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Chapter 6 - Mobile Network Layer

This document discusses mobile network layers and mobile IP. It provides definitions of key terms like mobile node, home agent, and foreign agent. It describes how mobile IP works to allow nodes to change locations while maintaining the same IP address. Packet delivery involves tunneling packets from the home agent to the foreign agent. Registration updates the home agent when the mobile node changes locations. Common encapsulation methods for tunneling include IP-in-IP, minimal routing, and generic routing encapsulation. The document also introduces mobile ad-hoc networks as self-organized wireless networks that allow nodes to act as routers.

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Yawkal Addis
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252 views23 pages

Chapter 6 - Mobile Network Layer

This document discusses mobile network layers and mobile IP. It provides definitions of key terms like mobile node, home agent, and foreign agent. It describes how mobile IP works to allow nodes to change locations while maintaining the same IP address. Packet delivery involves tunneling packets from the home agent to the foreign agent. Registration updates the home agent when the mobile node changes locations. Common encapsulation methods for tunneling include IP-in-IP, minimal routing, and generic routing encapsulation. The document also introduces mobile ad-hoc networks as self-organized wireless networks that allow nodes to act as routers.

Uploaded by

Yawkal Addis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Communication and

Mobile Computing

By: Zigiju N.
January, 2023
2
Chapter 6
Mobile Network Layer

Contents
 Mobile IP
 Introduction
 Mobile IP Entities and Terminologies
 IP Packet Delivery
 Registration
 Tunneling and Encapsulation
 Introduction to Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Mobile Internet Protocol (or Mobile IP)
3  Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by extending Internet
Protocol, IP) that allows the users to move from one network to another with
the same IP address.
 It ensures that the communication will continue without the user’s sessions
or connections being dropped.
Cont…
4  Mobile IP solves the following problems:
if a node moves without changing its IP address it will be unable to
receive its packets,
if a node changes its IP address it will have to terminate and restart its
ongoing connections every time it moves to a new network area (new
network prefix).
 Mobile IP is a routing protocol with a very specific purpose.
 Mobile IP is a network layer solution to node mobility in the Internet.
 Mobile IP is not a complete solution to mobility, changes to the transport
protocols need to be made for a better solution (i.e., the transport layers are
unaware of the mobile node’s point of attachment and it might be useful if,
e.g., TCP knew that a wireless link was being used!).
Mobile IP Entities and Terminologies

5
Cont…
6  Mobile Node (MN) is the hand-held communication device that the user
carries e.g. Cell phone.
 Home Network is a network to which the mobile node originally belongs as
per its assigned IP address (home address).
 Home Agent (HA) is a router in-home network to which the mobile node was
originally connected
 Home Address is the permanent IP address assigned to the mobile node
(within its home network).
 Foreign Network is the current network to which the mobile node is visiting
(away from its home network).
 Foreign Agent (FA) is a router in a foreign network to which the mobile node
is currently connected. The packets from the home agent are sent to the foreign
agent which delivers them to the mobile node.
Cont…
7  Correspondent Node (CN) is a device on the internet communicating to the
mobile node.
 Care-of Address (COA) is the temporary address used by a mobile node
while it is moving away from its home network.
 Foreign agent COA, the COA could be located at the FA, i.e., the COA is an
IP address of the FA. The FA is the tunnel end-point and forwards packets to
the MN. Many MN using the FA can share this COA as a common COA.
 Co-located COA, the COA is co-located if the MN temporarily acquired an
additional IP address which acts as COA.
 This address is now topologically correct, and the tunnel endpoint is at the
MN.
 Co-located addresses can be acquired using services such as DHCP.
IP packet delivery
8

 CN wants to send an IP packet to the MN.


 Internet , not having info on the current location of MN, routes the packet to
the router(Home Agent) responsible for the home network of MN.
 HA now intercept the packet(to find current location)
 Not found in home n/w then encapsulated and tunneled to the COA.
 A new header put in front of the old header showing the (FA) COA as the
new destination.
 FA now decapsulates the packets (remove additional header)
 Last, MN sends the packets as usual with its own fixed IP address as source
and CN's address as the destination.
Agent Discovery
9
 One initial problem of MN after moving is how to find a foreign agent ?.
 Two types of methods:
Agent advertisement:
FA and HA advertise their presence periodically using special agent
advertisement message.
ICMP messages are used with some mobility extensions.
Agent solicitation:
No agent advertisement
Mobile node must send agent solicitations. Souled not flood the network
MN can send three solicitations msgs. , one per sec. , as soon as enter in
new network.
Discovery of new agent can be done anytime.
Registration
10
 It is used to inform the HA of the current location for correct forwarding of
packets.
 After receiving COA address the MN has to register with the HA.
 Registration can be done in two ways:-
 Registration of mobile node via the FA, and
 Directly with the HA
Registration (COA is the FA)
11

 If the COA is at the FA then,


 MN sends its registration request containing the COA to the FA
which then forward the request to the HA.
 Now HA will do the mobility binding containing the mobile node's
home IP address with the current COA.

–
Registration (COA is co-located)
12

 If the COA is co-located.


 MN sends its registration request containing
the COA to the FA which then forward the
request to the HA.
 Now HA will do the mobility binding
containing the mobile node's home IP
address with the current COA.
Tunneling and Encapsulation
13
 Tunneling is a mechanisms used for forwarding packets between the HA
and COA.
 A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry
and a tunnel endpoint.
 Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the tunnel and leave the
tunnel unchanged.
 Tunneling, i.e., sending a packet through a tunnel, is achieved by using
encapsulation.
 Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet
header and data and putting it into the data part of a new packet.
 The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another
packet, is called Decapsulation.
Cont…
14

Tunneling
15 Encapsulation Methods
IP-in-IP encapsulation
● Ver – IP protocol version no.
● IHL – internet header length
● TOS – type of services (copied from
inner header)
● Length – complete encapsulated
packet length.
● IP id. , flags , frag. offset – used
for fragments
● TTL -time to live
● IP-in-IP – upper layer protocol IP-in-IP encapsulation packet format
● IP checksum – error detection
16 Minimal Routing Encapsulation

● In IP-in-IP several fields re redundant


● Minimal encapsulation will remove these redundancy
● Type – 55
● If S bit is set , the original sender address of the CN is
included.
17 Generic Routing Encapsulation
● Minimal and IP-in-IP only works for IP while
generic routing also supports other
network layer protocols
● GRE header starts with several flags
● C – checksum is present
● R – offset and routing info present
● K – key field , used for the aunthentication
● S – sequence number present
● s – strict source source routing is used
● rsv. - is used to distinguishes GRE from IP-
in-IP and minimal encapsulation
● Protocol – the protocol of the packet
following the GRE.
Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET)
18  Ad hoc network is a kind of Wireless Network which can be designed for
fulfilling particular purposes that is served by establishment of the whole set
up on the fly.
 Example types of an Ad hoc network are -
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET)
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
 A MANET consists of a number of mobile devices that come together to form
a network as needed, without any existing internet infrastructure or other kind
of fixed stations support.
 A MANET can be defined as an autonomous system of nodes or MSs(also
serving as routers) connected by wireless links, the union of which forms a
communication network modeled in the form of an arbitrary communication
graph.
Cont…
19  MANETs are basically peer-to-peer, multi-hop wireless networks in which
information packets are transmitted in a store and forward manner from a
source to an arbitrary destination, via intermediate nodes as given in the figure:
Cont…
20  Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of independent mobile nodes that can
communicate to each other via radio waves.
 They are self-organized, self-configured, and self-controlled infrastructure-less
networks.
 This type of network can be set up or deployed anywhere and anytime because
it poses very simple infrastructure setup and no or minimal central
administration.
 These networks are mainly used by community users such as military,
researchers, business, students, and emergency services.
 Nodes are using Internet Protocol and IP addresses are assigned to each of the
nodes.
 Individual nodes discover dynamically which other nodes they can
communicate with.
Cont…
21 Features / Characteristics of MANETs
Rapidly deployable, self-organized, self-configured, and self-controlled
infrastructure- less networks
Wireless links
Every computer or device (node) is a router as well as end host
Nodes are mobile, topology can be very dynamic
Nodes must be able to relay traffic since communicating nodes might be
out of range
Can be a standalone network or it can be connected to external
networks(Internet)
Radio communication – shared medium
Cont…
22 Applications of MANETs
 Defense applications
 Crisis management applications
 Telemedicine
 Tele-geo-processing application
 Virtual Navigation
 Education via the internet
 Vehicular area network
 Etc
23

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