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Assignment 2

This document provides an introduction to integration over curves and surfaces. It defines concepts such as indefinite and definite integration, integration over a curve using parameterization, simply connected domains, smooth curves, and closed curves. It presents theorems regarding path independence of integrals over analytic functions, the Cauchy integral theorem, and Cauchy's integral formulas. It also discusses the maximum modulus inequality and generalizations of derivatives and integrals using Cauchy's integral formula. Finally, it mentions Liouville's theorem about bounded entire functions and Morera's theorem regarding analytic functions.

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Siddarth Baruah
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20 views

Assignment 2

This document provides an introduction to integration over curves and surfaces. It defines concepts such as indefinite and definite integration, integration over a curve using parameterization, simply connected domains, smooth curves, and closed curves. It presents theorems regarding path independence of integrals over analytic functions, the Cauchy integral theorem, and Cauchy's integral formulas. It also discusses the maximum modulus inequality and generalizations of derivatives and integrals using Cauchy's integral formula. Finally, it mentions Liouville's theorem about bounded entire functions and Morera's theorem regarding analytic functions.

Uploaded by

Siddarth Baruah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 2

Siddarth Baruah
February 2024

1 Introduction
1.1 Summary
1. Z
F (x) = f (x) dx (Indefinite Integration)
Z z2
= f (x) dx (Definite Integration)
z1

F ′ (x) = f (x) (Anti-derivation)

2. Integration over a Curve


Continuous Function
C : [a, b] ,→ C This is called a Curve
z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) t ∈ [a, b]
Thus we do paramatrization

3. Z Z
=⇒ f dx = udx − vdy + i(udy + vdx)
C C

C
c1

c2

A c3 B
4. If the function is Analytic,
Z Z Z
f dx = f dx + f dx
c3 c1 c2

Thus it is path independent

1
5. Simple Curve

c1 c2
c2

A C

A curve is called a simple curve, if it exist without Self Intersection. In the above picture c1 is a simple curve
whereas c2 is not a simple curve.
Closed curve is where
z(a) = z(b)

6. Simply Connected Domain


A domain is called a simple connected domain, if every single closed curve in D encloses only points of D.

Simple Connected Domain Not Simple Connected Domain

7. A smooth curve
If z(t) is diff and z’(t) ̸= 0∀t ∈ [a, b]
Then we say z is a smooth curve.

8. Theorem
If f is continuous on a Smooth curve C, then
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (z(t))z ′ (t)dt
C a

2
9. Theorem
Let D be a simply connected domain and f be analytic on D. Then
Z
f (z)dz = 0 for any closed curve in D

z2
c1

z1
c∗
Z Z Z
f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz = 0
c1 c∗ c
Z Z
=⇒ f (z)dz = f (z)dz
c1 c2

10. Cauchy Integral Theorem

If we have a simply connected domain and a analytic function then for every simply closed curve C in D
I
f (z)dz = 0

11. Independence of Path Z


f (z)dz Where C1 & C2 are joining z1&z2
Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz
c1 c2
Assumption: D is simply connected, f is analytic on D.

12. Cauchy Integral’s Formulae

If f is a analytic fn on a sample closed curve C and its interior(the region enclosed by the curve C), then

1 f (z)
Z
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi C z − z0

z0

for any z0 lie in the interior of C.

3
13. M-L inequality

Let C be a smooth curve & f is continuous on C and —f(z)— ¡ M on C. Then


Z
| f (z)dz| ≤ M L L-length of C
C

14.
1 f (z)
Z
f ′ (z0 ) = dz
2πi c (z − z0 )2
Generalizing,
n! f (z)
Z
n
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi c (z − z0 )n+1

15. Luowille’s Theorem


A bounded entire function is constant.

16. Monera’s Theorem


D is simply connected domain
f is continuous on D
Z
If f (z)dz = 0 ∀ simple closed curve in C in D. Then f is analytic
c

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