Data

Management
 At the end of the lesson, the student will
be able to:

apply a variety of statistical tools to

process and manage numerical data;
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES use the methods of linear regression and
correlations to predict the value of a
variable given certain conditions; and

recognize the importance of statistical

analyses in making decisions.
Collection of Data Organization of Data
Presentation of Data

Analysis of Data Interpretation of Data

Definition of
Terms
➢ Population – refers to
the entire set of
people, objects,
events, or things of
any form under
consideration.

➢ Sample – is
representative of a
population.
Definition of Terms

➢ Parameter is a summary
measure describing a specific
characteristic of the
population.

➢ Statistic is a summary measure

describing a specific
characteristic of the sample.
Definition of Terms

➢ Variable – a quantity that

changes from one observation
to another.

➢ Constant – a quantity that

does not change its value from
one observation to another
Areas in Applied Statistics

➢ Descriptive statistics includes all the

techniques used in organizing,
summarizing, and presenting the
data on hand.

➢ Inferential statistics includes all the

techniques used in analyzing the
sample data that will lead to
generalizations about the population
from which the sample came from.
Activity A Classify whether the statement belongs to the
area of Descriptive Statistics or Inferential
Statistics.
1. Of all the chemical engineering graduates who
took the board exam 75% failed.
2. The high cholesterol levels appear to be
associated with increased risk of heart
impairment.
3. The average number of oil tankers arriving each
day at a certain port city is known to be 10.
4. The two types of instruments used for measuring
the amount of sulfur monoxide in the atmosphere
yield measurements having the same variability.
5. The average number of students in a class at a
certain University is 35.
 TYPES OF DATA
Data

Qualitative data – are the

Quantitative data – are
result when the
the result of counting
information has been
or measuring. Also
sorted into categories.
referred to as
Also referred to as
Numerical Data.
Categorical Data.

Discrete data – are Continuous data – are

based upon obtained through direct
measurements that can measurement.
only be expressed in
whole units.
Elaborate B Identify the underlined variable as qualitative
or quantitative. If it is quantitative, identify as
discrete or continuous
1. The grades of 20 students who fail the
prelim exam.
2. Number of defective items.
3. Civil status of the 100 delegates in an
international conference.
4. The different violations committed by
employees in one year.
5. The lifestyle of Filipino women who
married European men.
 LEVELS OF DATA

➢ The level of measurement

of a variable in statistics is
a classification that was
proposed to describe the
nature of the information
contained within numbers
assigned to objects and,
therefore, within the
variable.
➢ There are four levels of
measurement; these are
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval,
and Ratio
 State the level of measurement of each
of the following variables.
EXERCISES #3 1. Blood type
2. Doctor’s salary
3. Latin honors
4. Temperature in Fahrenheit
5. Student number
6. Gender
7. Land area
8. Contest winners
9. Student height in cm
10. Athlete’s age in years
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
➢ Primary data are data
documented by the
primary source. The data
collectors themselves
documented this data.
DATA
COLLECTION
➢ Secondary data are
data documented by a
METHODS
secondary source. An
individual/agency other
than the data collectors,
documented this data.
 ➢ Survey is a method of collecting
data on the variable of interest by
asking people questions.

➢ Experiment is a method of
collecting data where there is a
direct human intervention on the
DATA conditions that may affect the
COLLECTION values of the variables of interest.

METHODS
➢ Observation method is a method of
collecting data on the
phenomenon of interest by
recording the observations made
about the phenomenon as it
actually happens.
SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
➢ Sampling is the process of
choosing elements, such as
person, objects or groups
from a known population of
interest to be included in a
study in order to generate a
fair result.
 There are two types of
sampling techniques:
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES Probability sampling or
random sampling gives all
Non-probability sampling
does not give everyone an
members of the population equal chance of being
a known and equal chance selected to be part of the
of being part of the sample. sample.
•In other words, the selection of •Non-probability sampling
individuals does not affect the procedures are much less
chance of anyone else in the desirable, as they will almost
population being selected. certainly contain sampling biases.
Probability Sampling
Techniques

➢ Simple random sampling is also

called the lottery or the fishbowl
method. Part of a Table of Random Numbers

➢ It uses scientific calculator or computer

program to generate a random number
or a table of random numbers to select
the numbers for the elements to include
in the sample.
Probability Sampling
Techniques
Systematic Sampling
➢ Stratified Random Sampling is a method
where the population is divided into sub-
groups (called strata) based on some
well-known characteristics of the
population then take a random sample
from each strata.
➢ The selection of elements is then made
separately from within each strata, usually
by random or systematic sampling
methods.
 Use the Proportionate Stratification formula

𝑛⋅𝑁𝑖
𝑛𝑖 =
𝑁
Proportionate where:
Stratification 𝑛𝑖 is the number of sample per category i
𝑁𝑖 is the population of item per category i
𝑁 is the total number of population
𝑛 is the total number of sample
  To compute for the sample size the Slovin’s
formula will be used:
𝑁
𝑛=
1+𝑁𝑒 2
Slovin’s Formula where:
n is the sample size
N is the number of cases
e is the margin of error
Example#1 Year Level Population
A study is conducted to First Year 300
1,000 college students
at the University of the Second Year 250
East. The number of
students per year level is
presented on a table.
Third Year 250
How many samples are
needed per year level
Fourth Year 200
using proportional
allocation? Total (N) 1000
 Example#1

A study is conducted to 1,000 college students at the University of the East. How many
samples are needed per year level using proportional allocation?

N = 1000 e = 0.05 Year Level Population (N) Sample (n)

286 ⋅ 300
𝑁 First Year 300 𝑛1 = = 𝟖𝟓
𝑛= 1000
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
286 ⋅ 250
Second Year 250 𝑛2 = = 𝟕𝟐
1000 1000
𝑛= ≈ 285.71
1 + (1000)(0.05)2 286 ⋅ 250
Third Year 250 𝑛3 = = 𝟕𝟐
1000
𝑛 = 286 286 ⋅ 200
Fourth Year 200 𝑛4 = = 𝟓𝟕
1000
Total (N) 1000 286
Probability Sampling
Techniques

➢ Cluster Sampling the

population is divided
into clusters, then the
desired number of
clusters will be selected
at random.
Probability Sampling Techniques

➢ Systematic Cluster
Sampling Elements of a
sample are chosen at
regular intervals of
population. All the
elements are put
together in a sequence
first where each
element has the equal
chance of being 𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑛 + 3, 𝑛 ≥ 0
selected.
 ➢ Convenience sampling - the
samples are selected because they
are accessible to the researcher

➢ Quota sampling is a sampling

technique wherein the researcher
Non-Probability ensures equal or proportionate
representation of subjects
Sampling depending on which trait is
considered as basis of the quota.
Techniques
➢ Judgmental sampling is more
commonly known as purposive
sampling. In this type of sampling,
subjects are chosen to be part of
the sample with a specific purpose
in mind.
 ➢ This refers to the arrangement of
figures in such a form that comparison
DATA ORGANIZATION of the mass of similar data may be
facilitated and further analysis may be
possible.
 ➢ Geographical Classification
- When the data classified according
to geographical location or region.
Data ➢ Chronological Classification
Classification - When data are observed over a
period.
➢ The process of
➢ Alphabetical Classification
grouping data - When data are arranged in
according to alphabetical order.
their ➢ Qualitative Classification
characteristics. - Classifying data characterized by
qualitative attributes

➢ Quantitative Classification
- Classifying data according to some
attributes that can be measured.
Data Organization
➢ Ungrouped (or raw) Data –
data that are not
categorized in any specific
way.

➢ Grouped Data – raw data

organized into groups or
categories with
corresponding frequencies
 ➢ These methods, which may be used
separately are also often employed in
combination, are used in presenting the
data.
DATA PRESENTATION ▪ Textual Form
▪ Tabular Form
▪ Graphical Form
TEXTUAL FORM

➢ This is a method which combines text and figures

in a statistical report. Simply stated, this methods
presents data in paragraph form.
Illustration:
The data reveal that during the school year
2021-2022 out of 1200 total enrollment population in
the College of Business Administration , majority of
the students were accounting majors, and this is
represented by 326 or 27.17 percent. Management
occupied the second largest group with 300 or 25.00
percent. Marketing students constituted 250 or 20.83
percent of the total enrollment.
 Table Heading

TABULAR FORM Total Population Distribution by Province/City:

Southern Tagalog

Box Head Province/City Total Population

Batangas NA*
Cavite 2063161

➢ This method presents data in rows and Laguna 1965872

Marinduque 217392
columns
Occidental Mindoro 380250
Stub Body
Oriental Mindoro 681818
Palawan 755412
➢ It is considered better than textual mode of
Quezon 1482955
presentation because numerical information
Rizal 1707218
are displayed in a more concise and Romblon 264357
systematic manner by using vertical and •NA, Not Available footnote
horizontal lines which describe the Source: National Statistics Office of the Philippines

corresponding heading
Source of Data
GRAPHICAL FORM

➢ One of the most effective ways of presenting

statistical data because significant and
important relationships are brought about
clearly.

➢ This method simply presents data in visual

form such that quantitative values are easily
conveyed and comparison readily
available.
GRAPHICAL FORM

Bar Graph. This is the simplest form

of graphic presentation. This kind
may appear in the following
forms:
 GRAPHICAL FORM

Line Graph. This

type of graphic
presentation is the
most widely used
and the most
practical and
effective device
which shows a
general trend over
a given period.
GRAPHICAL FORM Jun Jan
19% 21%

Feb
11%
May
24%
Mar
Circle Graph/Pie Chart. This is also Apr
13%
12%

called a hundred percent chart.

The circle is divided into parts Jun Jan

where the sizes are

19% 21%

proportionately as part of a May

Feb
11%

whole.
24%
Mar
Apr
12%
13%
GRAPHICAL FORM

Pictograph/Pictogram. This
type of graphic presentation
uses pictures or symbols to
show the value of the data.