ∫
√2 𝑥 5 √9𝑥 2 −1
3

5
 0.6 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate ∫0
√9−25𝑥 2

6
 𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate ∫
√𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5

7
EXERCISES
Evaluate:
𝑥2
1. ∫ (3+4𝑥−4𝑥 2 )3/2 𝑑𝑥

8
2. ∫ 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

9
 𝜋
cos 𝑡
3. ∫0
2 𝑑𝑡
√1+sin2 𝑡

10
 Section 7.4: Integration of rational functions by partial fractions

𝑃(𝑥)
 Rational Functions are of the form where 𝑃 & 𝑄 are polynomials
𝑄(𝑥)

Improper rational function if: Proper rational function if:

deg 𝑃 ≥ deg 𝑄 deg 𝑃 < deg 𝑄

 Any Improper rational function can be written as a sum of a polynomial

and a proper rational function using the long division.
𝑥 3 +𝑥+1
e.g., =
𝑥 2 +1

 The integration of rational functions is done using a method called the

partial fraction which consists of two maim steps:
Step 1: If the function is Improper rational function, then written as a sum of a
𝑃(𝑥)
polynomial and a proper rational function .
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥)
Step 2: Express as a sum of fractions of the form
𝑄(𝑥)
𝐴 𝐴𝑥+𝐵
or with 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0.
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑖 (𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐)𝑖

The idea of this step starts from factorizing 𝑄(𝑥) into a product of linear factors
(of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) and irreducible quadratic factors (of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑐 with 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0). Looking for simplicity we discuss four cases for 𝑄(𝑥)
through four examples (1-4)
1
Case 1: 𝑄(𝑥) is a product of distinct linear factors
𝑥−4
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 +6𝑥

2
Case 2: 𝑄(𝑥) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.
4𝑥
EXAMPLE 2: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −𝑥−1

3
 Case 3: 𝑄(𝑥) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is repeated.
The following are needed in this case:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥2 +𝑎2 = tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
𝐴𝑥+𝐵
2. The procedure to find integrals of the form ∫ 𝑑𝑥, with 𝑏2 −
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
4𝑎𝑐 < 0
Complete the square in the denominator and make a substitution that brings
𝐶𝑢+𝐷 𝑢 1
the integral to the form ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐷 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 +𝑎2 𝑢2 +𝑎 𝑢2 +𝑎2

EXAMPLE 3: Evaluate
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
𝑥 −1

4
Case 4: 𝑄(𝑥) contains a repeated irreducible quadratic factors.
EXAMPLE 4: Evaluate

𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)

5
Rationalizing Substitution
EXAMPLE 4: Evaluate:
1
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3
0 1 + √𝑥

6
 √1 + √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

7
EXERCISES
1. Evaluate:
sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 3 cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥

8
2. Evaluate:

∫ ln(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

End of 7.4-Dr. Khalid Adarbeh

9
7.5 Techniques of Integration
Evaluate:

1+𝑥
∫√ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥

1
∫ ln (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

2
 1 + sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥

3
∫(𝑥 + sin 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥

4
 𝑥 ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −1

5
𝜋
3
ln tan 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝑥
𝜋
4

6
∫ √1 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

7
1

∫ 𝑥 √2 − √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0

8
 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
∫ 4 4
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

9
 (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

10
 2
∫(2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

11
Section 7.8: Improper integrals

 In the definite integrals we considered in the previous sections, we dealt with a

function f(x) defined on a finite intervals [a, b] and does not have an infinite

discontinuity. In this case the integral is called proper.

 In this section we extend the concept of the proper definite integrals to include

the Improper integrals, where by Improper integral we mean a definite integral

with infinite interval (Type 1) or the integrand has an infinite discontinuity

∞ 1
(Type 2) in the the interval of the integration. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 is improper of type 1 and
𝑥2

2 1
∫0 𝑑𝑥 is of type 2.
𝑥2

1
Example 1 Determine if each integral is convergent or divergent. Evaluate those are

convergent.

∞ 1
1. ∫0 4 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√

0
2. ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫−∞ 4𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5

3
Example 2 Find the values of 𝑝 for which the integral converges and evaluate the integral

for those values of 𝑝.

∞ 1
1. ∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑝

4
 ∞ 1
2. ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(ln 𝑥)𝑝

5
6
7
:

8
Exercises:

Determine if each integral is convergent or divergent. Evaluate those are convergent.

4 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫0 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2

9
 1
0 𝑒𝑥
2. ∫−1 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥

1
1 𝑒𝑥
3. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3

10
 ∞ tan−1 𝑥
4. ∫1 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

11
 ∞ 1
5. ∫2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 −4

End 7.8-Dr. Khalid Adarbeh

12