Ecuaciones con coeficientes constantes.

a ⋅ y′′ + b ⋅ y′ + c ⋅ y ＝ f ((x))

C.V: y＝em ⋅ x y′ ＝ m ⋅ e m ⋅ x y′′ ＝ m 2 ⋅ e m ⋅ x

a ⋅ m2 ⋅ em ⋅ x + b ⋅ m ⋅ em ⋅ x + c ⋅ em ⋅ x＝0
e m ⋅ x ⋅ ⎛⎝a ⋅ m 2 + b ⋅ m + c⎞⎠ ＝ 0 em ⋅ x＝0

a ⋅ m2 + b ⋅ m + c＝0

resolvemos la ecuación de grado:

si: m1 ≠ m2 yh ＝ c1 ⋅ e m1 ⋅ x + c2 ⋅ e m2 ⋅ x

si: m1 ＝ m2 yh ＝ c1 ⋅ x ⋅ e m1 ⋅ x + c2 ⋅ e m2 ⋅ x

si: m＝α + β ⋅ i
yh ＝ e α ⋅ x ((c1 ⋅ cos ((β ⋅ x)) + c2 ⋅ sen ((β ⋅ x))))
m＝α - β ⋅ i

Ecuacion de Cauchy-Euler.-

a ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y′′ + b ⋅ x ⋅ y′ + c ⋅ y ＝ f ((x))

C.V: y＝xm y′ ＝ m ⋅ x m - 1 y′′ ＝ m ⋅ ((m - 1)) ⋅ x m - 2

⎛⎝a ⋅ ⎛⎝m 2 - m⎞⎠ + b ⋅ ((m)) + c⎞⎠ ⋅ x m ＝ 0

a ⋅ ⎛⎝m 2 - m⎞⎠ + b ⋅ ((m)) + c ＝ 0

a ⋅ m 2 + ((b - a)) ⋅ m + c ＝ 0

resolvemos la ecuación de grado:

si: m1 ≠ m2 yh ＝ c1 ⋅ x m1 + c2 ⋅ x m2

si: m1 ＝ m2 yh ＝ c1 ⋅ x m1 + c2 ⋅ x m1 ⋅ ln ((x))

si: m＝α + β ⋅ i
yh ＝ x α ⋅ ((c1 ⋅ cos ((β ⋅ ln ((x)))) + c2 ⋅ sen ((β ⋅ ln ((x))))))
m＝α - β ⋅ i
Ecuaciones con coeficientes indeterminados.-

y′′ + a ((x)) ⋅ y′ + b ((x)) ⋅ y ＝ g ((x))

se hallan los valores de las constantes A,B,C, etc. y se reemplaza en la solucion particular

Variación de parámetros.-

y′′ + a ((x)) ⋅ y′ + b ((x)) ⋅ y ＝ g ((x))

teniendo:
yh ＝ c1 ⋅ y1 ((x)) + c2 ⋅ y2 ((x))

yp ＝ u1 ((x)) ⋅ y1 ((x)) + u2 ((x)) ⋅ y2 ((x))

u1′ ⋅ y1 + u2′ ⋅ y2 ＝ 0

u1′ ⋅ y1′ + u2′ ⋅ y2′ ＝ g ((x))

W1 W2
u1′ ＝ ―― u2′ ＝ ――
W W

⎛⎡ y2 0 ⎤⎞ ⎛⎡ y1 0 ⎤⎞
W1 ＝ det ⎜⎢ W2 ＝ det ⎜⎢
⎝⎣ y2′ g ((x)) ⎥⎦⎟⎠ ⎝⎣ y1′ g ((x)) ⎥⎦⎟⎠
 ⎛⎡ y1 y2 ⎤⎞
W ＝ det ⎜⎢
⎝⎣ y1′ y2′ ⎥⎦⎟⎠

u1 ((x)) ＝ ⌠
⌡ u1′ d x u2 ((x)) ＝ ⌠
⌡ u2′ d x

Metodo de los anuladores.-

d
y′′ + a ((x)) ⋅ y′ + b ((x)) ⋅ y ＝ g ((x)) D＝―
dx
1. Resolver la ecuación diferencial:

x 2 ⋅ y′′ - x ⋅ y′ - 3 ⋅ y ＝ 2 ⋅ ln ((x)) + 2 ⋅ x

C.V: y＝xm y′ ＝ m ⋅ x m - 1 y′′ ＝ m ⋅ ((m - 1)) ⋅ x m - 2

xm xm
x 2 ⋅ m ⋅ ((m - 1)) ⋅ ――2
- x ⋅ m ⋅ ―― - 3 ⋅ xm＝xn
x x

Para la solución Homogénea:

xm xm
x 2 ⋅ m ⋅ ((m - 1)) ⋅ ――2
- x ⋅ m ⋅ ―― - 3 ⋅ xm＝0
x x

m ⋅ ((m - 1)) ⋅ x m - m ⋅ x m - 3 ⋅ x m ＝ 0

⎛⎝⎛⎝m 2 - m⎞⎠ - m - 3⎞⎠ ⋅ x m ＝ 0 m2 - 2 ⋅ m - 3＝0

((m + 1)) ⋅ ((m - 3)) ＝ 0 m1 ≔ -1 m2 ≔ 3

y1 ＝ x -1 y2 ＝ x 3

1
yh ＝ c1 ⋅ ―+ c2 ⋅ x 3
x

Por variación de parámetros:

1
yp ＝ u1 ⋅ ―+ u2 ⋅ x 3
x

1 1
u1′ ⋅ ―+ u2′ ⋅ x 3 ＝ 0 -u1′ ⋅ ― 2
+ u2′ ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 2 ＝ 2 ln ((x)) + 2 ⋅ x
x x

⎛⎡ 1 3 ⎤⎞
⎜⎢ ― x ⎥⎟
x
W ＝ det ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ ＝ 3 x - ((-x)) ＝ 4 x
⎜⎢ -― 1 ⎥⎟
3 ⋅ x2
⎜⎝⎢⎣ x 2 ⎥⎦⎟⎠

⎛⎡ 1 ⎤⎞
⎜⎢ ― 0 ⎥⎟
⎜ ⎢ x 2
⎥⎟ ＝ ―
W2 ＝ det ⋅ ln ((x)) + 2
1
⎜⎢ -― 2 ln (x) + 2 ⋅ x ⎥⎟ x
⎜⎝⎢⎣ x 2 ( )
⎥⎦⎟⎠
 ⎛⎡ 0 x 3 ⎤⎞
W1 ＝ det ⎜⎢ 2 ⎥⎟ ＝ -2 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ ln ((x)) - 2 ⋅ x 4
2
⎜⎝⎢⎣ 2 ((ln ((x)))) + 2 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ x ⎥⎦⎟⎠

-2 ⋅ x 3 ⋅ ln ((x)) - 2 ⋅ x 4 -x 2 ⋅ ln ((x)) - x 3
u1′ ＝ ――――――― u1′ ＝ ―――――
4x 2

2
―⋅ ln ((x)) + 2
x 1 1
u2′ ＝ ―――― u2′ ＝ ―― ⋅ ln ((x)) + ――
4x 2 x2 2x

⌠
-x 2 ⋅ ln ((x)) - x 3 1 ⎛ x 4 ⎞ -ln ((x)) 1 x4
u1 ＝ ⎮ ――――― d x ＝ ―⋅ ⎜-x -1 ⋅ ((ln ((x)) + 1)) - ―⎟ ＝ ――― - ―― -―
⎮
⌡ 2 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2x 2x 8

⌠ 1 1 -ln ((x)) 1 1
u2 ＝ ⎮ ――2
⋅ ln ((x)) + ―― d x ＝ ――― - ―― + ―ln ((x))
2x 2x 2x 2
⌡2x
⎮

⎛ -ln ((x)) 1 x 4 ⎞ 1 ⎛ -ln ((x)) 1 1 ⎞

yp ＝ ⎜――― - ―― - ―⎟ ⋅ ―+ ⎜――― - ―― + ―ln ((x))⎟ ⋅ x 3
⎝ 2x 2x 8 ⎠ x ⎝ 2x 2x 2 ⎠

-ln ((x)) 1 x3 x 2 ⋅ ln ((x)) x 2 x3

yp ＝ ――― - ―― - ― - ―――― - ― + ― ⋅ ln ((x))
2 x2 2 x2 8 2 2 2

1 ln ((x)) 1 x3 x 2 ⋅ ln ((x)) x 2 x3
y ((x)) ＝ c1 ⋅ ―+ c2 ⋅ x 3 - ―― - ―― - ― - ―――― - ― + ― ⋅ ln ((x))
x 2 x2 2 x2 8 2 2 2
2. Determinar el operador diferencial "L" que anule a la función g(x), luego con este, determinar la
solución de la ecuación diferencial

y′′ - 3 y′ + 2 y ＝ g ((x)) g ((x)) ＝ e -x + e x

de las tablas mostradas anteriormente sabemos que:

L1 ＝ ((D + 1)) L2 ＝ ((D - 1))

Entonces:

L ＝ L1 ⋅ L2 ＝ ((D + 1)) ⋅ ((D - 1))

Pues:
L ⋅ g ((x)) ＝ ⎛⎝-e -x + e x + e -x + e x ⎞⎠ ⋅ ((D - 1))

L ⋅ g ((x)) ＝ ⎛⎝2 e x ⎞⎠ ⋅ ((D - 1)) ＝ 2 ⋅ e x - 2 ⋅ e x ＝ 0

mostrando la E.D. en términos de "D":

((D - 2)) ⋅ ((D - 1)) ⋅ y ＝ g ((x))

Aplicando el anulador "L":

2
((D + 1)) ⋅ ((D - 2)) ⋅ ((D - 1)) ⋅ y ＝ 0

Es una ecuación con coeficientes constantes, por tanto:

C.V: y＝em ⋅ x y′ ＝ m ⋅ e m ⋅ x y′′ ＝ m 2 ⋅ e m ⋅ x y′′′ ＝ m 3 ⋅ e m ⋅ x

y′′′′ ＝ m 4 ⋅ e m ⋅ x

en términos de "D":
C.V: y＝em ⋅ x D ⋅ y＝m ⋅ em ⋅ x D2 ⋅ y＝m2 ⋅ em ⋅ x D3 ⋅ y＝m3 ⋅ em ⋅ x

D4 ⋅ y＝m4 ⋅ em ⋅ x
 2
((m + 1)) ⋅ ((m - 2)) ⋅ ((m - 1)) ⋅ y ＝ 0

m1 ≔ -1 m2 ≔ 2 m3 ≔ 1 m4 ≔ 1

y ＝ c1 ⋅ e -x + c2 ⋅ e 2 x + c3 ⋅ e x + c4 ⋅ x ⋅ e x

3. Determinar la solución de la ecuación diferencial de la anterior pregunta con el método de

coeficientes indeterminados
y′′ - 3 y′ + 2 y ＝ e -x + e x

C.V: y＝em ⋅ x y′ ＝ m ⋅ e m ⋅ x y′′ ＝ m 2 ⋅ e m ⋅ x

e m ⋅ x ⎛⎝m 2 - 3 m + 2⎞⎠ ＝ 0

m1 ≔ 1 m2 ≔ 2

yh ＝ c1 ⋅ e x + c2 ⋅ e 2 x

Por coeficientes indeterminados:

yp ＝ A ⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x

yp′ ＝ -A ⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x

yp′′ ＝ A ⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x

Reemplazando en la E.D.:

⎛⎝A ⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x ⎞⎠ - 3 ⎛⎝-A ⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x ⎞⎠ + 2 ⎛⎝A ⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x ⎞⎠ ＝ e -x + e x

6 ⋅ A ⋅ e -x + 0 ⋅ B ⋅ e x ＝ e -x + e x

6 ⋅ A＝1 0 ⋅ B＝1
1
A＝― B＝B
6

1
yp ＝ ―⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x
6

1
yg ＝ c1 ⋅ e x + c2 ⋅ e 2 x + ―⋅ e -x + B ⋅ e x
6